The coupling of dynamics and permeability in the hydrocarbon accumulation period controls the oil-bearing potential of low permeability reservoirs:a case study of the low permeability turbidite reservoirs in the middle part of the third member of Shahejie

The relationships between permeability and dynamics in hydrocarbon accumulation determine oil- bearing potential （the potential oil charge） of low perme- ability reservoirs. The evolution of porosity and permeability of low permeability turbidite reservoirs of the middle part of the third member of the Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Sag has been investigated by detailed core descriptions, thin section analyses, fluid inclusion analyses, carbon and oxygen isotope analyses, mercury injection, porosity and permeability testing, and basin modeling. The cutoff values for the permeability of the reservoirs in the accumulation period were calculated after detailing the accumulation dynamics and reservoir pore structures, then the distribution pattern of the oil-bearing potential of reservoirs controlled by the matching relationship between dynamics and permeability during the accumulation period were summarized. On the basis of the observed diagenetic features and with regard to the paragenetic sequences, the reservoirs can be subdivided into four types of diagenetic facies. The reservoirs experienced two periods of hydro- carbon accumulation. In the early accumulation period, the reservoirs except for diagenetic facies A had middle to high permeability ranging from 10 × 10-3 gm2 to 4207 × 10-3 lain2. In the later accumulation period, the reservoirs except for diagenetic facies C had low permeability ranging from 0.015 × 10-3 gm2 to 62× 10-3 -3m2. In the early accumulation period, the fluid pressure increased by the hydrocarbon generation was 1.4-11.3 MPa with an average value of 5.1 MPa, and a surplus pressure of 1.8-12.6 MPa with an average value of 6.3 MPa. In the later accumulation period, the fluid pressure increased by the hydrocarbon generation process was 0.7-12.7 MPa with an average value of 5.36 MPa and a surplus pressure of 1.3-16.2 MPa with an average value of 6.5 MPa. Even though different types of reservoirs exist, all can form hydrocarbon accumulations in the early accumulation per- iod. Such types of reservoirs can form hydrocarbon accumulation with high accumulation dynamics; however, reservoirs with diagenetic facies A and diagenetic facies B do not develop accumulation conditions with low accumu- lation dynamics in the late accumulation period for very low permeability. At more than 3000 m burial depth, a larger proportion of turbidite reservoirs are oil charged due to the proximity to the source rock, Also at these depths, lenticular sand bodies can accumulate hydrocarbons. At shallower depths, only the reservoirs with oil-source fault development can accumulate hydrocarbons. For flat surfaces, hydrocarbons have always been accumulated in the reservoirs around the oil-source faults and areas near the center of subsags with high accumulation dynamics.

Key oil accumulation periods of ultra-deep fault-controlled oil reservoir in northern Tarim Basin, NW China

A giant fault-controlled oilfield has been found in the ultra-deep(greater than 6000 m) Ordovician carbonate strata in the northern Tarim Basin. It is of great significance for hydrocarbon accumulation study and oil exploitation to determine the key oil accumulation periods. Based on detailed petrographic analysis, fluid inclusion association(FIA) in calcite samples filling in fractures from 12 wells were analyzed, and key accumulation periods of the strike-slip fault-controlled oilfield was studied by combining oil generation periods of the source rocks, formation periods of the fault and traps, and the fluid inclusion data.(1) There are multiple types of FIA, among them, two types of oil inclusions, the type with yellow fluorescence from the depression area and the type with yellow-green fluorescence from the uplift area with different maturities indicate two oil charging stages.(2) The homogenization temperature of the brine inclusions in FIA is mostly affected by temperature rises, and the minimum temperature of brine inclusions symbiotic with oil inclusions is closer to the reservoir temperature during its forming period.(3) FIA with yellow fluorescence all have homogenization temperatures below 50 ℃, while the FIA with yellow-green fluorescence have homogenization temperatures of 70–90 ℃ tested, suggesting two oil accumulation stages in Middle-Late Caledonian and Late Hercynian.(4) The Middle-Late Ordovician is the key formation period of the strike-slip fault, fracture-cave reservoir and trap there.(5) The oil generation peak of the main source rock of the Lower Cambrian is in the Late Ordovician, and the oil accumulation stage is mainly the Late Ordovician in the depression area, but is mainly the Early Permian in the uplift area. The key oil accumulation period of the strike-slip fault-controlled reservoirs is the Late Caledonian, the depression area has preserved the primary oil reservoirs formed in the Caledonian, while the uplift area has secondary oil reservoirs adjusted from the depression area during the Late Hercynian. Oil reservoir preservation conditions are the key factor for oil enrichment in the strike-slip fault zone of northern Tarim, and the Aman transition zone in the depression is richer in oil and gas and has greater potential for exploration and development.

