Hybrid Excited Permanent Magnet Machines for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This paper reviews various hybrid excited(HE)machines from the perspective of location of PM and DC excitation,series/parallel connection of PM and DC excited magnetic fields,and 2D/3D magnetic fields,respectively.The advantages as well as drawbacks of each category are analyzed.Since an additional control degree,i.e.DC excitation,is introduced in the HE machine,the flux weakening control strategies are more complex.The flux weakening performance as well as efficiency are compared with different control strategies.Then,the potential to mitigate the risk of uncontrolled overvoltage fault at high speed operation is highlighted by controlling the field excitation.Since additional DC coils are usually required for HE machines compared with pure PM excitation,the spatial confliction inevitably results in electromagnetic performance reduction.Finally,the technique to integrate the field and armature windings with open-winding drive circuit is introduced,and novel HE machines without a DC coil are summarized.

Cooling System Design Optimization of an Enclosed PM Traction Motor for Subway Propulsion Systems

This paper presents the design optimization of a self-circulated ventilation system for an enclosed permanent magnet(PM)traction motor utilized in the propulsion systems for subway trains.In order to analyze accurately the machine's inherent cooling capacity when the train is running,the ambient airflow and the related heat transfer coefficient(HTC)are numerically investigated considering synchronously the bogie installation structure.The machine is preliminary cooled with air ducts set on the motor shell,and the fluidic-thermal field distributions with only the shell air duct cooling are numerically calculated.During simulations,the HTC obtained in the former steps is applied to the external surface of the machine to model the inherent cooling characteristic caused by the train movement.To reduce the temperature rise and thus guarantee the motor's working reliability,an internal self-circulated air cooling system is proposed according to the machine temperature distribution.The air enclosed in the end-caps is driven by the blades mounted on both sides of the rotor core and forms two air circuits to bring the excessive power losses generated in the heating components to cool regions.The fluid flow and temperature rise distributions of the cooling system's structural parameters are further improved by the Taguchi method in order to confirm the efficacy of the internal air cooling system.

永磁电机系统中冗余结构逆变器的可靠性分析对比研究

基于马尔可夫模型和可靠性框图模型,对永磁电机系统中并联冗余和备用冗余两种结构的逆变器在零件层面和系统层面进行可靠性分析,得到这两种结构逆变器的可靠性函数和平均无故障时间函数。首先,通过对比来确定判断何种冗余结构具有更高可靠性的边界条件函数。其次,分析边界条件函数随各参数的变化情况以及对冗余结构可靠性的影响,包括环境温度、电流、热阻抗和容错处理机制的成功率。然后,建立N相冗余逆变器的可靠性函数,并给出高可靠冗余结构中并联支路数和备用支路数量的确定方法。最后,以三相永磁电机逆变器为例,通过仿真和实验验证边界条件函数的准确性。

基于磁链相移原理的不对称交替极永磁辅助同步磁阻电机设计与分析

传统永磁辅助同步磁阻电机(PMaSynRM)无法充分利用永磁转矩和磁阻转矩,该文提出一种新型不对称交替极永磁辅助同步磁阻电机(ACP-PMaSynRM)。基于永磁磁链相移原理,将交替极永磁阵列、不对称磁极和磁障相结合,实现永磁转矩和磁阻转矩的最大值在相同电流相位下叠加,不但提高了永磁转矩和磁阻转矩的利用率,增强了电机输出转矩能力,而且减少了永磁体用量。采用有限元法对比分析了传统和新型ACP-PMaSynRM的电磁性能,验证了所提电机拓扑的可行性。最后,制造了一台48槽14极样机并对其进行了实验验证。

V型交替极永磁同步电机气隙磁场调制效应研究

与传统V型永磁(V-shaped permanent magnet,VPM)结构相邻N和S极永磁体形成一对极磁场不同,V型交替极永磁(V-shaped consequent-pole permanent magnet,VCPM)结构永磁体与相邻铁心形成一对极磁场。为进一步探究VPM和VCPM电机磁场分布的不同带来的转矩性能差异,首先通过麦克斯韦应力张量法确认,并量化分析VPM和VCPM电机气隙磁密各次谐波转矩贡献,揭示两种电机主谐波与调制谐波转矩贡献的差异性,进而阐明VCPM电机转矩提升的根本原因在于其显著增加的调制谐波贡献的转矩分量。然后,研究关键结构参数对VCPM电机气隙磁场调制效应的影响规律。最后,加工一台VCPM样机并开展试验研究,验证理论分析和有限元仿真结果的可靠性。

