Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the impact of per capita income on household indirect carbon emissions in western China

With China entering the stage of high-quality development,the issue of carbon emission has become a hot research topic.This paper analyzes the different temporal and spatial effects of per capita income on household indirect carbon emissions in western China.Based on the data of Chinese Family Panel Studies(CFPS)in 2016 and 2018 in the western China,this paper uses Regression analysis and Bayesian correlation analysis to study the relationship between per capita income and household indirect carbon emissions.The results showed that the indirect carbon emissions generated by the expenditure on food,housing and household equipment in the household consumption structure in the western China were relatively high.In 2016-2018,the per capita income and per capita household consumption indirect carbon emissions in the western China showed an increasing trend.There was a positive correlation between per capita income and indirect carbon emissions of per capita household consumption,and its correlation was gradually enhanced in time dimension.In the spatial dimension,the household indirect carbon emissions in Yunnan,Qinghai,Guangxi Zhuang and Ningxia in the western China were greatly affected by per capita income,while the household indirect carbon emissions in Guizhou was least affected by per capita income.Finally,the paper puts forward some problems that we should consider in the process of facing the per capita income growth and climate change:the collection of carbon tax,the optimization of household consumption structure,the research and development of low-carbon products,and the differentiated carbon reduction.

Forecasting Public Green Area Per Capita in Xi’an City Based on GM (1, 1)

[Objective] To establish the comprehensive evaluation index system of public green area per capita as a quantitative mean of measuring ecological city and livable city. [Method]The GM (1, 1) forecasting model was set up according to statistics of public green area per capita in Xi’an City during 1996 and 2005, on this basis, the development trend of green area per capita in Xi’an City until 2015 were analyzed in case of no any changing factors or conditions. [Result]Grey forecasting model was established as, (t = 0, 1, …, n); model parameters as a = - 0.031 71, u = 4.139 17. After residual error test and posterior-variance-test, the precision of this model is proved fairly good. [Conclusions]According to this model, public green area per capita in Xi’an City will achieve 7.66 m2 by 2015, which is still far away from the livable city index (16 m2 per capita) and should be paid more attention by the local government, the construction of urban green areas should be further enhanced, more vegetations should be cultivated so as to improve the urban green coverage ratio.

Comparison of cancer incidence and mortality in three GDP per capita levels in China, 2013

Objective：In this research,the patterns of cancer incidence and mortality in areas with different gross domestic product per capita（GDPPC）levels in China were explored,using data from population-based cancer registries in 2013,collected by the National Central Cancer Registry（NCCR）.Methods：Data from 255 cancer registries were qualified and included in this analysis.Based on the GDPPC data of 2014,cities/counties were divided into 3 levels：high-,middle-and low-GDPPC areas,with 40,000 and 80,000 RMB per year as cut points.We calculated cancer incidences and mortalities in these three levels,stratified by gender and age group.The national population of the Fifth Census in 2000 and Segi’s population were applied for age-standardized rates.Results：The crude incidence and mortality rates as well as age-standardized incidence rate（ASIR）showed positive associations with GDPPC level.The age-standardized mortality rate（ASMR）nevertheless showed a negative association with GDPPC level.The ASMR in high-,middle-and low-GDPPC areas was 103.12/100,000,112.49/100,000 and 117.43/100,000,respectively.Lung cancer was by far the most common cancer in all three GDPPC levels.It was also the leading cause of cancer death,regardless of gender and GDPPC level.Negative associations with GDPPC level were found for the ASIRs of lung,stomach,esophageal and liver cancer,whereas colorectal and breast cancer showed positive associations.Except for breast cancer,the ASMRs of the other five cancers were always higher in middle-and low-GDPPC areas than in high-GDPPC areas.Conclusions：The economic development is one of the main factors of the heavy cancer burden on Chinese population.It would be reasonable to implement cancer control strategies referring to the local GDPPC level.

Study on the Concept of Per Capita Cumulative Emissions and Allocation Options

Global long-term emission reduction targets need well defined options for equitable allocation of greenhouse gas emissions. Scholars from developing countries put forward the concept of equitable per capita cumulative emission rights. There are four possible operational definitions resulting from this concept. These potential options for allocation of emission rights are expressed with mathematical equations. Through simple simulation, this paper reveals the advantages, disadvantages and characteristics of each option.

Metric of Carbon Equity:Carbon Gini Index Based on Historical Cumulative Emission per Capita

This paper uses Lorenz curve and Gini index with adjustment to per capita historical cumulative emission to construct carbon Gini index to measure inequality in climate change area. The analysis shows that 70% of carbon space in the atmosphere has been used for unequal distribution, which is almost the same as that of incomes in a country with the biggest gap between the rich and the poor in the world. The carbon equity should be an urgency and priority in the climate agenda. Carbon Gini index established in this paper can be used to measure inequality in the distribution of carbon space and provide a quantified indicator for measurement of carbon equity among different proposals.

