Water Consumption Processes of Different Planting Models in Rice Production of Northeast China

Different irrigation schemes have different effects on water consumption in rice production.However,few studies have been conducted on the water consumption processes between dry direct seeding rice and transplanting rice under different irrigation schemes.Water consumption process,water use efficiency and correlation effect of water consumption on yield under different planting models in rice production were investigated in northeast China in 2018.Seven treatments were implemented:drip irrigation dry direct seeding rice(DDSR),wet irrigation dry direct seeding rice(WDSR),flooded irrigation dry direct seeding rice(FDSR),transplanting flooded rice(TFR),controlled irrigation transplanting rice(CTR),intermittent irrigation transplanting rice(ITR)and wet irrigation transplanting rice(WTR).Among them,TFR was the control.The results showed that the peaks of the water consumption amount,intensity and its modulus coefficient of the seven treatments all appeared in the middle tillering and the jointing booting stages.The total water consumption amount(ET)and average water consumption intensity of DDSR,WDSR,FDSR and WTR were lower than those of TFR,CTR and ITR.The maximum water use efficiency of yield(WUEy)occurred in DDSR with a value of 3.8 kg·m^(-3).WUEy of DDSR,WDSR and FDSR were significantly higher than those of TFR,CTR and ITR.In the middle tillering and the heading and flowering stages,the water consumption amount of each treatment had a positive effect on yield formation,and the water consumption amount in the late tillering stage had a negative effect on yield formation.The relationship between ET and yield(Y)of dry direct seeding and transplanting planting models showed a quadratic function curve.ET of transplanting planting model had a significant positive impact on Y,and ET of dry direct seeding planting model had no impact on Y.DDSR had the least total water consumption of 199.8 mm·m^(-2),the lowest water consumption intensity of 2.0 mm·d^(-1) and the greatest water use efficiency of 3.8 kg·m^(-3),which suggested that DDSR had the most significant water saving effect.The combination of dry direct seeding planting model and drip irrigation scheme would be a good option for determining a water-saving rice planting model in northeast China.

Impacts of water resource planning on regional water consumption pattern: A case study in Dunhuang Oasis, China

Water resources are critical for the existence and development of oases in endorheic basins.Thus,to enable sustainable development,it is fundamentally important to understand how to allocate and use these resources in a reasonable way.We therefore simulated and analyzed changes in water consumption pattern within the Dunhuang Oasis of China under three scenarios using a system dynamic model that corresponds to different water consumption pattern.This was done to assess the impacts of regional water resource planning(comprehensive planning of the rational use of water resource and protection of ecosystem services in the Dunhuang Basin)on water consumption pattern within the Dunhuang Oasis.The first of these,Scenario 1,is a baseline in which the status quo is maintained,while Scenario 2 incorporates the comprehensive effects of agricultural water-saving irrigation measures with an inter-basin water diversion project,and Scenario 3 focuses on ecological rehabilitation.In the baseline Scenario 1,the total water consumption within the Dunhuang Oasis increased progressively while agricultural water consumption remained extremely high and threatened overall ecological security.In contrast,Scenario 2 would decrease agricultural water consumption by almost 5.30×10^7 m^3 following the implementation of water-saving practices.The additional water allocated from an inter-basin water diversion project would play an important role in alleviating ecological strain on the oasis.Finally,in Scenario 3,the total irrigated land must be decreased to 20.6×10^3 hm^2 by 2025 assuming that water supply for ecosystem restoration would be at least 50%of the total consumption.Although water resource planning plays a very important role in alleviating the ecological water crisis within the oasis,it is necessary to consider the suitable scale of oasis with regard to current water consumption pattern.

