Middle cerebral artery occlusion methods in rat versus mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischemic stroke

Experimental stroke research commonly employs focal cerebral ischemic rat models （Bederson et al., 1986a; Longa et al., 1989）. In human patients, ischemic stroke typically results from thrombotic or embolic occlusion of a major cerebral artery, usually the mid- dle cerebral artery （MCA）. Experimental focal cerebral ischemia models have been employed to mimic human stroke （Durukan and Tatlisumak, 2007）. Rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia that do not require craniotomy have been developed using intraluminal suture occlusion of the MCA （MCA occlusion, MCAO） （Rosamond et al., 2008）. Furthermore, mouse MCAO models have been wide- ly used and extended to genetic studies of cell death or recovery mechanisms （Liu and McCullough, 2011）. Genetically engineered mouse stroke models are particularly useful for evaluation of isch- emic pathophysiology and the design of new prophylactic, neuro- protective, and therapeutic agents and interventions （Armstead et al., 2010）. During the past two decades, MCAO surgical techniques have been developed that do not reveal surgical techniques for mouse MCAO model engineering. Therefore, we compared MCAO surgical methods in rats and mice.

Usefulness of an Anisotropic Diffusion Method in Cerebral CT Perfusion Study Using Multi-Detector Row CT

Purpose: To present an application of the anisotropic diffusion (AD) method to improve the accuracy of the functional images of perfusion parameters such as cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV) and mean transit time (MTT) generated from cerebral CT perfusion studies using multi-detector row CT (MDCT). Materials and Methods: Continuous scans (1 sec/rotation ×60 sec) consisting of four 5-mm-thick contiguous slices were acquired after an intravenous injection of iodinated contrast material in 6 patients with cerebrovascular disease using an MDCT scanner with a tube voltage of 80 kVp and a tube current of 200 mA. New image data were generated by thinning out the above original images at an interval of 2 sec or 3 sec. The thinned-out images were then interpolated by linear interpolation to generate the same number of images as originally acquired. The CBF, CBV and MTT images were generated using deconvolution analysis based on singular value decomposition. Results: When using the AD method, the correlation coefficient between the MTT values obtained from the original and thinned-out images was significantly improved. Furthermore, the coefficients of variation of the CBF, CBV and MTT values in the white matter significantly decreased as compared to not using the AD method. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the AD method is useful for improving the accuracy of the functional images of perfusion parameters and for reducing radiation exposure in cerebral CT perfusion studies using MDCT.

The Gray Mouse Lemur: A Model for Studies of Primate Metabolic Rate Depression

The use of daily torpor and/or of multi-day torpor bouts during a hibernation season are energy-saving survival strategies that have been well-studied for many years,particularly for small mammals living in seasonally-cold environments.Both phenomena are characterized by a regulated suppression of metabolic rate,

Extended Generalized Riccati Equation Mapping for Thermal Traveling-Wave Distribution in Biological Tissues through a Bio-Heat Transfer Model with Linear/Quadratic Temperature-Dependent Blood Perfusion

Analytical thermal traveling-wave distribution in biological tissues through a bio-heat transfer (BHT) model with linear/quadratic temperature-dependent blood perfusion is discussed in this paper. Using the extended generalized Riccati equation mapping method, we find analytical traveling wave solutions of the considered BHT equation. All the travelling wave solutions obtained have been used to explicitly investigate the effect of linear and quadratic coefficients of temperature dependence on temperature distribution in tissues. We found that the parameter of the nonlinear superposition formula for Riccati can be used to control the temperature of living tissues. Our results prove that the extended generalized Riccati equation mapping method is a powerful tool for investigating thermal traveling-wave distribution in biological tissues.