Enrichment Mechanism and Prospects of Deep Oil and Gas

With the deepening of oil and gas exploration,the importance of depth is increasingly highlighted.The risk of preservation of storage space in deep reservoirs is greater than that in shallow and medium layers.Deep layers mean older strata,more complex structural evolution and more complex hydrocarbon accumulation processes,and even adjustment and transformation of oil and gas reservoirs.This paper systematically investigates the current status and research progress of deep oil and gas exploration around the world and looks forward to the future research focus of deep oil and gas.In the deep,especially the ultra-deep layers,carbonate reservoirs play a more important role than clastic rocks.Karst,fault-karst and dolomite reservoirs are the main types of deep and ultra-deep reservoirs.The common feature of most deep large and medium-sized oil and gas reservoirs is that they formed in the early with shallow depth.Fault activity and evolution of trap highs are the main ways to cause physical adjustment of oil and gas reservoirs.Crude oil cracking and thermochemical sulfate reduction(TSR)are the main chemical modification effects in the reservoir.Large-scale high-quality dolomite reservoirs is the main direction of deep oil and gas exploration.Accurate identification of oil and gas charging,adjustment and reformation processes is the key to understanding deep oil and gas distribution.High-precision detection technology and high-precision dating technology are an important guarantee for deep oil and gas research.

GPS time-series and its response to M_S=8.1 Kunlunshan earthquake

In this paper, observation data in 25 GPS reference stations of China have been analyzed by calculating GPS position coordinate time-series with GIPSY. Result shows there is an obvious trend variation in such time-series. The trend variations of time series along the longitude and latitude coordinate reflect the motion of each position in the global-plate, in which the trend variation in the vertical direction reveals some large-scale construction information or reflects the local movement around the positions. The analysis also shows that such time-series have a variation cycle of nearly 1.02 a, but the reason still remains to be further studied. At the end of this paper, response of the time-series to MS=8.1 Kunlunshan earthquake was analyzed, and the seismogenic process of MS=8.1 Kunlunshan earthquake, according to the time proceeding and the feature of anomaly, was divided into 3 phases-changes in blocks with forces, strain accumulation, quick accumulation and slow release of energy. At the initial stage of seismogenic process of MS=8.1 earthquake and at the imminent earthquake, coseismic process as well as during the post earthquake recovery, anomaly in vertical direction is always in a majority. The anomalous movement in vertical direction at the initial stage resulted in a blocking between faults, while at the middle stage of seismogenic process, the differential movement between blocks are in a majority, which is the major reason causing energy accumulating at the blocking stage of faults.

Fluid inclusion evidence for petroleum accumulation in northern Qaidam Basin

Based on the results of fluid inclusion study(microscopic characteristics,homogenization temperatures and grains with oil inclusions),the pool-forming time of the Nanbaxian and Mabei 1 oilfields in northern Qaidam Basin was discussed in this paper.Fluid inclusions in northern Qaidam Basin are relatively abundant,including aqueous inclusions and hydrocarbon inclusions.These inclusions are small(5-10 μm),and mainly distributed in quartz fissures,overgrowths and cementations.The abundances of grains with oil inclusions(GOI) are commonly low.The GOI values of most samples are between 2.0%-10.5%,and those of about 40 percent of total samples exceed 5%.The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in different samples are markedly dissimilar,indicating that these inclusions were formed in different periods.According to the measured homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions and in combination with burial history and thermal evolution history,the Nanbaxian and Mabei 1 oilfields are deduced,which have experienced two hydrocarbon charging periods,with the former of N1-N21 and N22-N23,and the latter of N1 and N1 end-N2,respectively.