Policy Suggestions for the Slowdown in Per Capital Output of Grain Growth in China

China is a large agricultural and the most populous country, so it is a crucial importance for the food security. The basic situation of food in our country is self-sufficiency, a certain amount of imports and reserves. The output of grain in our country has increased annually, however, as a result of policy adjustments and other factors like environmental pollution, together with a large population base and the trend of excessively popu- lous growth, the growth of grain output is relatively slow, which will be harmful for our grain security as well as the healthy development of the na- tional economy. In this case, several solutions could be tried, such as improving the level of science and technology, adjusting industrial policies and controlling environmental pollution. Besides, we ought to strongly advocate thrifty behavior to increase income and reduce expenditure.

Per Capita （PC） versus Per Adult Human Unit Method （PAHUM）： A Net Assessment of EU28-Population, Family/Household, Food Consumption and Environmental Impact

Communication of Lisbon Strategy sets out an integrated package of measures to deliver more sustainable consumption （including food）, better environmental protection, correct population and production evaluations by using appropriate and more meaningful methods. It lays ahead as one of the key challenges for EU28-PC, Adult Equivalent （AE） and conjoint evaluations and implementation are not sufficiently dynamic and forward-looking to drive the performance of methods upwards. Those evaluations do not serve the above purpose. On PC, AE method use overall, voluntary and regulatory instruments are not sufficiently connected and potential synergies among the different instruments are not exploited. Divergent national, international approaches send conflicting signals to producers and consumers. As a result, the full potential of the internal food market of EU28 and its impact on environment are not realized and evaluated on properly identified UNIT basis. Misidentified UNIT for measurement would not give correct results and if one installs his correct assumptions on the wrong unit, the falls results will start following each other. The developed PAHUM-（Copy-right 1989） and policy approach may integrate the potential of the different policy instruments, helping implement them （gender, age, structure and household size） to food consumption and environmental issues.

Analysis of the Per Capita Generation of Municipal Solid Waste by Socioeconomic Strata in Veracruz, Mexico, Using a Statistical Experimental Design

The management of municipal solid waste （MSW） is currently one of the major environmental concerns in Mexico. Therefore, municipalities must develop local programs for prevention and integrated management of MSW based on the data of MSW generation; however, these are scarce and diffuse. It is known that the MSW generation is affected by many factors, including life level. Given the importance of having reliable data, the objective of this study was to determine the per capita MSW generation of a small urban locality in the state of Veracruz and test whether there were significant statistic differences of per capita M SW generation among the life levels. The households were randomly sampled according to the Mexican standard of reference and were classified as popular, middle and residential. The per capita MSW generation determined was 0.355 kg·inhab^-1.day^-1. This value was lower than the value estimated by the national reference, suggesting that it might be overestimated and consequently lead to errors in estimating installations costs for the MSW treatment. The result of the experimental design revealed that there were significant statistic differences in the per capita MSW generation among the three socioeconomic strata. This study will allow the municipality to establish better strategies within the municipal program and differential rate for the provision of public clean service and it also provides a solid basis for future research under similar conditions.

Dynamic Changes in Per Capita Net Income of Rural Residents in Nyingchi City of Tibet

Through an in-depth analysis of the per capita net income of rural residents in Nyingchi City,it was known that the per capita net income of rural residents in Nyingchi City was increasing at high speed in recent 10 years. However,the wage income,household operating income,and agricultural income gap constitute the major factors influencing the gap of the per capita net income of rural residents in Nyingchi City. Finally,it came up with recommendations including promoting the reasonable flow of labor to the secondary and tertiary industries,increasing the wage income and transfer income of rural residents,accelerating the construction of small towns in rural areas,promoting the development of rural cooperatives,implementing the strategy of " benefiting farmers and strengthening tourism",promoting integration of agriculture and eco-tourism,promoting the development of modern agriculture,and expanding diversified production income of farmers.

Per Capita Monthly Income of Urban and Rural Residents

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Problems to Be Faced Measuring Real Income per Capita: The Case of Mexico

The last 35 years have been characterized, worldwide, for lack of economic growth and increasing inequality in income distribution and its concentration. This has resulted in increased poverty and falling purchasing power of the middle classes, which has become the most serious problem with which we enter the twenty-first century. Mexico has been no exception. This article covers the first part of the research I’m doing in the 9th. Researchers call for 2015-2016 of the De La Salle University Bajio in Leon, Mexico. In the second part I will discuss inequality in income deciles in which is statistically divided our population and the way in which the concentration of income in fewer hands is affecting the market performance. This research has required having historical series covering the last 57 years of economic and population growth in Mexico. Measure the evolution of gross domestic product (GDP) from the beginning of the presidential terms from 1959 to 2015. It has been problematic since in Mexico there are not series covering the entire period. I had to go to the World Bank data (WB) which provides them from 1960. We found discrepancies in GDP series between those of WB, International Monetary Fund (IMF), United Nations Organization (UNO) and the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (INEGI) from Mexico. The second difficulty appeared in the series of the population of our country. There are also discrepancies between census data and estimates of the same INEGI. Moreover, the series of WB and Penn World Table (PWT) also show differences between them. Converting the results of real GDP per capita to dollars had no difficulty due to information from the Mexican Central Bank (BM). The conversionto interccnational dollars as estimated by the purchasing power parity (PPP) was obtained from PWT 8.1.

