Design, Construction and Ocean Testing of Wave Energy Conversion System with Permanent Magnet Tubular Linear Generator

In this paper, the design, construction and ocean testing of a wave energy conversion system are studied. Based on the motion characteristics of double buoys in ocean waves, a wave energy conversion system with permanent magnet tubular linear generator （PMTLG） is proposed to convert ocean wave energy into electricity. The wave energy conversion system was installed in the Yellow Sea near Lianyungang, China. The ocean test re- suits indicate that it had dynamic and static performance, and obtained an expected amount of electricity. The calcu- lation result indicates the average output power was about 1 000 W, and the conversion efficiency from wave en- ergy into electricity was 1.4%. In addition, the wireless data communication, mechanics and oceanography were also discussed.

Prediction of the Inductance in a Synchronous Linear Permanent Magnet Generator

This paper presents calculations of the varying inductances profile for a synchronous linear surface mounted permanent magnet generator in an ABC reference system. Calculations are performed by utilizing the reluctance term, known from analytic calculations and finite element method simulations. With the inductance term identified, the voltage difference between the generator’s no load and load voltage can be calculated and an external circuit can be designed for optimal use of the generator. Two different operation intervals of the linear generator are considered and the results are discussed. The result indicates that time costly finite element simulations can be replaced with simple analytical calculations for a surface mounted permanent magnet linear generator.

Current Loop Disturbance Suppression for Dual Three Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators Based on Modified Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control

A modified four-dimensional linear active disturbance rejection control(LADRC)strategy is proposed for a dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous generator(DTP-PMSG)system to reduce cross-coupling between the d and q axis currents in the d-q subspace and harmonic currents in the x-y subspace.In the d-q subspace,the proposed strategy uses a model-based LADRC to enhance the decoupling effect between the d and q axes and the disturbance rejection ability against parameter variation.In the x-y subspace,the 5th and 7th harmonic current suppression abilities are improved by using quasi-resonant units parallel to the extended state observer of the traditional LADRC.The proposed modified LADRC strategy improved both the steady-state performance and dynamic response of the DTP-PMSG system.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy is both feasible and effective.

Coordinated Robust PID-based Damping Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for Low-frequency Oscillations Considering Power System Operational Uncertainties

In recent years, with the growth of wind energy resources,the capability of wind farms to damp low-frequency oscillations(LFOs) has provided a notable advantage for the stabilityenhancement of the modern power grid. Meanwhile, owingto variations in the power system operating point (OP), thedamping characteristics of LFOs may be affected adversely. Inthis respect, this paper presents a coordinated robust proportional-integral-derivative (PID) based damping control approachfor permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs)to effectively stabilize LFOs, while considering power system operationaluncertainties in the form of a polytopic model constructedby linearizing the power system under a given set ofOPs. The proposed approach works by modulating the DC-linkvoltage control loop of the grid-side converter (GSC) via a supplementaryPID controller, which is synthesized by transformingthe design problem into H-infinity static output feedback(SOF) control methodology. The solution of H-infinity SOF controlproblem involves satisfying linear matrix inequality (LMI)constraints based on the parameter-dependent Lyapunov functionto ensure asymptotic stability such that the minimal H-infinityperformance objective is simultaneously accomplished forthe entire polytope. The coordinated damping controllers forthe multiple wind farms are then designed sequentially by usingthe proposed approach. Eigenvalue analysis confirms the improveddamping characteristics of the closed-loop system forseveral representative OPs. Afterward, the simulation results, includingthe performance comparison with existing approaches,validate the higher robustness of the proposed approach for awide range of operating scenarios.