油气成藏期活动断裂对砂体输导油气阻止作用部位的预测方法及其应用

为了研究含油气盆地斜坡区断裂附近油气分布规律,在油气成藏期活动断裂对砂体输导油气阻止作用机理及部位研究的基础上,通过确定油气成藏期断盖配置封闭部位、断裂填充物侧向封闭部位和砂体输导油气优势路径,三者叠合建立了一套油气成藏期断裂对砂体输导油气阻止作用部位的预测方法。实例应用结果表明:油气成藏期活动的敖古拉断裂对萨尔图油层砂体输导油气阻止作用的部位共有6处,自西南至东北均匀分布,是东侧古龙凹陷青一段源岩生成油气在敖古拉断裂附近萨尔图油层聚集成藏的有利部位,与现今敖古拉断裂附近萨尔图油层的油气显示情况基本相同,证明此方法针对油气成藏期活动断裂对砂体输导油气阻止作用部位的预测是可行的。

东营凹陷民丰地区沙四段下亚段油气成藏过程研究

近年来,随着深层油气勘探的推进,东营凹陷民丰地区油气勘探逐渐从浅层转向3000 m以下的深层。民丰地区沙四段下亚段地层埋深较大(多数>4000 m),主要由膏盐岩、含膏盐质泥岩、纯泥岩以及被季节性洪水搬运而来并沉积的大套砂砾岩组成。丰深斜11、丰深1和丰深斜101等井在沙四段下亚段砂砾岩储层产出了大量油气.

山地气象因子对烤烟生育期及青枯病的影响

为探明主要气象因子对山地烤烟生长发育进程的限制与影响,优化烤烟生育期,做好烟草青枯病的预测预报和合理防控,通过连续2年的烤烟主栽品种‘云烟87’、‘K326’、‘HN2146’的不同移栽期大田试验,探索生育期变化规律,研究日照及温度与烤烟生育期、青枯病的关系。结果表明:(1)烤烟团棵期和旺长期随移栽期延迟而显著减少,其原因是温度随移栽期推迟而显著升高,使生育进程加快;累积日照时数的减少有随生育时间缩短而变化的趋势。(2)温度、日照对烤烟的主要效应时期在团棵期与旺长期,主要影响在现蕾以前,其中温度是影响湘西烤烟生育期的关键因子。(3)平均日照时数与平均气温是影响生育期的主要因子,其中关键主要因子是平均气温。(4)青枯病重点防治期为烟叶移栽63 d之前且均温未达21.82℃之前,重点预防期为均温未达18.77℃之前且烟叶移栽42 d之前。温度对于指导青枯病的预测预报和防治具有重要意义。

珠江口盆地HZ26-6构造“双古”领域油气成藏特点与富集规律

研究珠江口盆地HZ26-6构造“双古”领域油气成藏期次和油气成藏条件,探讨油气成藏特点与富集规律。在借鉴前人研究成果的基础上,通过铸体薄片鉴定、包裹体均一温度测定等手段,厘清了HZ26-6构造“双古”领域三大油气主力成藏期及对应的流体充注类型,即13.8~10 Ma B.P.的低熟原油充注期,10~5.3 Ma B.P.的成熟原油充注期,5.3 Ma B.P.以来的天然气充注期;依据实际的地质、钻井、测井、地震等资料梳理了HZ26-6构造“双古”领域三大油气成藏关键条件,即以“早期低熟缓慢生油,晚期高熟快速生气”为特点的烃源条件,以“裂缝带风化叠加改造成储,转换带砂砾岩体规模成储”为特征的储层条件,以“通源断裂多期跨层输导,深缝浅砂侧向差异运移”为特征的输导条件。HZ26-6构造“双古”领域具有“早油晚气,宽窗强供;扇加潜山,规模储集;断缝断砂,高效输导;递进充注,整装成藏”的油气成藏特点,以及“油型盆地早油晚气条件下,宽窗强势供烃、‘双古’整装成藏”的油气富集规律。

