Democracy on the Road toward the Rule of Law Started from Umbrella Movement

This paper had started its words from the hot current Umbrella Movement in Hongkong, with putting forward the questions that ＂ What is the democracy？ ＂ and ＂ How should the democracy develop？ ＂ . And then, it had reviewed the historical development of the concept of democracy, on that basis, it had explored the socialist democratic system in China and analyzed the dilemmas in the construction of socialist democracy. And it gave the responses to questions in the beginning of the article and explained the reasons in details. At the last, some notes on the construction of democracy in China＇ s journey toward rule of law were written in this article.

Women’s Councils:A Practical Exploration on the Construction of Democracy, Autonomy and the Rule of Law at the Grassroots Level

The women’s councils are an innovation advocated by the All-China women’s federation for women’s participation in social management and grassroots democracy.They are a beneficial exploration for women to participate in public affairs according to the law in accordance with Article 2 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China,and are a model of"the combination of autonomy,rule of law and rule of virtue."The women’s councils have aroused the enthusiasm of women to participate in public affairs,stimulated their autonomous vitality and creativity,and helped to solve the problems of women’s lack of representation and voice in decision-making.The process of deliberation is also the process of developing the awareness of rights,rules,consultation ability,the concept of the rule of law and even thinking about the rule of law.The women’s councils not only help to protect the rights and interests of women and children and promote women’s development,but also has unique value in enriching grassroots consultative democracy,developing grassroots mass autonomy,building a society ruled by law and promoting the implementation of the Constitution.we should therefore fully affirm,support and perfect the women’s councils so as to make it long-term,standardized and institutionalized.

Democratic Values of Mongolians Becoming as a Pillar of Perspectives of Democracy, Human Rights, Freedom, and Legitimacy

The modern democracy in Mongolia has changed from ideology and desires into the daily actions and real-life needs of achievement of the people. The content of this article aimed to categorize the democracy development process and its challenges and opportunities in promoting democratic governance in Mongolia;such brought specific approaches of the changes and difficulties. The content of research article contextual approaches are characterized by own individual research data on democracy as basis on the use of the work and the independent research findings of the researcher. On the overview of process of uncut democracy consolidation, the democracy development in Mongolia managed to the most consistent principles and fundamental values of democracy up to second half of the 1990s. From the second half of the 1990s till the election in 2004, within this term, the following challenges and difficulties risen to action of slowing down that forming of political parties, grouped into fractional, blockage of post-trafficking, conspiracy, and to be corrupted and bribery as mentioned as newly adverse phenomena have begun to the democracy development.

论新质生产力基础上的“新质民主”与“新质法治”的辩证统一

从分析“新质生产力”的性质、内涵、特征、构成要素及意义出发,运用马克思主义立场、观点和方法,坚持习近平法治思想为指导,可以明确提出“新质生产力”的出现和发展可能引起“新质生产关系”的形成,继而通过“新质经济基础”推动上层建筑朝着“新质上层建筑”转变的重大法理判断。“新质生产力”所引发的社会变革是客观规律,民主与法治作为上层建筑的重要组成部分,也会随着“新质生产力”的不断发展而日益呈现“新质民主”与“新质法治”的特征。“全过程人民民主”是“新质民主”的重要标志,而数字法治、涉外法治构成了“新质法治”的核心要素。法学界要及早规划、超前研究,对“新质生产力”发展可能引发的包含了民主与法治等要素在内的上层建筑可能发生的深远影响,从法理上进行深入分析并拿出切实可行的应对方案。

方法问题即宪法问题?

二战后,法学方法论在德意志联邦共和国的法学教育中处于相当边缘的地位,关于法学方法史的讨论更为寥落,甚至成为禁忌。当代法律人掌握了很多方法论工具,却对这些方法在历史上的“法律政治”后果毫无所悉。德国极权时期(如纳粹)的沉痛教训不应简单归咎于法律实证主义,当时盛行的客观解释方法也应负很大的责任。法律的客观目的只是浪漫的虚构,法律文本的客观意义并不存在,故客观解释相当盲目,释法者可以借此将自己的主观意志或者“时代精神”注入法律。德国极权时期的法律人将当时主导性的意识形态注入法律,对法体系重新解释、整体改造,使法律沦为政治的婢女。需要强调的是,方法问题关乎宪法:法官受法律的拘束是民主法治国的内在要求。以解释之名行造法之实,法官自由选择方法来追求所欲的结果,法律在被法官适用之前根本不存在的“自由法”观念,等等,方法上的恣意违反了宪法所要求的民主、平等、权力分立与法治国原则,使得司法过程不具有可证伪性和可检验性。司法造法是必要的,法官法的法源地位应得到承认。但法官不能以客观解释的名义恣意造法,而应坚持方法论的诚实,为造法行为承担更高的论证义务:只有证实漏洞存在,或者在对立法目的进行历史考察,并证明当下的情事与价值确已变迁时,才可进行造法。造法的内容也要受到宪法的控制。