A Mathematical Model to Solve Bio-Heat Transfer Problems through a Bio-Heat Transfer Equation with Quadratic Temperature-Dependent Blood Perfusion under a Constant Spatial Heating on Skin Surface

We consider the one-dimensional bio-heat transfer equation with quadratic temperature-dependent blood perfusion, which governs the temperature distribution inside biological tissues. Using an extended mapping method with symbolic computation, we obtain the exact analytical thermal traveling wave solution, which describes the non-uniform temperature distribution inside the bodies. The found exact solution is used to investigate the temperature distribution in the tissues. It is found that the surrounding medium with higher temperature does not necessarily imply that the tissue will quickly (after a short duration of heating process) reach the desired temperature. It is also found that increased perfusion causes a decline in local temperature.

The preparation of Garcinia Glycosides solid dispersion and intestinal absorption by rat in situ single pass intestinal perfusion

Garcinia Glycosides is a candidate drug obtained by structural modification of Gambogic Acid (GA), which was acquired through High Throughput Screening(HTS). As Garcinia Glycosides is an effective but insoluble anti-tumor drug, the aim of this study was to obtain a solid dispersion form Garcinia Glycosides by using solvent-melt method so that improve the solubility and dissolution rate. The solid dispersion was characterized by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), infrared spectroscopy and evaluated the intestinal absorption of the drug by rat in situ single pass intestinal perfusion. The results showed the increase of solubility, dissolution velocity and absorption compared to other forms. This indicated that solid dispersion could greatly improve the relative bioavailability of Garcinia Glycosides in vivo.

肌少症小鼠模型构建的系统回顾

背景:肌少症是一种进行性、广泛性骨骼肌疾病,与老年人骨关节炎、骨折、肢体残疾和死亡的发生密切相关。建立肌少症相关动物模型对了解肌少症病理生理机制以及找出有效治疗策略至关重要。目的:综述肌少症小鼠模型的评价标准及肌少症小鼠模型的造模方法,并分析比较各种造模方式的优缺点,以期为肌少症的研究与诊疗提供参考。方法:以“肌少症,肌肉减少症,肌肉衰减症,骨骼肌衰老,小鼠模型,动物模型”为中文检索词,检索公式为“(肌少症OR肌肉减少症OR肌肉衰减症OR骨骼肌衰老)AND(小鼠模型OR动物模型)”;以“sarcopenia,skeletal muscle aging,mouse models,animal models”为英文检索词,检索公式为“(Sarcopenia OR Skeletal muscle aging)AND(Mouse model OR Animal models)”,检索中国知网、万方数据库和PubMed数据库在2010年1月至2022年10月期间与主题相关的文献,最终纳入59篇文献进行分析。结果与结论:①SAMP8小鼠造模时间较快,且肌肉萎缩类型与人类肌少症患者变化一致,因此是较为理想的模型;②手术法虽可以成功诱导肌肉萎缩,但需精确的手术操作,难度较大且较耗费时间;后肢悬吊法小鼠造模与老年人较类似,可视为老年肌少症的有效模型;③试剂注射造模虽操作简单,但无论是试剂的给药剂量及给药天数等尚不明确,需进一步研究;④转基因小鼠模型应用较少,其模型稳定性需进一步研究;⑤探索出一种成本低、耗时短并能高度模拟人体肌少症的小鼠模型仍是未来的研究方向。