浅层油源断裂油气运聚时期预测方法及其应用

为研究含油气盆地浅层油源断裂的油气富集规律,全面考虑了影响浅层油源断裂运聚油气的三方面因素:油源断裂输导性、下伏被油源断裂断穿的所有区域性泥岩层的渗漏性、上覆浅层泥岩盖层的封闭性,建立了一套适用于受油源断裂控制的浅层砂泥岩地层油气运聚时期的预测方法。明确了浅层油源断裂运聚油气的时期应是油源断裂输导油气时期、下伏被断裂穿过所有区域性泥岩层渗漏时期、以及上覆浅层泥岩盖层封闭性形成时期三者的叠合时期。将该方法应用于渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷浅层馆陶组地层,明确港东断裂油气运聚时期为明化镇组沉积中期至沉积结束。油气运聚时期的确定对指导含油气盆地浅层油源断裂油气勘探具有重要意义。

气候变化对临沂冬小麦主要生育期的影响及适播期研究

为了研究气候变化对临沂市冬小麦生产的影响,确定合理播期和适宜的田间管理措施。利用2001—2021年临沂市气象资料和农业农村部门苗情调查数据,同时参考1962—2000年临沂市历史天气数据,采用线性趋势性预测对小麦生育期温度、积温以及主要生育期日期和持续时间进行变化规律分析。结果表明:临沂市冬小麦适播期和各生育期均对气候变化发生了不同的响应,适播期为10月8—19日,最佳播期为10月11—14日;分蘖期出现反复降温频率变高,促进了小麦冬前抗寒锻炼,利于形成壮苗;冬前积温增多和越冬期延迟,间接推迟了适播期,为上一季玉米晚收创造了条件;返青大幅提前和返青后积温显著增加,大幅缩短了小麦停止生长和越冬时间,增加了冬小麦实际生长时间,有利于冬小麦苗情转化;拔节期大幅提前,使小麦更容易遭受晚霜冻(冷)害和倒春寒;4月和5月温度下降为小麦抽穗、扬花、灌浆提供了更好的气候条件,特别是5月温度下降既减少了干热风的发生机率又利于小麦后期灌浆。确定了临沂市冬小麦适播期,为小麦全生育期田间管理和高产栽培提供了依据。

珠江口盆地顺德凹陷稠油特征及成因分析

珠江口盆地顺德凹陷原油领域获得重大突破,首次在顺德凹陷W36-B井埋深大于2000 m的古近系发现了稠油油藏,但其原油性质复杂,来源及成因认识不清。在大量实验数据分析的基础之上,开展了稠油油藏原油物性、组分、饱和烃特征、生物标志物、油气来源和盆地模拟分析。结果表明:①恩平组二段原油具有典型的高密度、高黏度、高凝固点特征;原油中检测到了丰富的C_(30)^(4-)甲基甾烷及C_(28)、C_(29)长链三环萜烷,不含树脂化合物“T”,含微量奥利烷,反映出丰富的低等水生生物藻类贡献。②恩平组稠油主要来源于文昌组二段半深—深湖相烃源岩。③原油有两期充注,第一期为12.2 Ma~7.1 Ma,第二期为7.1 Ma至今。④文昌组二段烃源岩早期生成的低成熟原油经过断裂、砂体运移至文昌36-B构造成藏,成藏后遭受了较为严重的生物降解,晚期又有较高成熟度原油的混合充注,形成了现今的稠油油藏。研究成果对珠江口盆地优化勘探开发部署、指导油区勘探具有重要意义。

Hydrocarbon accumulation conditions and key exploration and development technologies for PL 19-3 oilfield