有机统一关系模态下党的领导权威探析

党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国的有机统一体现了中国特色社会主义政治发展道路的基本规定性。有机统一不仅是三者理想关系的描述,也是对各自领域的规范性要求。中国共产党是中华人民共和国的最高政治领导力量,是中华人民共和国的政治权威。从本质上说,党的领导就是政治权威的构建、成长和巩固。只有发扬党内民主、民主执政,坚持依规治党、依法执政,并将制度建设贯穿其中,党的领导权威才能健康有效,才能真正赢得人民群众的信任和追随。

在法治轨道上推进全过程人民民主的三重逻辑

全过程人民民主是中国人民当家作主的具体体现,推进与完善全过程人民民主必须在法治轨道上进行。全过程人民民主的确立、运行与实现都离不开法治的领航与维护。事实上,自建党以来,我们党一直遵循在法治轨道上发展全过程人民民主的原则。在法治轨道上继续推进全过程人民民主,需要完善相关制度体系,提升人们的法治素养,丰富基层实践形式,确保全过程人民民主与全面依法治国同向同行。

The Role of Consultative Democracy under the Constitutional Framework and the Associated Rule of Law

The logical sequence of China＇s state governance is ＂governing party--consultative conferences--people＇s congresses--the people.＂ The ＂governing party--consultative conferences＂ link in the chain involves political consultation through people＇s consultative conferences. The ＂governing party--consultative conferences--people＇s congresses＂ link involves a process of obtaining legitimacy for the Party＇s views based on political consultations which are then translated into the national will by the system of people＇s congresses. The ＂people＇s congresses--the people＂ link involves the two-pronged logic of elections and governing the country according to law. The ＂governing party--the people＂ link is an illustration of the party＇s mass line, which essentially involves social consultation. Consultative democracy usually includes the political consultation in the ＂governing party---consultative conferences＂ link and the social consultation in the ＂governing party-- the people＂ link in the chain, both of which are connected through the system of people＇s congresses. This logically determines the inner relations between the Party＇s leadership, consultative democracy and the people＇s congress form of representative democracy and shapes the institutionalization of consultative democracy. That is, in the process of democratic decision-making, a circular system consisting of ＂political consultation-- legislative consultation--social consultation＂ is created to guide development of the actual system.

RETHINKING DEMOCRACY AND RULE OF LAW FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF RHETORIC

With its revival in recent years, rhetoric has provided a special perspective for modem people. If we take rhetoric as a framework to rethink democracy and rule of law, we may not only grasp a new understanding of them, but also gain more knowledge of the possible role of rhetoric in the contemporary world. We will find that rhetoric was closely related to democracy and rule of law, and is still fully accordant with ideas of democracy and rule of law in modem society. Moreover, rhetoric can provide intellectual support to these concepts.

The Role of Consultative Democracy in a Constitutional System and the Rule of Law in China

The rule of law in China should be advanced under a systems framework. The systems framework on which the Chinese rule of law relies is shaped by the socialist democratic system. Socialist consultative democracy, which responds to the core themes of the determinant of socialism, Party leadership, the democratic tradition of New China and native resources for constructing the rule of law, is an important resource for constructing the rule of law in China. In a constitutional system of＂ruling Party--political power--the people＂ that takes the sovereignty of the people as the logic of its starting point, consultative democracy plays the role of functional coupling. Popular sovereignty gains political legitimacy on the basis of multi- party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC, thus translating the will of the ruling Party into the will of the state. Consultative democracy constitutes an essential process in national decision-making, affording a basis for the construction of the inherent logical sequence of ＂ruling Party--Consultative Conference--People＇s Congress.＂ The democratic supervision exercised by the Consultative Conference is an extension of political consultation; from it unfolds the systems framework of the rule of law in China.