Water resource utilization characteristics and driving factors in the Hainan Island

The scarcity of water resources caused by the unique topography and uneven rainfall distribution in Hainan Island has become a major factor restricting local development. In order to provide effective and scientific reference basis for the overall water resource utilization status and solving this problem, this study calculated the water resource utilization situation of Hainan Island from 2017 to 2021 in detail using methods including water resource ecological footprint analysis. Furthermore, a spatial correlation analysis was conducted to examine the island's water resource utilization characteristics, and the driving factors behind the changes in water resource utilization over the past five years were analyzed using the LMDI model. The results show that:(1) During the study period, the water resource ecological footprint in Hainan Island exhibited a slow growth trend, while the ecological carrying capacity showed a downward tendency.The per capita ecological deficit of water resources remains relatively high, and the water consumption per 10 000 yuan GDP in the whole land continues to decrease, indicating that the overall pressure on water resource demand remains high with significant regional differences accompanied by the efficiency of water resource utilization steadily improving at the same time;(2) Agricultural water use accounts for the highest proportion in the entire water use structure, while ecological water use represents the smallest share, with a year-on-year increase, indicating that Hainan Island highlights the agricultural development and is increasingly conscious of the ecological environment;(3) Significant spatial differentiation in water resource utilization characteristics exists in Hainan Island, with the western region being a hot spot aggregation area for per capita water resource ecological footprint, per capita ecological carrying capacity of water resources, water consumption per 10 000 yuan GDP, while it is a cold spot cluster area for per capita ecological deficit of water resources. The opposite holds true for the eastern region of Hainan Island;(4) Economic and technological factors have a major impact on the changes in water resource ecological footprint within the designated area. Among them, economic factors drive the growth of the water resource ecological footprint in Hainan Island, and exacerbate local water resource consumption, while technological factors negatively contribute to the amount of water resource utilization in Hainan Island, indicating that advanced technology has improved water resource utilization efficiency and significantly reduced water resource consumption.

基于改进GM(1,1)模型的生活用水量预测

生活用水量预测是城市给水规划的关键,其核心是提高预测的精准度。由于传统GM(1,1)模型误差主要来源于背景值和初始值,文章采取引入幂函数改进背景值和初始值2种改进方法。引入幂函数改进背景值权重构造,使新数据占改进模型主导地位;引入幂函数减少原始数据振荡,优化原始序列。将改进后的2种模型应用于河南省生活用水量预测中,并与传统GM(1,1)模型进行比较。结果表明改进模型各个检验均满足要求,可进行中长期用水量预测,预测可得2025年河南省生活用水量为48.31×10^(8)m^(3)。优化原始值改进的GM(1,1)模型预测效果好、精度高,可为当地水资源保护、管理提供参考。

基于贝叶斯分析的干热河谷区橙子林冠层蒸腾耗水模拟

需耗水机制是进行农田/果园水分管理和调控的基础。本文聚焦蒸腾耗水机制,基于贝叶斯参数估计方法对比了不同Jarvis-Stewart模型配置对干热河谷区橙子林蒸腾耗水量的模拟效果,探索了Jarvis-Stewart模型在影响因子交互效应较强条件下蒸腾耗水模拟中的适用性。结果表明,考虑不同影响因子及其限制函数会对模拟效果产生较大影响,其中考虑土壤含水率和叶面积指数对模拟效果改善作用明显,而引入饱和水汽压差和气温则不同程度地降低模拟精度;考虑的影响因子越多,模型结构越复杂,模拟效果不一定越好;筛选出的最佳模型结构基本实现了橙子林蒸腾耗水的可靠模拟,但模拟效果仍有明显改进空间,因此,应综合考虑模型复杂程度、模拟精度及不确定性等,进一步探究适宜的模型结构。研究可为果园节水灌溉技术体系建立和水分管理优化提供科学依据,也能为耗水模型的进一步发展和完善提供理论支撑。

长江经济带农业用水量与农业经济发展脱钩关系

阐明长江经济带农业用水量和农业经济发展之间的脱钩关系,对提高水资源利用效率,落实节水优先具有重要意义。基于2003~2021年长江经济带相关统计数据,运用Tapio脱钩模型,在揭示2003~2021年长江经济带水资源量时空演变特征的基础上,对长江经济带11个省(市)的农业用水量与农业经济发展的脱钩关系进行了实证分析。研究结果表明:总体上来看,长江经济带农业用水量供应充足,但受水资源空间分布不均的影响,农业用水供需存在空间上的不均衡现象;长江经济带11个省(市)农业用水效益存在明显差异,总体农业用水量与农业经济发展之间一直处于脱钩状态,并且长期处于比较理想的弱脱钩状态或强脱钩状态;在大多数时段内,各省份农业用水量与农业经济发展之间也处于比较理想的弱脱钩状态或强脱钩状态。研究成果可为长江经济带农业水资源高效利用及其相关政策制定提供参考。