Starting Control of Free Piston Stirling Linear Generator System Based on FOC

Aiming at the problem of poor system dynamic performance caused by low parameter matching in the coordinated control of Stirling engine and linear generator in the starting stage control of free piston Stirling linear generator system,a joint control method of free piston Stirling permanent magnet synchronous linear generator system based on field orientation control is proposed,based on the theoretical derivation of the mathematical model of the system and the principle of controller parameters setting,the simulation experiments of the system starting stage under several Stirling engine working conditions are carried out under simulation.The experimental results show that the stability and rapidity of the system are improved,and the dynamic response speed of generator parameters under different working conditions is accelerated,what fully verifies the correctness and effectiveness of the method.It provides an effective way to improve the control performance of the system and stabilize the power generation operation.

Robust nonlinear control via feedback linearization and Lyapunov theory for permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind energy conversion system

In this paper,the method for the nonlinear control design of a permanent magnet synchronous generator based-wind energy conversion system(WECS)is proposed in order to obtain robustness against disturbances and harvest a maximum power from a typical stochastic wind environment.The technique overcomes both the problem of nonlinearity and the uncertainty of the parameter compared to such classical control designs based on traditional control techniques.The method is based on the differential geometric feedback linearization technique(DGT)and the Lyapunov theory.The results obtained show the effectiveness and performance of the proposed approach.

基于SOGI高频方波电压注入的永磁直线同步电机无感控制

针对永磁直线同步电机的无感控制技术,为了解决传统高频方波注入法无法准确定位转子位置和转速的问题,提出了基于SOGI高频方波电压注入的无感方法。与传统的高频方波电压注入法不同,为了得到更好的高频电流信号,采用二阶广义积分器提取响应高频电流信号,采用正交锁相环解决反正切函数没有反馈直接放大噪声的影响。为证明无感控制技术的有效性,用Simulink进行了仿真验证。结果表明,基于SOGI高频方波电压注入的无感方法大大降低了误差,缩短了调节时间,提升了响应时间。

基于平滑GMS模型和改进扩张状态观测器的复合摩擦补偿

摩擦力是影响直线伺服系统低速运行与点对点定位精度的主要非线性扰动。广义麦克斯韦(generalized Maxwellslip,GMS)摩擦模型虽然可以准确描述摩擦特性用于前馈补偿,但其存在切换点过渡时振荡的问题,同时易受测量噪声和摩擦参数变化等影响。为此,该文提出基于平滑GMS模型和改进扩张状态观测器(extended state observer,ESO)的复合摩擦补偿策略。首先,引入过渡用双曲正切函数以解决GMS模型中在切换点的反复穿越问题,并给出该模型的离线辨识方法。其次,设计基于模型信息的四阶ESO补偿剩余摩擦力与未知扰动,并引入切比雪夫滤波器整定观测器增益,以降低扰动观测与噪声敏感之间的冲突。为验证所提摩擦补偿策略的有效性,在小型高精度永磁同步直线电机定位平台上进行定位实验。实验结果验证了所提摩擦补偿策略的可行性和有效性。

基于Halbach充磁的圆筒型永磁直线发电机分析优化

为了提高波浪能发电效率,提出了一种基于Halbach充磁的圆筒型永磁直线发电机。利用有限元分析软件建立电机仿真模型,分析比较了径向充磁、轴向充磁和Halbach充磁三种不同充磁方式对气隙磁场强度及感应电动势的影响;并在Halbach充磁条件下,分别比较了不同气隙大小及永磁体厚度对气隙磁场强度的影响;通过初级两端开辅助槽和选用半开口槽的方式对电机的定位力进行了分析优化。实验结果表明,基于Halbach充磁的圆筒型永磁直线发电机与传统电机相比感应电动势幅值提高了143%,定位力幅值降低了49.3%。

基于模糊滑模控制的直驱式波浪发电装置最大功率控制方法

海洋波浪能是一种新型清洁能源,为提高直驱式波浪发电系统的发电功率和波浪能转换效率,针对目前普遍使用的比例-积分-微分(PID)控制方法存在输出纹波较大、系统稳定性较差的问题,提出基于模糊滑模控制的最大功率控制方法,根据运行状态实时调整趋近律参数,在实现最大功率跟踪的同时削弱输出纹波,减小跟踪误差,提高系统控制品质。文中以永磁直线发电机(PMLG)作为发电装置,建立系统动力学模型,并通过快速傅里叶变换方法预估不规则波浪主频,设计满足最大功率策略的期望电流跟踪曲线;在此基础上,将常规PID、滑模控制方法与所提出的模糊滑模最大功率控制方法进行仿真对比,结果表明:模糊滑模控制方法在功率上有所提升且具有更好的准确性和稳定性。