Democracy Development in Mongolia:Challenges and Opportunities

The modern democracy in Mongolia has changed from ideology and desires into the daily actions and real-life needs of achievement of the people.The content of this article aimed to categorizing the democracy development process and its challenges and opportunities in promoting democratic governance in Mongolia such brought specific approaches of the changes and difficulties.The contented of research article contextual approaches are characterized by own individual research data on democracy as basis on the use of the work and the independent research findings of the researcher.On the overview of process of uncut democracy consolidation and the democracy development in Mongolia managed to the most consistent principles and fundamental values of democracy up to second half of the 1990s.From the second half of the 1990s till the election in 2004,within this term,the following challenges and difficulties risen to action of slowing down that forming of political parties,grouped into fractional,blockage of post-trafficking,conspiracy,and to be corrupted and bribery as mentioned as newly adverse phenomena have begun to the democracy development.

法治社会建设中村规民约的定位与功用

在法治社会建设中,以村规民约为核心的特定社会规范,成为国家推动社会生活规范化的制度载体。在规范属性上,村规民约是与法律相协同的特定社会规范,具有鲜明的政策指向性。其执行力依赖自身在特定地域内的社会合法性,在实施中通过基层民主方式形成社会确认。在制度功能上,村规民约具备良好的社会适应性,有助于降低正式制度的实施成本,弥补法律、政策的不足。村规民约的实施,有利于在村民自治框架下强化法治建设,统筹德治建设,赋予自治以实质性内容;有助于在具体治理场域中促进“三治”结合,推动社会治理的法治化。法治社会建设应当克服法治工具主义立场,强化对综合治理方式的法治约束,为村规民约的发展提供更具包容性的法治空间。

Discussion on the Logical Coordination between Legal Theory and Legal Practice——from the Perspective of the Legal Basis of NPC5s Discussion and Decisiomaking Power on Major Issues

The decision of local people's congresses to discuss major issues is a basic right granted to local people's congresses by the Chinese Constitution and laws.However,in practice,the implementation of the power of deliberation of major issues by local people's congresses is worrying.By applying the theory of Chinese traditionalism and unity in the theory of law,the theory of"sovereignty in the people"in the social contract theory of Western natural law school,Austin's"legal command theory55 in Western positivist law and Hart's"recognition""Rules theory"to argue that the integrity of rights necessarily involves the dual factors of decision-making and execution.At the same time,the existence and operation of the law always reflects the development of the political system.The realistic political situation requires us to make more precise and meticulous refinement of the external form and specific technical links of the legal system,and to coordinate the rules to make up the legal theory and Conflicts and conflicts in legal practice help to reform social institutions.

在大国治理新征程中推进法治中国建设——习近平法治思想研究综述

党的二十大报告在新时代新征程中国共产党的使命任务中系统提出中国式现代化的中国特色。其中,中国式现代化是人口规模巨大的现代化,在这样一个大国治理中,应进一步加强习近平法治思想研究,将其放在大国治理的伟大法治实践之中,深入社会实际,坚持理论与实践相结合,坚持问题导向,服务实践。围绕习近平法治思想十一个要义,系统梳理和总结当前学界研究成果,结合党的二十大报告,从大国治理的高度,在制度层面应加强如何“把党的领导落实到党和国家事业各领域各方面各环节”,如何进一步推动“全面推进国家各方面工作法治化”“在法治轨道上全面建设社会主义现代化”“以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴”等方面的研究阐释。

论“中国式现代化”的法治保障

通过全面和系统地回顾和总结新中国成立以来“中国式现代化”从理念到制度并且最终得到政策的确认的历史发展过程,详细地论述了法治在确认和保障“中国式现代化”中所起到的重要制度保障作用。在此基础上,基于对党的二十大报告所提出的“中国式现代化”的五项基本特征和九项本质要求,全面阐述了法治与“中国式现代化”之间的辩证关系,指出“中国式现代化”的法治保障主要是通过法治确认“中国式现代化”的五项基本特征的地位和保障九项本质要求得到满足的状态来为“中国式现代化”提供具体和明确的制度保障。此外,通过论述习近平法治思想的“以人民为中心”的核心要义,突出强调了法治的人民性和“中国式现代化”的人民性。强调必须以人民为中心,运用法治手段来有效推进“中国式现代化”建设,必须要充分发挥人民在实现“中国式现代化”中的主人翁作用,通过法治保障全体中国人民在实现“中国式现代化”中的主动权、话语权和决定权。

中国宪法的价值谱系及其时代图景

中国宪法的价值谱系演绎着我国宪法生成演变的深层逻辑与发展脉络,主导着我国宪法的存在形式和运作过程,反映着我国宪法的精神气质和整体风貌,映射着中国式现代化的本质属性和规范特征。富强、民主、法治、人权诸要素之间相互依存、相互支撑、相互促进,构成了四维一体的中国宪法价值谱系。虽然中国宪法的价值要素与西方社会的宪法价值在话语符号上有某些相似之处,但其精神实质却有着诸多重要的甚至是根本性的差异。中国宪法的先进性和优越性正是蕴含于宪法的价值要素以及立基于这些价值的制度建构及行宪实践之中。