双Y移30度六相PMSM的空间矢量控制

针对普通的正弦波脉宽调制(SPWM)技术在双Y移30度六相永磁同步电动机(PMSM)中谐波过大的问题,为了有效分析电机的谐波电流,建立了双Y移30度六相永磁同步电动机的数学模型,利用电压矢量空间解耦的方法,通过标准基向谐波基的转化,将六维空间的永磁同步电动机模型解耦至3个相互垂直的平面上,在此基础上提出了两种新颖的空间矢量脉宽调制(SVPWM)技术,详述了两种技术中电压矢量的选择方法和时间计算方法。构造了基于定点数字信号处理器TMS320F2812的7.5KW双Y移30度六相永磁同步电动机控制系统。通过实验验证了提出方法的正确性和可行性。

SVPWM控制2台双Y移30°PMSM串联系统的研究

一定数量的多相电机通过适当的相序转换规则串联起来,使得该系统可以由1台逆变器供电而实现对所有串联电机的独立控制。以1台逆变器驱动2台双Y移30°永磁同步电机(PMSM)的串联系统为例,给出了串联系统的工作原理,为实现两电机的解耦运行,提出了一种新颖的SVPWM控制串联系统的方法。分析了SVPWM基本原理的具体实现方法。在Matlab/Simulink环境下,结合id=0的矢量控制策略,对电机的变载、变速运行进行了分析,验证了所提出的SVPWM控制策略的可行性。

基于单直流母线电流采样的永磁同步电机无位置传感器控制研究

传统的磁场定向控制方法需要安装多个相电流传感器和位置传感器,导致系统成本高、体积大且可靠性低。为解决此问题,提出了一种基于单直流母线电流采样的永磁同步电机(PMSM)无位置传感器控制策略。针对传统单直流母线采样方案存在电流重构盲区的问题,提出了矢量移相法。针对PMSM低速无位置传感器控制问题,提出了高频方波注入控制策略。最后,基于Matlab/Simulink平台搭建仿真模型对理论分析进行验证,仿真结果表明所提策略能够有效解决低调制比区域和扇区边界盲区的问题,实现PMSM无位置传感器低速运行控制。

基于MATLAB/AMESim联合仿真的带式输送机自动张紧装置特性研究

为提升带式输送机的驱动传动效率,针对其张紧装置传统中多采用“变频器、电机及减速器”的方式,存在结构复杂、可靠性低等,通过分析永磁同步电机优势,优化设计采用永磁变频自动张紧装置,启动阶段,机尾输送带开始运行时间滞后机头51.4 s;满速阶段,张力总体为下降的态势;机尾自移阶段,张紧小车动作滞后输送机张力变化4.2 s,该装置可实现不同阶段对张力的不同要求,实时调节输送带张力。

PMSM驱动系统位置传感器偏转故障的诊断与容错

电动汽车驱动用的永磁同步电机系统,由于经常工作在振动等恶劣环境,其传感器容易出现偏转而造成故障。针对这个问题提出了一种在线监测传感器偏转故障和实时容错的方法。该方法根据电机驱动系统输入功率与输出功率之间的关系选取故障特征量,并通过此故障特征量来检测转角误差,同时利用转角与故障特征量之间的关系对误差角度进行估算,以使电机容错运行。对该方法进行了仿真验证,并证明了该方法的有效性和可行性。

Magnets Shifting Design of Dual PM Excited Vernier Machine for High-torque Application