三种方式注射乳腺癌细胞构建的乳腺癌骨转移动物模型对比观察

目的 对比观察经左心室、胫骨骨髓腔和尾动脉注射乳腺癌细胞构建的乳腺癌骨转移动物模型。方法取BALC/c裸小鼠24只,随机分为左心室注射组、胫骨注射组、尾动脉注射组各8只,使用人源性乳腺癌细胞MDAMB-231-luc分别进行左心室注射、胫骨骨髓腔注射、尾动脉注射构建乳腺癌骨转移模型;取BALC/c普通小鼠16只,随机分为胫骨注射组、尾动脉注射组各8只,使用鼠源性乳腺癌细胞4T1-luc分别进行胫骨骨髓腔注射、尾动脉注射构建乳腺癌骨转移模型。采用小动物活体成像技术观察模型建立和骨转移发生情况;取肿瘤组织,采用HE染色法观察病理形态学改变。结果 (1)MDA-MB-231-luc细胞左心室注射组小鼠死亡1只,其他造模方式小鼠全部存活。小动物活体成像及HE染色显示,左心室注射组造模成功率60%左右,裸鼠造模后第20天显示荧光信号散在分布于小鼠全身,少量肿瘤细胞浸入骨组织、骨质破坏较少;胫骨注射组可见双侧胫骨荧光信号,骨质破坏明显、肿瘤细胞呈团状生长;尾动脉注射组显示荧光信号在双侧肺部,未见明显骨转移病灶。(2)4T1-luc细胞注射后小鼠全部存活,造模后第10天活体成像显示两组荧光信号均较强,尾动脉注射组肿瘤细胞定植于双侧股骨以及尾背部,肿瘤细胞包绕骨组织生长,持续侵蚀骨质;胫骨注射组荧光信号显像在双侧胫骨,胫骨浸润大量乳腺癌细胞,并呈外向型生长,形态异常、细胞排列紧密,肿瘤灶可见少量片状骨组织。结论 采用MDA-MB-231-luc细胞、4T1-luc细胞左心室注射、胫骨骨髓腔注射和尾动脉注射造模均能够形成骨转移,但造模成功率、病理状态具有一定差异;胫骨骨髓腔注射法成功率最高,左心室注射法、尾动脉注射法能够早期模拟骨转移过程。

肌少症动物模型的造模方法研究进展

肌少症是与增龄相关的肌肉质量减少和功能减退,其增加了摔倒、骨折、死亡及住院等风险,严重威胁老年人的健康。构建动物模型是开展肌少症发病机制、临床干预及治疗方案设计研究的基础。由于肌少症表型的复杂性,使得选择合适的造模方法、构建恰当的动物模型至关重要。本文综述了近年来肌少症动物模型造模方法的相关进展,为开展肌少症发病机制、预防、治疗等相关研究提供参考。

小鼠^(13)N-NH_(3)·H_(2)O心肌灌注Micro-PET显像中尾静脉注射技术的优化与评估

目的通过自制小鼠尾静脉留置针,为小鼠^(13)N-NH_(3)·H_(2)O心肌灌注显像提供实用、快捷、成功率高的实验工具,并总结归纳出一套流畅、高效的实验流程。方法实验组和对照组分别使用本实验室自制的鼠尾静脉留置针及人外周浅静脉一次性使用静脉留置针(洁瑞26G)为小鼠行尾静脉留置针穿刺,经留置针推注^(13)N-NH_(3)·H_(2)O,配合Micro-PET动态采集,记录图像采集的成功率及图像质量并评价两组注射的优缺点。结果两组实验在穿刺成功率、穿刺时间、药物残留量、图像质量及小鼠尾部放射性药物残留量5方面差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。综合比较,自制留置针制作及操作简便、穿刺成功率高、对鼠尾静脉损伤小,且在图像采集成功率及质量方面均占优势。结论自制鼠尾静脉留置针联合优化的实验流程,能显著提高鼠尾静脉穿刺成功率和图像质量,很好地应用于小鼠^(13)N-NH_(3)·H_(2)O心肌灌注Micro-PET显像中。

光栓塞法建立脑卒中后吞咽障碍小鼠模型

目的:建立一种可行的小鼠脑卒中后吞咽障碍(PSD)模型。方法:30只C57BL/6雄性小鼠随机分成假手术(Sham)组和模型(PSD)组,光栓塞(PT)法制作PSD小鼠模型,假手术组仅尾静脉注射玫瑰红。分别于第1、3、7 d采用激光散斑成像技术测定小鼠的脑血流量,采用TTC染色法检测脑梗死面积比率,采用多导生理记录仪MP160记录小鼠吞咽的在体吞咽肌群肌电面积,采用4 min饮水实验测量小鼠的饮水功能,记录小鼠的体重变化。结果:小鼠各时间点脑血流量均下降,第1 d脑血流量急剧下降,第3、7 d脑血流量逐渐恢复,侧支循环建立,脑梗死面积逐渐减小;与Sham组比较,PSD组小鼠第1、3 d肌电面积均减小(P<0.05),但呈逐渐恢复趋势,第7 d与Sham组比较无显著性差异,第1、3、7 d的4 min内饮水量、体重均有所下降(P<0.05)。结论:小鼠出现一定程度的吞咽障碍症状,有望成为PSD的转化模型。