The PL 19e3 Oilfield is the only super-large monolithic oilfield with oil and gas reserves up to 1×10^(9) t in the Bohai Bay Basin,and it has been successfully developed.Exploration and development practices have provided abundant data for analyzing formation conditions of this super-large oilfield.On the basis of the exploration and development history,fundamental reservoir features,and with available geological,geophysical and test data,the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions and key exploration&development technologies of the PL 19e3 Oilfield were discussed.The key conditions for forming the super-large Neogene oilfield include four aspects.Firstly,the oilfield is located at the high position of the uplift that contacts the brachy-axis of the multi-ridge slope in the biggest hydrocarbon-rich sag in the Bohai Bay Basin,thus it has sufficient hydrocarbon source and extremely superior hydrocarbon migration condition.Secondly,the large-scale torsional anticlines which formed in the Neogene under the control of the Tanlu strike-slipping movement provide sufficient storage spaces for oil and gas preservation.Thirdly,the“multiple sets of composite reservoir-caprock assemblages”developing in the special shallow-water delta further contributes greatly to the effective storage space for oil and gas preservation.Fourthly,due to the coupling of the uplift and strike slip in the neotectonic period,extensive faulting activities constantly released the pressure while the late period massive hydrocarbon expulsion of the Bozhong took place at the same time,which assures the constant and intense charging of oil and gas.The super-large PL 19e3 Oilfield was controlled by the coupling effects of all those special geologic factors.In view of this oilfield's features(e.g.violently reformation caused by strike slip,and the special sedimentary environment of shallow-water delta),some key practical technologies for exploration and development have been developed.Such technologies include:the special prestack depth migration processing for gas cloud zones,the prediction of thin interbed reservoirs based on high-precision inversion of geologic model,the reservoir description for the shallow-water braided river delta,the quantitative description for remaining oil in the commingled oil reservoirs with wide well spacing and long well interval,and the well pattern adjustment for formations during high water cut period in the complex fluvial-facies oilfields.

油气成藏期探讨

成藏期是一个时间段,一个油气藏由多次充注形成。烃包裹体的存在是油气运聚的直接证据,利用流体包裹体均一温度分布图所对应的时间可以确定出成藏期。均一温度直方图分为连续分布型和非连续分布型两类:前者表示连续性的充注一期成藏;后者表示非连续性的充注多期成藏。成藏期是成藏史研究的一部分,新生代油气的成藏史比较短,多为一期成藏;古生代油气的成藏史比较长,可能有多个成藏期。但古老油气藏大部分都已破坏消失,只有那些不断有油气充注或是晚期成藏的才能被保存下来,而目前它们未必具有多期成藏的特征,只有作成藏史研究才能对它们进行评价。

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组致密油成藏条件及主控因素

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组致密油成藏条件研究程度较低,致密油勘探未取得大的突破。为了评价盆地东南部延长组致密油的勘探前景,通过对沉积、储层、盖层、油气运移等方面的研究,深入分析了盆地东南部延长组致密油成藏条件。研究结果表明盆地东南部延长组长7段优质烃源岩大面积分布,延长组储层致密,源储配置好,具有形成致密油的良好地质条件。长6、长7、长8油层组是鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组致密油主力勘探层系。延长组致密油藏的形成和富集主要受沉积微相、优质储层的控制。通过包裹体测温、盆地热史、伊利石测年、饱和压力等多种方法确定的致密油藏主成藏期为早白垩世,致密油成藏期受中生代晚期构造热事件的控制,具有晚期成藏的特点。

鄂尔多斯盆地热演化史及其对油气的控制作用

鄂尔多斯盆地为大型含油气盆地,是我国重要的能源基地。盆地现今地温梯度为2.8℃/100m,属于中温型盆地。根据现今地层测温及地温梯度,编制了盆地3个重要烃源岩发育层位延长组长7段、石炭二叠系、奥陶系顶面现今地温分布图,分析了3个界面现今地温分布特征。根据收集及实测的奥陶系沥青反射率资料,编制了奥陶系顶面镜质体反射率等值线平面分布图。盆地不同层位的镜质体反射率值随着深度增加或层位变老,镜质体反射率值逐渐增高,在各地层分界面处不存在镜质体反射率(Ro)明显的错断。各构造单元镜质体反射率(Ro)与深度关系曲线图差异主要表现为曲线斜率的差异及曲线接近地表起始值的差异,这两项差异反映了地温梯度及后期剥蚀厚度的差异。不同层位的镜质体反射率的高值区均位于盆地南部的庆阳—富县—延安—吴旗一带,盆地南部不同层位镜质体反射率高值区的存在表明盆地南部热演化程度高,存在热异常。盆地热演化史恢复表明早白垩世鄂尔多斯盆地发生过一期构造热事件,地层在早白垩世末达到最大古地温。早白垩世以后,鄂尔多斯盆地整体大幅度抬升剥蚀,地温梯度减小,地层冷却降温。现今地层温度远小于在早白垩世末达到的最大古地温,油气的生成主要受古地温控制。早白垩世的构造热事件控制了上、下古生界、中生界3套主要烃源岩油气的主要生成、成藏期。