分时电价下油田分压周期注水优化研究

为降低由各注水井需求压力不一致导致的阀组节流损失,以泵站总能耗成本最低为目标函数,以站内泵机组及站外注水井服务要求为约束条件,借助数学规划和优化高级建模系统(GAMS)建模编程,调用内嵌分枝减小最优化导航(BARON)求解器求解,建立了一种分时电价下分压周期注水的数学模型。针对实际注水情况,考虑各压力范围注水井组交叉注水与顺次注水2种运行方案,通过对比分析确定了最佳注水方案。研究结果表明,优化后低压注水井组节流损失平均降低约7 MPa,中压注水井组节流损失平均降低约3 MPa,分时分压周期注水方式一周期内能耗成本可降低约13000元,极大降低了现场因节流损失带来的能耗成本,具有良好的经济效益。同时,顺次注水相较交叉注水具有更好的实用价值与可操作性,可为现场实际运行生产提供一定参考。

气候变化影响下澜湄流域下游水稻生产用水量模拟与分析

农业用水是社会经济用水的主要行业,气候变化对农业用水的影响可能改变区域的水资源供需情势。以澜沧江-湄公河流域下游为研究区,基于ERA5-Land数据集和最新的CMIP6气候预测数据,选用SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP5-8.5三种排放情景,AquaCrop模型将非生产性土壤蒸发和生产性作物蒸腾分离,将水稻生长期内蒸腾总量作为水稻生产用水量,模拟了澜沧江-湄公河流域下游历史和未来时期水稻生产用水量,分析了水稻生产用水量的变化情况及其与温度、降水和CO_(2)浓度之间的相关关系。结果表明:澜沧江-湄公河流域下游水稻生产用水量在空间上表现为北多南少,总体呈现逐年减少趋势,且在SSP5-8.5情景下趋势更加明显。SSP5-8.5情景下的未来远期,澜沧江-湄公河流域下游水稻生产用水量将减少29.7%。与温度和降水相比,水稻生产用水量和CO_(2)浓度之间的相关性最强。SSP5-8.5情景下的未来远期,在泰国的相关系数为-0.875,其余国家各季度下的相关系数均小于-0.9。

基于结构方程模型下滇中鲜食玉米耗水规律及其影响因素研究

旨在深入了解滇中高原地区鲜食玉米的生育期耗水量与规律,明确耗水量与其影响因素之间的关系,为鲜食玉米的推广种植和灌溉管理提供科学支持。进行了为期2年的鲜食玉米田间灌溉试验,参考农民种植经验管理试验小区,安装了自动气象站和土壤墒情自动观测设备,用于采集土壤墒情和气象数据。分析了鲜食玉米全生育期土壤水分动态、日耗水量和作物系数,同时研究了气象、土壤和作物因素对耗水量的影响。发现鲜食玉米在10~30 cm土层水分变化较大,生长后期根系吸水最深可达40 cm土层。2022—2023年鲜食玉米生育期耗水量分别为182.32 mm和175.84 mm,平均耗水强度分别为2.40 mm/d和2.31 mm/d。耗水量及强度在不同年份和生育阶段表现不同,2022年,由大到小表现为灌浆乳熟期>苗期>拔节期>抽雄吐丝期,而在2023年表现为抽雄吐丝期>灌浆乳熟期>拔节期>苗期。两年鲜食玉米全生育期Kc平均值分别为0.65和0.44,变化趋势随作物生长发育逐渐增大,在灌浆乳熟期达到峰值;土壤因素和气象因素对鲜食玉米耗水量存在路径系数为0.38、0.34的正相关关系,而鲜食玉米耗水量与作物生长特性存在路径系数-0.46的负相关关系。鲜食玉米耗水量较小,且受土壤和气象因素影像较大,本次研究结果为滇中地区鲜食玉米的灌溉定额和灌溉管理提供了科学依据。