基于浮选法的鼠笼式鲜枸杞分级机的设计与试验

[目的]提高鲜枸杞分级效率。[方法]设计基于浮选法的鼠笼式鲜枸杞分级机,以鲜枸杞横径为分级指标。利用鲜枸杞密度小于水的物理特性,运用浮选原理研制鲜枸杞分级机。通过力学分析及试验测量,计算和规定了分级机的理论结构参数。基于ANSYS Fluent模拟分级过程,分析模拟结果,并验证和精确该分级机的理论结构参数。[结果]分级机具体参数为:鼠笼直径0.34 m,长度2.1 m,辊杠直径10 mm,鼠笼倾斜角度17°,水流量1.7×10-2 m3/s,水流速3.5 m/s,鼠笼转速12 r/min。平行试验结果表明,鲜枸杞平均分级准确率约为93.79%,鲜枸杞无损率为98.21%;批量试验表明,鲜枸杞平均生产能力为1020.6 kg/h,平均分级准确率为92.85%。[结论]试验研制的基于浮选法的鼠笼式鲜枸杞分级机能够实现鲜枸杞低损、快速、高效分级。

一种小鼠原代肝细胞的分离与培养方法

目的:探索一种高效、稳定的小鼠原代肝细胞分离方法,并延长其体外培养的时间。方法:取成年雄性C57BL/6小鼠,以含双抗的D-Hanks灌流液经肝门静脉充分灌注肝脏,然后以0.2 mg/mL的Ⅳ型胶原酶灌注消化,接着过滤、离心、洗涤,获得小鼠原代肝细胞。通过台盼蓝染色检验小鼠原代肝细胞活率,利用倒置显微镜观察肝细胞的形态变化,糖原染色鉴定细胞纯度,添加ITS-X和HGF细胞因子延长小鼠原代肝细胞的体外培养时间。结果:平均每只成年小鼠肝脏可提取获得原代肝细胞约2×107个,台盼蓝染色显示细胞活率均超过95%,糖原染色结果表明此方法获得的原代肝细胞纯度高于95%,通过添加HGF和ITS-X两种细胞因子能够有效地延长肝细胞形态的体外维持时间。结论:本实验在原有小鼠原代肝细胞两步灌流分离法和培养的基础上,经过优化,成功建立了一种高效、稳定的小鼠原代肝细胞分离和培养方法,为肝脏的体外研究提供了技术保障。

A harmonic-wave bio-thermal method for continuous monitoring skin thermal conductivity and capillary perfusion rate

The revelation of thermal energy exchange mechanism of human body is challenging yet worthwhile,because it can clearly explain the changes in human symptoms and health status.Understanding,the heat transfer of the skin is significant because the skin is the foremost organ for the energy exchange between the human body and the environment.In order to diagnose the physiological conditions of human skin without causing any damage,it is necessary to use a non-invasive measurement technique by means of a conformal flexible sensor.The harmonic method can minimize the thermal-induced injury to the skin due to its low heat generating properties.A novel type of computational theory assessing skin thermal conductivity,blood perfusion rate of capillaries in the dermis,and superficial subcutaneous tissues was formed by combining the multi-medium thermal diffusion model and the bio-thermal model(Pennes equation).The skins of the hand back of six healthy subjects were measured.It was found that the results revealed no consistent changes in thermal conductivity were observed across genders and ages.The measured blood perfusion rates were within the range of human capillary flow.It was found that female subjects had a higher perfusion rate range(0.0058-0.0061 s^(-1))than male subjects(0.0032-0.0049 s^(-1)),which is consistent with invasive medical studies about the gender difference in blood flow rates and stimulated effects in relaxation situations.