In this study,a novel dual permanent magnet excited vernier machine(DPMEVM)with magnets shifting in stator is proposed.Compared with the conventional permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM),the DPMEVM based on the bidirectional field modulation effect can operate in a wider torque range.However,the torque ripple of a conventional DPMEVM is high because of the superposition of the torque generated by the stator-side and rotor-side PMs.Consequently,a novel DPMEVM with magnets shifting is proposed to further reduce the torque ripple.First,the topologies and working principles of the baseline machine and proposed machines are introduced.Second,the torque-contribution harmonics are analyzed and calculated using the Maxwell tensor method.The calculation results reveal that the DPMEVM,benefiting from multiple working harmonics,can offer an enhanced torque capability compared to the PMSM.In addition,the torque ripple characteristics of the proposed machines are analyzed.It is verified that the torque ripple can be significantly reduced through magnets shifting.Third,the performances of the baseline machine and proposed machines are analyzed and compared in terms of flux density,open-circuit back-EMF,and torque characteristics.In addition,the proposed principle can be extended to machines with the same unit motor.Finally,a 120s-110p prototype machine is manufactured for validation.

Improved Sensorless Operation of Interior PM BLAC Motor Drives with Reduced-Order EKF

It is a challenge to realise an EKF-based sensorless controller for an Interior Permanent Magnet （IPM） brushless ac motor drive due to the influence of nomlinearities and rotor saliency. An improved reduced-order EKF method is presented, reducing the rotor position estimation error of an IPM motor, as evident in [1] due to the neglect of saliency. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified experimentally.

Design optimization of a slotless PM brushless motor with helical edge wound laminations for rim driven thrusters

This paper discusses the analysis and design of a very thin slotless permanent magnet （PM） brushless motor whose stator laminations are manufactured from a single strip of steel that is edge wound into a spiral （like a ＂Slinky＂） and then fitted over the windings that are preformed on the outside surface of a non-conducting former. Analytical and finite element analysis （FEA） are used to determine the con- strained optimum dimensions of a motor used to drive a rim driven thruster in which the motor rotor is fit- ted onto the rim of the propeller and the stator is encapsulated in the thin Kort nozzle of the thruster. The paper describes the fabrication of a demonstrator motor and presents experimental results to validate the theoretical calculations. Experimental motor performance results are also reported and compared with those of a slotted motor that fits within the same active radial dimensions as the slotless motor. The slotless motor, which has longer active length and endwindings, and thicker magnets than the slotted motor, was found to be less efficient and more expensive （prototype cost） than the slotted machine.

Development of High Torque and High Power Density Hybrid Excitation Flux Switching Motor for Traction Drive in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This paper presents design feasibility study and development of a new hybrid excitation flux switching motor (HEFSM) as a contender for traction drives in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Initially, the motor general construction, the basic working principle and the design concept of the proposed HEFSM are outlined. Then, the initial drive performances of the proposed HEFSM are evaluated based on 2D-FEA, in which the design restrictions, specifications and target performances are similar with conventional interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) used in HEV. Since the initial results fail to achieve the target performances, deterministic design optimization approach is used to treat several design parameters. After several cycles of optimization, the proposed motor makes it possible to obtain the target torque and power of 333 Nm and 123 kW, respectively. In addition, due to definite advantage of robust rotor structure of HEFSM, rotor mechanical stress prediction at maximum speed of 12,400 r/min is much lower than the mechanical stress in conventional IPMSM. Finally, the maximum torque and power density of the final design HEFSM are approximately 11.41 Nm/kg and 5.55 kW/kg, respectively, which is 19.98% and 58.12% more than the torque and power density in existing IPMSM for Lexus RX400h.

主动悬架用非均匀齿圆筒型永磁直线电机多目标分层优化设计

针对直线电机式电磁主动悬架推力波动大、推力密度低的问题,提出一种非均匀齿结构的Halbach圆筒型永磁直线电机。利用解析法对该电机的边端力模型进行推导,并进一步分析非均匀边端齿结构对电机输出性能的影响。根据分析结果选取边端齿的轴向长度和径向削短高度、永磁体高度和径向充磁的长度、内部齿的长度5个参数作为优化因子,以电机输出推力最大和推力波动最小为优化目标进行田口法和响应面法优化,得到参数的最优值。试制了原理样机并搭建了实验平台,对电机进行空载与负载实验,验证了所提结构及其设计优化方法的有效性。

