Feasibility Evaluation of Using Biochar-based Permeable Reactive Barrier for the Remediation of Mercury and Arsenic Composite Polluted Water Bodies

This study employed a modified biochar material to construct a permeable reactive barrier(PRB)for the treatment of water bodies polluted with mercury and arsenic.The experimental results demonstrated that the addition of goethite-modified biochar significantly enhanced the remediation efficiency of As(III),achieving a maximum removal rate of 100%.Conversely,pure biochar exhibited high efficiency in the removal of Hg(II),with a maximum removal rate approaching 100%.Furthermore,the pH level of the water significantly influenced the adsorption efficiency of heavy metal ions,with the optimal removal performance observed at a pH of 6.0.The PRB system demonstrated excellent removal rates under low concentrations of heavy metals.However,as the concentration increased,the remediation efficiency exhibited a slight decrease.In summary,the findings of this study provide compelling evidence for the use of modified biochar in the construction of PRBs for the remediation of mercury and arsenic-polluted water bodies.Furthermore,the study reveals the mechanism by which pH and heavy metal concentration influence remediation efficiency.

Performance of Metal and Acid Ions Remediation in Contaminated Soils by Electrokinetics with Chitosan Permeable Reactive Barrier

Metal and acid ions contamination of soil in China is serious. To find an efficient solution for remediating the combined pollution,electrokinetics( EK) coupled with chitosan( CTS)permeable reactive barrier( EK/CPRB) was used to investigate the performances of metal and acid ions remediation. Adsorption characteristics of Zn^(2+),Fe^(3+),Ca^(2+),SO_4^(2-) and NO_3^- onto CTS were also conducted. The results showed the sorption of Zn^(2+),Fe^(3+),Ca^(2+),SO_4^(2-) and NO_3^- on CTS could be well described by Freundlich model. When the CTS dosage is 8 g,the total removal efficiency for Zn^(2+),Fe^(3+),Ca^(2+),SO_4^(2-) and NO_3^- is 86. 8%,90. 2%,92. 4%,90. 0% and 82. 5%,respectively. CTS enhanced ions remediation efficiencies significantly compared with the single EK system,especially for SO_4^(2-) and NO_3^-. The results indicate EK/CPRB system is suitable for the remediation of soil contaminated by both metal ions and acid ions.

Pilot Test of the Permeable Reactive Barrier for Removing Uranium from the Flooded Gunnar Pit

This work reports on applying iron oxide coated sand (IOCS) media in an experimental permeable reactive barrier to remove uranium (U) species from uranium containing water. A field study was conducted at the legacy Gunnar uranium mine & mill site that was abandoned in the 1960s with limited to no decommissioning. The flooded Gunnar mine pit presently contains about 3.2 million m3 of water contaminated by dissolved U (1.2 mg/L), Ra-226 (0.4 Bq/L), and minor concentrations of other contaminants (As, Se, etc.). The water is seeping over the pit rim into Lake Athabasca, posing potential environmental and health concerns. IOCS media can be used to immobilize uranium species through an adsorption process. Herein, the preparation of hydrous ferric oxide sorbents and their supported forms onto silica sands is described. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD) were used for structural characterization. The adsorption properties of the IOCS sorbent media were modeled by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, where a maximum uranium uptake capacity was estimated. Bench-scale adsorption kinetic experiments were also performed before moving to a field trial. Based on these lab results and input on field-scale parameters, a pilot permeable reactive barrier was fabricated and a field test conducted near the Gunnar pit in June 2019. This pilot test provided technical data and information needed for designing a full-scale permeable barrier that employs the IOCS media. This approach can be applied for in-situ water treatment at Gunnar and other legacy uranium sites.