健康促进图示法对门诊膀胱肿瘤灌注患者疾病知识掌握程度的影响

目的 探究健康促进图示法对门诊膀胱肿瘤灌注患者疾病知识掌握程度的影响。方法 选取2021年1月至2022年12月于江苏省淮安市第一人民医院门诊输液室接受膀胱灌注治疗的102例膀胱肿瘤患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,各51例。对照组实施常规护理干预,观察组在对照组基础上实施健康促进图示法干预。比较两组遵医行为、相关知识掌握程度、心理状态,及遵医行为情况。结果 干预后,两组疾病相关知识掌握、遵医行为评分高于干预前,观察组高于对照组;焦虑状态评分低于干预前,观察组低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 门诊膀胱肿瘤灌注患者实施健康促进图示法干预可有效改善患者遵医行为,有助于焦虑情绪的消除,提高患者对疾病知识的认知程度。

毛果菘蓝提取物的提取工艺优化及其对小鼠毛囊的作用研究

本试验旨在探究不同提取条件下毛果菘蓝中有效成分对小鼠毛囊的影响。通过采用超声波辅助萃取法分别以蒸馏水、无水乙醇为溶剂提取毛果菘蓝中的有效成分,同时采用响应面法对最佳提取条件进行筛选。将不同条件下的提取物涂抹于脱毛小鼠皮肤表面,观察分析空白对照组、水提组、醇提组小鼠的毛发生长差异情况,并通过HE染色法观察三组小鼠皮肤毛囊密度的差异,同时采用TUNEL免疫荧光法检测三组小鼠毛囊干细胞的凋亡情况。结果表明,无水乙醇提取的毛果菘蓝有效成分能够抑制毛囊细胞的凋亡,以蒸馏水提取的毛果菘蓝有效成分能够促使毛囊提前进入生长期,两种方法提取的毛果菘蓝有效成分均能促进毛囊生长。综上,毛果菘蓝提取物能够促进毛囊的生长发育,并抑制毛囊细胞的凋亡。

基于搏动法电阻抗断层成像技术监测家猪体姿变化对肺血流灌注影响的研究

目的基于电阻抗断层成像(EIT)技术探索无创监测不同体姿对局部肺血流灌注占比的影响。方法选取6只麻醉家猪为对象,采取仰卧和俯卧两种体姿进行EIT监测;对搏动法得到的EIT图像中肺区域重构值进行定量分析,通过四分层法求取腹内、腹外、背内和背外4个区域的肺血流灌注占比,最后通过高渗盐水造影技术作为标准进行对照验证。结果搏动法监测不同体姿在腹内侧的肺灌注占比有显著性差异(P<0.001),在腹外侧没有显著性差异;但在背内侧(P<0.017)和背外侧(P<0.008)均有显著性差异。最后将搏动法与高渗盐水法监测不同体姿变化对肺血流灌注影响的结果进行了一致性检验,其Kappa=0.684且P<0.001,表示两种方法得到的结果具有一致性。结论监测结果表明,体姿变化影响了肺血流灌注分布占比情况,这为临床上开展EIT无创监测局部肺灌注研究奠定了基础。

基于改进凸包算法的手势定位

文中主要介绍了手势分割、手势轮廓、手势凸包、凸包缺陷、指尖定位与手势跟踪,并基于此架构实现对键盘鼠标的模拟。将图像由RGB模型转化为HSV模型后,再通过HSV利用肤色阈值对人手进行分割,从而获得手势轮廓凸包。通过三角形原理计算出指尖与凸包缺陷,解决了手势水平状态下凸包缺陷无法定位的问题。采用单目视觉下的手势跟踪算法进行指尖定位初始化跟踪目标,实现无监督的Camshift实时手势跟踪。实验结果表明,在光照良好的条件下,对键盘模拟的准确率高达90%以上。

贝类麻痹性毒素的昆明小鼠测定法若干问题探讨

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