我国古代法治观念探析

我国先秦时曾存在过一种“法治”观念,即“道法之治”观念。这种观念以我国古代文化中用以表达事物的终极根源的最高范畴“道”作为其出发点来思考“法”和“法治”问题。它认为道“制而用之为之法”,在人类社会中“法”表现为规范或制度。其产生和执行是由有“德”之人,即君子进行的。他们不仅“独善其身”,即自己“知”和“行”于“道”,而且“兼济天下”,组建公共的权力组织的国家,并制定和执行权威性的行为准则的法律制度来规制人们的行为,使合于“道”,从而呈现最好的社会状态。正因如此,在社会治理中,“执政者”应是“执道者”,治理的原则是“法治”。由于这种“法治”观念强调所依之法必须合于道,所以这种“法治”实际上就是“道治”或“道法之治”。又由于其“执政者”为“君子”,所以也可以称之为“君子之治”。这种“法治”观念先秦时产生很早,经历了萌芽、确立、演化和“异化”几个发展阶段。这就是以《黄帝四经》为代表的“以法度治”观念,以《管子》为代表的“以法治国”观念,以《尹文子》为代表的“名法之治”观念和以“法家”为代表的“刑名法术之治”观念。显然,这种“法治”观念不同于以西方式的与“人治”相对立的“法治”观念,因为它认为,“法治”基于人和国家的社会本性所提出的所有国家在治理中都应追求的一种理想和原则;在法治国家中并不否认人(执政者)的作用,相反应大力发挥他们的主观能动性,努力制定出良法,并忠实地执行之。显然,相比于流行于当今世界并弊端毕露的西方的法治观念,它是一种宽泛意义上的“法治”观念,似乎在理论上更深刻、更严谨,更具有普遍性;又由于它是我国法治观念的历史基因,因而应给其以历史的和客观的评价,并应以之为基点构建当代中国特色的法治观念。

功能性分权:建构现代政治文明的中国探索

现代政治文明是人类在政治活动中取得的伟大成果,民主、自由、法治、清廉等是现代政治文明的基本价值,而分权是实现民主、自由、法治、清廉等价值的制度基础。经济基础决定上层建筑,中西方经济基础的显著差别造就了不同的政府、市场和社会关系,西方三权分立的分权理论无法指导中国的实践。功能性分权理论力图从中国实际出发,基于中国特色公有制的经济体制、中国政党与政府的整体性关系,提出决策权、执行权、监督权相互制约又相互协调的框架,探索中国政治自洽的内在逻辑、权力结构和运行机理,并致力于解决公权力体系与民主、自由、法治、清廉等价值的统一,构建中国现代政治文明的权力结构与运行机制。

全面建设社会主义现代化国家研讨

党的二十大提出,从现在起,中国共产党的中心任务就是团结带领全国各族人民全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标,以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴。习近平总书记在党的二十大报告和一系列重要讲话中,系统深刻地阐述了中国式现代化理论。为了以多学科学术研究服务于全面建设社会主义现代化国家的事业,2023年5月,本刊参与主办了北京大学“全面建设社会主义现代化国家”学术研讨会。与会学者围绕全面建设社会主义现代化国家的多方面主题进行了深入探讨和交流。本刊本期先行刊发徐显明、钱乘旦、陈学明、罗方述、桑玉成、孙蚌珠、冯仕政7位与会学者的学术见解,以飨读者。

跳出历史周期率的中国道路:权力监督的法治化

历史周期率是指政权经历“兴衰更替、治乱循环”的周期性现象。约束权力是跳出历史周期率、实现长治久安的根本方法。权力制衡和权力监督是约束权力的两个维度。在民主集中制的权力结构模式下,我国以权力监督作为约束权力的主要方式,并找到了民主和自我革命这一外部监督和内部监督相结合的约束权力路径。权力监督的中国道路包括价值法则、制度体系和法治保障三个方面:天下为公的政治理想具体化为人民至上的价值法则,是权力监督的根本目标;扎牢权力的制度笼子,健全党统一领导、全面覆盖、权威高效的监督体系,要把国家监督、党内监督和人民监督贯通起来,形成监督合力;在法治的轨道上推进民主建设和自我革命,用法治的方式监督和约束权力,是长治久安的重要保障。