不同灌水量对油葵干物质累积和产量的影响

为了确定河西走廊灌区油葵的最优灌溉模式,在武威市中心灌溉试验站进行田间试验,研究不同灌水量对油葵干物质累积和产量的影响。结果表明,灌水较少会使油葵干物质积累过早趋于平稳,累计值较低,过剩的灌水量则会使得干物质累积进入快速上升期的时间较晚,致使快速累积期的持续时间较短,干物质更多以茎、叶累积为主。开花期适时灌水有利于干物质累积。油葵全生育期耗水量与产量呈抛物线关系。综合分析得出,全生育期灌水4次(播种期600 m^(3)/hm^(2)、苗期400 m^(3)/hm^(2)、现蕾期400 m^(3)/hm^(2)、开花期400 m^(3)/hm^(2)),总灌水量1800 m^(3)/hm^(2)为最优灌溉模式。此条件下,油葵产量为3725.09 kg/hm^(2),水分利用效率为1.49 kg/m^(3),达到了高产节水的目的。

中国水资源开发与利用态势分析

供水与用水规模及结构的演变与社会经济发展密切相关,准确把握水资源开发利用态势是水资源规划与管理的基础。本文基于2005—2022年全国供用水数据,采用构建的水资源开发态势Logistic方程及水资源利用态势Lotka-Volterra模型,评估全国水资源分区的供水模式及全国整体用水模式。针对全国地表水源供水量与地下水源供水量比例将突破6∶1的趋势,建议应避免地表水源的过度开发;针对现有一、二、三产用水比例距离理想的“3∶4∶3”尚存在较大距离的现状,仍需大力发展节水农业建设,以促进社会经济繁荣发展。

环冷机高效密封和冷却技术

在烧结生产过程中,环冷机作为重要的冷却设备,其主要作用是将破碎后的高温烧结矿进行冷却,以满足烧结矿整粒及转储需求。为降低环冷机漏风率、提高冷却废气显热利用率及优化环冷机冷却制度,通过对国内同行业钢铁企业考察,采用密封效果较好的水密封方式对415m^(2)环冷机密封系统进行升级改造,改造后系统漏风率大幅降低,由46.4%降低至4.4%,降幅42%;环冷鼓风机电耗降低1.82kW·h/t,环冷机余热利用率提高产汽量、发电量增加降低成本513.8万元/年。漏风率大幅降低使鼓入环冷机一段、二段循环冷却热风风温提高,缓解了烧结矿冷却急冷的问题,烧结矿质量得到明显改善,其中烧结矿平均粒径由16.8mm提高至18.5mm。通过对环冷鼓风机数据进行建模分析优化鼓风机运行参数,将原有5台风量45万m^(3)/h鼓风机改造为10台风量14万m^(3)/h鼓风机,在实现烧结矿均匀冷却的同时,环冷机漏风率降低至2.13%,鼓风机电耗降低2.87kW·h/t。

基于DWT-Informer模型的水量预测研究

为准确呈现水消耗的变化趋势以及预测未来的用水需求,提出一种基于DWT-Informer模型的用水量预测方法。与传统方法相比,该预测方法具有以下优势:(1)对历史用水量数据进行DWT分解,可以更好地捕捉用水量信号的不同频率成分和变化趋势;(2)Informer模型具有更强的时间序列建模能力和预测能力,可以更准确地预测未来日用水量;(3)采用多头注意力机制构建输入与输出的全局关系,有利于提升参数水平。通过实际日用水量数据进行算例分析,分析结果表明,相较于其他常用预测方法,该文提出的方法在MAE、RMSE、MAPE等指标上均表现优异。

Effect of Crop Root on Soil Water Retentivity and Movement

The objective of this study was to clarify the effect of crop root on soil water retentivity and movement to improve the crop growth environment and irrigation efficiency. To simulate soil water movement considering the crop root effect on the physical properties of soil, a numerical model describing the soil water and heat transfers was introduced. Cultivation experiments were conducted to clarify the effect of the crop root on soil water retentivity and verify the accuracy of the numerical model. The relationship between soil water retentivity and the root content of soil samples was clarified by soil water retention curves. The soil water content displayed a high value with increasing crop root content in the high volumetric water content zone. The experimental results indicated that the saturated water content increased with the crop root content because of the porosity formed by the crop root. The differences of the soil water retentivity became smaller when the value of the matric potential was over pF 1.5. To verify the accuracy of the numerical model, an observation using acrylic slit pot was also conduced. The temporal and spatial changes of the volumetric water content and soil temperature were measured. Soil water and heat transfers, which considered the effect of the crop root on the soil water retentivity clarified by the soil water retention curves, were simulated. Simulated volumetric water content and temperature of soil agreed with observed data. This indicated that the numerical model used to simulate the soil water and heat transfer considering the crop root effect on soil water retentivity was satisfactory. Using this model, spatial and temporal changes of soil water content were simulated. The soil water condition of the root zone was relatively high compared with the initial conditions. This indicated that the volumetric water condition of the root zone increased with the soil water extraction and high soil water conditions was maintained because the soil water retentivity of root zone increased with the root effect.