The Relation between Financial Expenditure for Agriculture( FEA) and Per Capita Net Income of Farmers( PCIF):A Case Study of Jiangsu Province

Agricultural development is indispensible to financial support. On the basis of data of the financial expenditure for agriculture( FEA) and per capita net income of farmers( PCIF) of Jiangsu Province in 1990-2012,with the aid of software R,this paper established the linear regression model for the relation between financial expenditure for agriculture and per capita net income of farmers through the function lm. Using the function summary,this paper obtained the summary statistical data,and made diagnostic check of regression model from image command plot and variance analysis table. Finally,it came up with pertinent recommendations including increasing financial expenditure for agriculture,optimizing expenditure structure,and balancing regional development.

The Chinese Urban and Rural per Capita Income and Trend Analysis

This paper uses the ARMA model method to fit the data of the urban and the rural residents’ per capita income in China and builds the MA(2) and AR(2) model. With the model, this paper predicts their trends in 5 years, also uses the prediction to analyze the income gap. The results show that in the next 5 years, the rural and the urban residents’ per capita income will be increasing steadily, but the level remains very low, the income gap is still large.

Analysis and Prognostication of Residents'Per Capita Disposable Income in Hubei Province using Time Series Prediction Methods

To anticipate the fluctuations in per capita disposable income among Hubei Province inhabitants for the subsequent biennium,a dataset spanning from 2005 to 2022 was culled.Employed in this study were three distinct time series prognostication methodologies:Exponential Smoothing(Holt-Winter),Autoregressive Moving Average(ARMA),and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average(ARIMA).These techniques were applied to envision the forthcoming trajectory of per capita disposable income for the province's residents.By computing diverse metrics to assess predictive discrepancies—like the Mean Absolute Error(MAE)and Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)—the effectiveness of the assorted models was gauged,culminating in the selection of the ARIMA model due to its superior performance.Capitalizing on this,approximations for per capita disposable income during 2023 and 2024 were extrapolated.The resultant prognoses project a sustained and noteworthy uptick in per capita disposable income for urban denizens of Hubei Province in the forthcoming biennial span.Ultimately,the findings were translated into actionable policy suggestions and deductions,rendering them highly pertinent for the dissection of Hubei Province's economic evolution.

Does Financial Intermediation Development Increase Per Capita Income in Rural China?

This paper investigates the impacts of financial intermediary （or banking） development on village-level per capita income using a Chinese dataset for selected years between 1993 and 2006. The empirical results from a random effect regression model indicate that mean per capita income in rural villages follows an inverted U-shaped path as financial intermediation develops. However, using a pooled quantile regression approach, we find that median per capita income in rural villages follows a positive linear path, rather than an inverted U-shaped path, as financial intermediation develops. The positive linear effect of financial intermediary development is observed at the lower and higher ends of the conditional per capita income distribution. This suggests that development of financial intermediation in China might not have statistically significant differential effects in low-income or high-income rural villages.

On the Semivalues and the Least Square Values Average Per Capita Formulas and Relationships

In this paper, it is shown that both the Semivalues and the Least Square Values of cooperative transferable utilities games can be expressed in terms of n^2 averages of values of the characteristic function of the game, by means of what we call the Average per capita formulas. Moreover, like the case of the Shapley value earlier considered, the terms of the formulas can be computed in parallel, and an algorithm is derived. From these results, it follows that each of the two values mentioned above are Shapley values of games easily obtained from the given game, and this fact gives another computational opportunity, as soon as the computation of the Shapley value is efficiently done.

Global Environmental Justice and Per Capita-Based Assessment

This study compares the country--based approach with the per capita- based approach in assessing environmental degradation and performance. After analyzing several global environmental datasets, this study shows that country--based assessments tend to shift responsibilities（ or blame） disproportionately to developing countries with large populations. From the perspective of global environmental justice, no individual human being should be subject to more environmental hazards or be borne more responsibilities for causing environmental degradation on the basis of race, ethmcity, or geographic location. In order to facilitate more meaningful dialogues on the causes and effects of environmental degTadation and to strive for fair sharing of responsibilities in dealing with global environmental challenges, this study suggests that whenever and wherever possible, a per capita-based approach should be included along with the country-based approach in any environmental assessment.