基于单相锁相环无相移同步旋转滤波器的永磁同步电机无位置传感器控制

针对滑模观测器中观测值存在脉动误差及由前级低通滤波器带来的相位滞后,提出一种基于单相锁相环无相移同步旋转滤波结构.首先,基于电机数学模型建立滑模观测器,分析传统同步旋转滤波器产生相位滞后的原因;其次,省去前级低通滤波器,经过dq变换滤除反电动势中的高次谐波与抖振,采用旋转坐标系下的单相锁相环计算转子位置和转速;最后,搭建Matlab/Simulink仿真模型,建立永磁同步电机无位置传感器矢量控制实验平台,对传统同步旋转滤波器和基于单相锁相环无相移旋转滤波器分别进行性能比较.仿真和实验结果表明所提方法相较于传统同步旋转滤波结构,跟踪性能更好,观测精度更高.

基于Cuk变换器的永磁记忆电机调磁控制

针对永磁记忆电机(permanent magnet memory motor,PM-MM)调磁控制中存在的电压限制问题,提出一种基于Cuk变换器的控制策略。首先分析随着PM-MM调磁速度的增加,电压限制问题对系统稳定性的影响;在此基础上利用Cuk变换器的原理,结合PM-MM的数学模型,针对调磁过程中的电压限制问题,提出了一种基于Cuk变换器的PM-MM调磁控制策略,并以一台20 kW的PM-MM为被控对象进行仿真研究。结果表明:所提策略能有效补偿电机调磁过程中所需的电压,大幅抑制了充磁过程中的转矩及转速的波动,提高了系统的稳定性。

高转矩性能多相组永磁电机及其关键技术综述

多相组永磁电机具有转矩密度高、转矩脉动小、容错能力强的优点,在航空航天、舰船推进等高转矩性能应用场合得到广泛的关注。首先,该文探讨多相组永磁电机的绕组拓扑特点,分析其转矩性能提升机理,归纳转矩性能最优的相移角设计规律。其次,总结了近年来国内外学者在多相组永磁电机领域已开展的工作,重点围绕槽极配比、拓扑结构、相组间联结方式等关键技术进行介绍。然后,基于电流谐波注入和永磁体谐波注削技术,进一步阐述了提高多相组永磁电机转矩性能的方法。针对多相组永磁电机高可靠设计技术,从短路电流抑制、相间独立性提高、绕组余度提升的层面进行了整理和归纳。最后,对高转矩性能多相组永磁电机进行总结与展望。

新型分段定子开关磁阻电机转矩增强和径向力减小的分析研究

开关磁阻电机由于结构简单和启动转矩大等优点应用于许多领域,然而与永磁电机相比,其表现出较低的密度转矩和较大的振动噪声。文中提出一种新型分段定子开关磁阻电机,并在每个定子块两侧增设永磁体,构成分段定子混合励磁开关磁阻电机。首先介绍了拓扑结构和原理,磁路等效法证明了永磁体对气隙磁通加强作用,同时通过有限元仿真得出永磁体对转矩密度的影响并得出优化永磁体厚度。其次建立外转子齿顶开槽模型分析径向力减小的原理,同时对不同槽口宽度和深度模型仿真分析,得到优化尺寸。最后仿真表明,分段定子混合励磁开关磁阻电机的平均转矩提高了34.2%,转矩脉动下降了19.3%,定转子重叠区间的径向力波降低了12.5%,有效降低了径向力,改善了振动噪声。

New analytical solution for the analysis and design of permanent magnet thrust bearings

On the basis of the current sheet model, a new analytical solution for permanent magnet （PM） bearings is developed. Compared with analytical methods based on the coupling energy model and the magnetic dipole model, the proposed one is more physically intuitive and convenient for engineering designers. According to the analytical model, the thrust characteristics of a novel PM thrust bearing is studied and verified by finite element analysis （FEA）. In the proposed thrust bearing configuration, the rotor is composed of stacked PM tings with alternative axial magnetization directions, and the stator with alternative radial magnetization directions while copper rings are used to separate adjacent PM rings. A prototype PM thrust bearing with the proposed configuration is designed and fabricated. The performances of the PM thrust beating are experimentally validated. It is shown that the calculation accuracy of the presented analytical solution is satisfying.