干旱区灌溉绿洲农业节水潜力形成机制与评估方法

农业节水潜力及其尺度效应是干旱区灌溉绿洲关心的焦点问题之一,对绿洲农业生产、水资源高效利用及生态健康至关重要。针对当前农业节水潜力计算及尺度效应形成机制不清等问题,本文明确了取水节水与耗水节水的概念及内涵,提出节水潜力问题不能忽略灌溉水外溢支撑的生态耗水及效益;从水循环视角解析了干旱灌溉绿洲农业灌溉水分在农田及农田之外的转化与消耗机制,分析了不同节水措施对水循环过程的影响机制,揭示了农业节水的尺度效应及其伴生生态系统响应背后的水循环机理;以此为理论基础,提出了不同环节、不同尺度农业节水潜力的计算方法,剖析了植株-田间-灌溉单元-绿洲不同尺度农业节水量的转化关系及转化项;最后提出了以植被健康、河湖稳定、水盐平衡为生态健康约束,基于水循环模型定量评价灌溉绿洲不同节水潜力的计算方法,能够为绿洲全局视角下科学评估农业节水潜力及影响提供新的思路和技术方法。

区域发展权视角下的用水总量控制指标补偿方法探索

水源地为保护水源作出了巨大牺牲,经济发展严重受限,区域发展权无法得到有效保障。在“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念的指导下,为保证水源地区域发展权的实现,拓宽生态产品价值实现的通道,以千岛湖水源地所在的淳安县为例,构建了区域发展权视角下用水总量控制指标补偿的还原模型和比较模型,并进行了实例测算。结果显示:补偿给淳安县的用水总量控制指标应当不低于2.16亿m^(3),意味着淳安县不但可以充分发挥水资源优势开展水权交易,打通践行“两山理论”的制度通道,实现生态产品价值,还可以缓解水源地保护投入压力,从而将更多的资源用于当地经济社会发展,助力实现共同富裕。

基于水—能—粮关联关系的山西省农业种植结构优化调整

优化水、能源资源,调整农作物种植结构,以实现经济效益和生态效益最大化。以山西省为研究区,采用水足迹和能源消耗核算模型分析主要农作物的耗水及耗能特点,以水资源、能源、粮食等作为约束条件构建多目标规划模型,对主要农作物的种植结构进行优化。结果表明,各类农作物多年平均单产水足迹和能耗存在较大差异,大豆为极高耗水高耗能蓝水消耗型,谷子为高耗水极高耗能灰水消耗型,油料为高耗水高耗能灰水—蓝水消耗型,小麦为中等耗水中等耗能蓝水消耗型,玉米为低耗水低耗能蓝水—灰水消耗型,蔬菜为极低耗水极低耗能灰水—蓝水消耗型作物。优化后的种植结构方案中,玉米、谷子和油料种植面积比例下降,小麦和大豆种植面积比例提高,蔬菜种植比例变化不大。基于水热条件的差异,山西省作物种植结构具有一定的空间差异,玉米、谷子、大豆和油料在全域内均有种植,小麦主要种植于晋南区和晋东南区的平川和丘陵区,蔬菜主要分布于地域条件及水热条件相对优越的盆地。在水—能—粮关联关系的基础上,优化后的种植结构符合山西省“十四五”农业现代化规划,整体方案具有趋于低耗能、低耗水、低污染等特点,有利于促进农业的可持续发展。