基于正交试验法的圆筒型永磁直线发电机优化设计

通过改变永磁体尺寸、比例系数以及定子齿宽等参数,分析了这些参数对发电机反电动势的影响情况,并以波形畸变率最小为目标,设计了正交优化试验,得到了上述参数的最优尺寸,所得到的仿真结果为圆筒型永磁直线发电机的设计和优化提供了理论依据。

基于冻结磁导率法的圆筒型永磁直线发电机电感参数有限元分析

圆筒型永磁直线发电机具有结构简单、能量转换效率高、可靠性好等优点,已应用于波浪能发电、直线动能吸收装置当中。将冻结磁导率法作为电机电感的求取方法,计算了电机在宽电流范围以及在负载饱和情况下电机的直轴电枢反应电感以及交轴电枢反应电感,所得到的仿真结果为圆筒型永磁直线发电机的电感计算提供了理论依据。

永磁同步直线电机的分数阶超螺旋滑模控制

为了提高永磁同步直线电机的跟踪性能,增强系统的鲁棒性,本文提出了分数阶超螺旋滑模控制策略.首先,针对外部扰动以及系统的未知状态设计广义超螺旋观测器,其能够精确估计永磁同步直线电机的速度和外部扰动.其次,将分数阶理论和终端滑模控制理论相结合,提出有限时间收敛的分数阶超螺旋滑模控制器,以实现永磁同步直线电机的跟踪控制.最后,通过仿真对比验证所提方案的有效性.

用于波浪滑翔器的永磁直线发电机设计

为提高波浪滑翔器发电机的持续供电能力,设计采用波浪能为波浪滑翔器供电的圆筒型永磁直线发电机,并采用有限元法分析其性能。研究表明:圆筒型永磁直线发电机的气隙磁通密度总谐波正弦畸变率为18.8%,电压的总谐波正弦畸变率为4.1%,发电机的磁场性能与空载特性良好,可为波浪滑翔器提供高品质的电能。随外电路等效负载的增大,直线发电机的输出效率逐渐提高,在等效负载为18Ω时,直线发电机既可满足波浪滑翔器的用电需求,又能保持最大输出效率为69.25%。

直线发电机Halbach充磁结构的改进研究

为改善传统Halbach充磁结构在直线发电机的非气隙侧产生漏磁,导致主磁通含量降低、功率密度变小和带负荷能力下降的问题,提出了在传统的Halbach充磁结构上进行改进,用于改善直线发电机的磁场分布。首先对传统矩形永磁体结构形状进行了改变,提出了梯形、T字形和U字形的Halbach充磁结构的变体,通过分析在不同尺寸下的磁通密度基波含量,从而找到各个变体的最佳设计尺寸。仿真结果表明,U字型Halbach充磁结构比其他几种结构对改善非气隙侧的漏磁作用更加明显,输出功率和效率均得到了提高。

基于自抗扰技术的直驱风机高电压穿越控制策略

直驱式永磁同步风力发电机组(permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generator,PMSG)全功率变流器是具有非线性、强耦合的复杂系统,易受到电网电压波动及非线性负载影响。为提高变流器直流母线电压的稳定性,提出一种基于改进线性自抗扰控制(linear active disturbance rejection control,LADRC)技术的PMSG高电压穿越控制策略。在传统LADRC基础上,将总扰动的微分扩张为一个新的状态变量,对总扰动的变化趋势进行提前观测,提高线性扩张状态观测器(linear extended state observer,LESO)的动态扰动观测能力。直流侧采用卸荷电阻优化方案,网侧变流器运行于无功补偿模式,为电网电压恢复稳定提供动态无功支撑。多种工况下的仿真结果表明,该控制策略缩小直流母线电压波动范围的同时减少了调节时间,能有效提升直流母线电压抗干扰能力,确保PMSG在高电压故障期间不脱网连续运行,同时提供一定的感性无功帮助电网电压恢复稳定。