焉耆盆地油气成藏期次研究

通过对焉耆盆地烃源岩的生烃史、油气成熟度、流体包裹体均一温度和储集层自生伊利石同位素年代学的研究 ,综合分析盆地的成藏期次。焉耆盆地八道湾组烃源岩的两次主要生、排烃作用发生在侏罗纪末期和早第三纪 ,白垩纪为生烃停止期 ;三工河组砂岩溶蚀孔隙中的流体包裹体形成温度主要为 10 1～ 13 0℃ ,与侏罗纪晚期三工河组储集层温度相当 ,表明这些包裹体主要是侏罗纪晚期以压溶和溶蚀作用为主的晚成岩作用阶段形成的。储集层自生伊利石的K/Ar同位素年龄分布主要为 170～ 14 0Ma和 12 0～ 10 0Ma ,第一期反映侏罗纪晚期的成藏作用 ,第二期与白垩纪油气藏的破坏作用有关。三工河组原油、八道湾组原油的αααC2 9甾烷 2 0S/ (2 0S + 2 0R)比值平均为 0 .49和 0 .45 ,C2 9甾烷 ββ/ (αα + ββ)比值平均为 0 .46和 0 .40 ,表明原油生成和成藏时烃源岩的Ro 值约为 0 .7%～ 1.0 % ,与生烃凹陷八道湾组烃源岩在侏罗纪末的成熟度相当 ;天然气甲烷碳同位素值为 -5 1.80‰～ -4 1.5 3‰ ,成熟度比原油更低 ,形成时间更早。综合分析认为 ,焉耆盆地曾发生两期成藏作用 ,第一期是侏罗系埋深最大的侏罗纪晚期 ,为主要成藏期 ;第二期是侏罗系二次埋藏的第三纪。图 4参

鄂尔多斯盆地西北部延长组下部幕式成藏特征

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7段优质烃源岩在大量生烃时产生较强的异常高压,在盆地西北部长7段与下部长8段地层之间存在10MPa以上的过剩压力差,这成为石油向下运移的主要动力。岩心、薄片和成像测井资料表明,超压导致源岩及其下部地层发生流体压裂,流体以混相通过裂隙快速排出。在长7段烃源岩和长8段、长9段储层中发现的沸腾油气包裹体,是油气幕式排烃、幕式充注的直接证据。包裹体均一温度表明,鄂尔多斯盆地西北部主要发生了两次大规模的幕式充注过程,主要成藏时期为早白垩世早期—早白垩世中期。

海拉尔盆地主要凹陷的成藏期

采用生排烃史法、自生伊利石K-Ar同位素法、Mango轻烃参数法，结合沉降史、热史分析了海拉尔盆地主要凹陷的成藏期，结果表明：乌尔逊凹陷和贝尔凹陷最早成藏时间距今分别为120Ma和122Ma，主要成藏期距今分别为110～95Ma，112～96Ma，成藏期可分为早成藏期(伊敏组早期)和主成藏期(伊敏组末期一青元岗组早期)；由于海拉尔盆地大部分圈闭是在主成藏期前形成的，因此，圈闭形成时间不是影响圈闭有效性的主要因素；早成藏期形成的油藏被发现的数量偏少，有待进一步勘探。

饱和压力法确定成藏期问题探讨

采用饱和压力法确定油藏成藏期的原理和方法一直存在争议,在高勘探程度区济阳坳陷的应用中发现,该方法对许多油藏不适用,所推测的成藏深度和成藏期与实际情况相差较大。以济阳坳陷众多油藏资料为基础,结合坳陷油气生成、运移过程中原油的饱和压力变化特点,就该方法对许多油藏不适用的主要原因进行了分析:济阳坳陷地下原油黏度影响因素较多,总体上与其是否为天然气所饱和关系不大;济阳坳陷古近系烃源岩生成并排出的大部分原油为欠饱和原油,大部分原油在欠饱和状态下运聚成藏是该方法对许多油藏不适用的主要原因,饱和压力法仅适用于原油在饱和状态下聚集成藏的油藏。据此认为:原油既可以在饱和状态下大规模聚集成藏,又可以在非饱和状态下大规模聚集成藏,因此,运用饱和压力法确定成藏时期前,首先要明确该油藏中的原油是在饱和条件下聚集成藏的。