Pericytes protect rats and mice from sepsis-induced injuries by maintaining vascular reactivity and barrier function:implication of miRNAs and microvesicles

Background Vascular hyporeactivity and leakage are key pathophysiologic features that produce multi-organ damage upon sepsis.We hypothesized that pericytes,a group of pluripotent cells that maintain vascular integrity and tension,are protective against sepsis via regulating vascular reactivity and permeability.Methods We conducted a series of in vivo experiments using wild-type(WT),platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β(PDGFR-β)-Cre+mT/mG transgenic mice and Tie2-Cre+Cx43^(flox/flox)mice to examine the relative contribution of pericytes in sepsis,either induced by cecal ligation and puncture(CLP)or lipopolysaccharide(LPS)challenge.In a separate set of experiments with Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats,pericytes were depleted using CP-673451,a selective PDGFR-βinhibitor,at a dosage of 40 mg/(kg·d)for 7 consecutive days.Cultured pericytes,vascular endothelial cells(VECs)and vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs)were used for mechanistic investigations.The effects of pericytes and pericyte-derived microvesicles(PCMVs)and candidate miRNAs on vascular reactivity and barrier function were also examined.Results CLP and LPS induced severe injury/loss of pericytes,vascular hyporeactivity and leakage(P<0.05).Transplantation with exogenous pericytes protected vascular reactivity and barrier function via microvessel colonization(P<0.05).Cx43 knockout in either pericytes or VECs reduced pericyte colonization in microvessels(P<0.05).Additionally,PCMVs transferred miR-145 and miR-132 to VSMCs and VECs,respectively,exerting a protective effect on vascular reactivity and barrier function after sepsis(P<0.05).miR-145 primarily improved the contractile response of VSMCs by activating the sphingosine kinase 2(Sphk2)/sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor(S1PR)1/phosphorylation of myosin light chain 20 pathway,whereas miR-132 effectively improved the barrier function of VECs by activating the Sphk2/S1PR2/zonula occludens-1 and vascular endothelial-cadherin pathways.Conclusions Pericytes are protective against sepsis through regulating vascular reactivity and barrier function.Possible mechanisms include both direct colonization of microvasculature and secretion of PCMVs.

Ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotective mechanisms:Role of mitochondria and reactive oxygen species

Reperfusion therapy must be applied as soon as possible to attenuate the ischemic insult of acute myocardial infarction(AMI).However reperfusion is responsible for additional myocardial damage,which likely involves opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore(mPTP).In reperfusion injury,mitochondrial damage is a determining factor in causing loss of cardiomyocyte function and viability.Major mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction include the long lasting opening of mPTPs and the oxidative stress resulting from formation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).Several signaling cardioprotective pathways are activated by stimuli such as preconditioning and postconditioning,obtained with brief intermittent ischemia or with pharmacological agents.These pathways converge on a common target,the mitochondria,to preserve their function after ischemia/reperfusion.The present review discusses the role of mitochondria in cardioprotection,especially the involvement of adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels,ROS signaling,and the mPTP.Ischemic postconditioning has emerged as a new way to target the mitochondria,and to drastically reduce lethal reperfusion injury.Several clinical studies using ischemic postconditioning during angioplasty now support its protective effects,and an interesting alternative is pharmacological postconditioning.In fact ischemic postconditioning and the mPTP desensitizer,cyclosporine A,have been shown to induce comparable protection in AMI patients.

C-reactive protein aggravates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2

当组织被重新酒跟随局部缺血的延长经期时， BackgroundIschemia/reperfusion 损害(IRI ) 是发生的煽动性的回答。几研究显示了那 C 反应的蛋白质(CRP ) 可能在导致 IRI 起一个重要作用。然而，心肌的 IRI 和内在的机制上的 CRP 的效果充分没被阐明。试图调查在 CRP 和心肌的 IRI 和内在的 mechanisms.MethodsWe 之间的协会的这研究在新生的 Sprague-Dawley 老鼠 cardiomyocytes 用氧葡萄糖 deprivation/ 氧化(OGD/R ) 模仿了 ischemia/reperfusion；灌注损害与到一小时灌注跟随的葡萄糖和浆液剥夺到三小时组织缺氧被导致。房间生存能力与山试金被测试，并且 cardiomyocyte 损坏被评估由喂奶脱氢酶(LDH ) 漏。Mitochondrial 膜潜力用 tetramethylrhodamine 乙醇酉旨(TMRE ) 被测量， mitochondrial 渗透转变毛孔(mPTP ) 洞用 calcein/AM 被测量；TMRE 和 caocein/AM 与扫描共焦的显微镜学的激光被设想。另外，我们学习了与简单 OGD/R 组一起经由西方的污点 analysis.ResultsCompared 位于 调停CRP 的 ischemia/reperfusion 损害下面的发信号的小径，吗在有 10 的干预以后?????????传???????????圠卍????????????椠'諗珮I???????????????????？？