水资源与经济的脱钩驱动效应与预测——以南水北调中线受水区为例

在脱钩模型的基础上,运用对数平均迪氏指数(logarithmic mean Divisia index, LMDI)分解模型和系统动力学(system dynamics, SD)模型,分别研究受水区2000—2020年用水量与经济脱钩的驱动因素和2020—2030年的变化趋势。将用水量与经济脱钩状态变化分解为产业用水强度脱钩效应、产业结构脱钩效应和经济发展水平脱钩效应。研究发现:产业用水强度和产业结构累积脱钩指数始终为负值,分别达到-12.59和-3.43,是维持脱钩状态的主要和次要影响因素;而经济发展水平累积脱钩指数始终为正值,累积达到19.11,是促进受水区用水量与经济负脱钩的重要影响因素。预计在2020—2030年,受水区用水量与经济发展脱钩指数位于0~1,处于弱脱钩阶段,且有负脱钩发展趋势,其中产业用水强度的持续下降和产业结构的不断调整对受水区脱钩状态起着持续的稳固作用,而经济发展的稳步上升显著促进受水区脱钩状态的负向发展。

叶尔羌河下游河岸林草耗水分析

叶尔羌河是塔里木河的主要源流之一,研究下游河道水量平衡与河岸林草耗水对于流域水资源配置具有重要意义。本研究从地下水与植被状态的关系出发,建立反映河道输水损失及水分转化规律的水量平衡模型,同时耦合潜水蒸发与地下水运移模型,构建河岸林草耗水模型,以此分析2000—2020年的叶尔羌河下游河岸林草耗水。结果表明:叶尔羌河下游河道水量损失主要是渗漏损失,占总损失量的95%;该区域林草耗水多年平均值为128 mm,其左岸多年平均耗水量为226 mm,大于右岸的93 mm。该模型能较好地计算叶尔羌河下游的河道水量平衡以及河岸林草耗水量,可应用于依赖于河道渗漏补给的西北内陆河流的河岸林草耗水分析。

用分布式水循环模型与机器学习预测内蒙古河套灌区节水潜力

为探究内蒙古河套灌区真实节水潜力,该研究构建河套灌区分布式水循环模型与基于机器学习的盐分模型,设置节水方案集,定量分析各方案下的灌区引、耗水量、地下水埋深、积盐量变化等。结果表明:1)水面蒸发的纳什系数均不低于0.654,相对误差绝对值不高于4.82%,相关关系为0.88,排水过程纳什系数均不低于0.600,相对误差绝对值不高于5.11%,相关关系为0.82,地下水埋深的纳什系数均不低于0.628,相对误差绝对值不高于分别为5.12%,相关关系为0.86,满足灌区水循环满足精度要求。该研究选择采用土壤盐分模型,得到土壤积盐量与实测值的纳什系数均不低于0.76,满足精度要求。2)渠道衬砌节水方案S1、田间节水调控方案S2、种植结构调整方案S3的耗水节水量分别为2.93亿、3.02亿和2.54亿m^(3)。S1+S2+S3组合方案灌区耗水节水量最多,为9.11亿m^(3),S2+S3方案组合次之。3)渠系水利用系数提高,将引起地下水水位下降,不利于排盐,S1方案下地下水埋深大于3 m的面积比例较基准方案增加了7.59%,不利于灌区排盐。田间工程措施使得相应的农田入渗量减少,地下水位下降,有利于灌区脱盐,S2方案下地下水入渗补给量较基准方案减少2.57亿m^(3),灌区地下水位下降较为明显,S2方案有利于灌区脱盐。S3方案下地下水入渗补给量略微减少,地下水位变化不大,有利于灌区脱盐。不同方案组合,S1+S2、S1+S2+S3方案下对地下水埋深影响较大,尤其是S1+S2+S3方案在灌区西北部、山前、乌拉特前旗、乌梁素海东部的形成连片埋深高值区,影响区域生育期农田作物与林草地植被生长。S1+S2方案下不利于灌区脱盐,自然植被生育期平均埋深超过2.5 m的比例较基准方案增加了5.46%。在综合考虑生态环境的约束下,推荐耗水节水量最大的方案S2+S3,即灌区适宜的耗水节水潜力为5.69亿m3。该方案下虽然也会引起地下水位略有下降、进乌梁素海排入水量略微减少,但最有有利于灌区排盐。研究可为引黄灌区节水方案制定与灌溉管理提供技术支撑。