Design and modeling of a free-piston engine generator

Free-piston engine generators (FPEGs) can be applied as decarbonized range extenders for electric vehicles because of their high thermal efficiency, low friction loss, and ultimate fuel flexibility. In this paper, a parameter-decoupling approach is proposed to model the design of an FPEG. The parameter-decoupling approach first divides the FPEG into three parts: a two-stroke engine, an integrated scavenging pump, and a linear permanent magnet synchronous machine (LPMSM). Then, each of these is designed according to predefined specifications and performance targets. Using this decoupling approach, a numerical model of the FPEG, including the three aforementioned parts, was developed. Empirical equations were adopted to design the engine and scavenging pump, while special considerations were applied for the LPMSM. A finite element model with a multi-objective genetic algorithm was adopted for its design. The finite element model results were fed back to the numerical model to update the LPMSM with increased fidelity. The designed FPEG produced 10.2 kW of electric power with an overall system efficiency of 38.5% in a stable manner. The model provides a solid foundation for the manufacturing of related FPEG prototypes.

一种基于载波调制的SVPWM脉冲过调制方法及实现

为了扩大风力发电机组转速范围,以降低机组损耗、提升发电量,文章提出一种基于载波调制的SVPWM (空间矢量脉宽调制)脉冲过调制方法。该方法可实时检测变流器输出电压的调制度和永磁电机的转速,并根据该调制度以及转速的大小对SVPWM调制波形非线性区进行修正,以保证输出最大的基波电压;同时,其无须对矢量所在区间和作用时间进行判断和计算,且对于分区的判断和计算简单,完全兼容线性调制区的载波调制方法,各区间调制可平滑过渡,便于工程实现。将该方法应用到永磁风力发电机组的运行工况中,实验结果显示,机组最优功率控制的转速范围扩大了4%左右,验证了该方法的有效性和实用性。

直驱型海浪发电系统输出功率优化控制策略

直驱型海浪发电系统具有结构简单、安全性高、易于维护的特点。文中以直驱型永磁直线海浪发电机为研究对象,建立了永磁直线发电机的数学模型,推导了基于双自由度和单自由度控制模式的优化功率算法,提出了基于优化功率算法的发电机电磁力控制策略:以海浪的周期和幅值为输入信号,在线计算最优电磁力目标值;发电机电磁力控制采用dq同步旋转坐标下带前馈补偿的矢量解耦控制方法,实现了对永磁直线发电机的解耦控制,充分利用了发电机容量。搭建了基于MATLAB/Simulink的直驱型永磁直线海浪发电机模型,并对直驱型海浪发电的2种优化功率跟踪算法进行了仿真与对比分析,结果验证了模型的合理性及控制策略的有效性。

永磁直线发电机在直驱式波浪发电系统的应用

针对波浪发电系统中大气隙永磁电机功率密度低的缺点,提出了一种将动子（永磁体）置于外部,永磁体采用准Halbach结构的圆筒型永磁直线电机,该电机可以增大功率密度,且提高气隙磁场强度的正弦程度。在体积相同的前提下,外转子永磁直线电机的功率密度为内转子结构的6-8倍。准Halbach充磁结构的气隙磁密为径向充磁结构的1.39倍。为了防止海水的腐蚀,将定子用环氧树脂密封。采用二维有限元分析优化其电机结构,分析了空载反电动势、负载反电动势、定位力以及损耗。研究表明凸定子结构能有效减小定位力。加工样机,在波浪水池中进行空载以及负载试验,通过仿真分析和实验结果可知,该电机具有功率密度大,与浮子连接方便的特点,能够很好地应用在波浪发电系统中。