Long-term performance evaluation of zero-valent iron amended permeable reactive barriers for groundwater remediation-A mechanistic approach

Permeable reactive barriers(PRBs)are used for groundwater remediation at contaminated sites worldwide.This technology has been efficient at appropriate sites for treating organic and inorganic contaminants using zero-valent iron(ZVI)as a reductant and as a reactive material.Continued development of the technology over the years suggests that a robust understanding of PRB performance and the mechanisms involved is still lacking.Conflicting information in the scientific literature downplays the critical role of ZVI corrosion in the remediation of various organic and inorganic pollutants.Additionally,there is a lack of information on how different mechanisms act in tandem to affect ZVI-groundwater systems through time.In this review paper,we describe the underlying mechanisms of PRB performance and remove isolated misconceptions.We discuss the primary mechanisms of ZVI transformation and aging in PRBs and the role of iron corrosion products.We review numerous sites to reinforce our understanding of the interactions between groundwater contaminants and ZVI and the authigenic minerals that form within PRBs.Our findings show that ZVI corrosion products and mineral precipitates play critical roles in the long-term performance of PRBs by influencing the reactivity of ZVI.Pore occlusion by mineral precipitates occurs at the influent side of PRBs and is enhanced by dissolved oxygen and groundwater rich in dissolved solids and high alkalinity,which negatively impacts hydraulic conductivity,allowing contaminants to potentially bypass the treatment zone.Further development of site characterization tools and models is needed to support effective PRB designs for groundwater remediation.

可渗透反应墙除砷的研究进展与展望

砷类化合物造成的环境污染严重影响生态和人类健康,有效地去除和防治砷污染是当前工业发展中亟待解决的问题之一.基于原位修复的可渗透反应墙(PRB)技术具有低成本、高效能、可持续性和工艺简单等优点,利用PRB技术防治砷污染是一种绿色、经济又高效的选择.PRB中的填充材料是除砷的反应主体,因此总结了PRB除砷填充材料及其除砷性能与机理,包括黏土矿物、碳基材料、钙基材料、铁基材料和固体废弃物等.其中,铁基材料对砷物种的固定能力较其它材料更为突出,零价铁、铁矿物、废铁材料等铁基材料广泛应用于砷污染修复,廉价易得又高效的铁基材料是未来PRB除砷材料的重要研究方向.在此基础上,简要介绍了除砷PRB填充材料的实验研究与模拟,并通过PRB除砷工程或中试实验阐述了PRB的运行监测与砷污染治理效果,展望了PRB除砷材料和工程应用的发展前景与挑战,以促进我国地表径流砷污染治理PRB材料和技术的开发与进步.

炭铁材料修复三氯乙烯污染地下水的性能

采用生物炭(BC)为载体的纳米零价铁复合材料作为可渗透反应墙系统(PRB)中的反应介质,通过柱实验和渗透实验,研究了生物炭负载纳米零价铁(BC-nZVI)对三氯乙烯(TCE)的去除效果和炭铁复合材料在长期水流作用下的渗透性能.结果表明:炭铁复合材料对TCE的去除率在2h内可达到90%以上,10h时接近100%,随着炭铁复合材料的消耗,去除率逐渐降低,但在24h内仍能保持显著的修复效果,去除率保持在90%以上,72h后降为73.96%.PRB系统中反应介质材料在长期水流作用下出现明显的迁移,炭铁复合材料的稳定性随着炭铁比的减小而降低.5BC-1nZVI材料在持续3d的渗流作用下,其迁移流失率最低,相比纯BC材料的迁移流失情况具有明显的改善效果.微观结果表明球磨法可成功合成炭铁复合材料,合成后的nZVI颗粒存在一定程度的氧化,与TCE接触反应后的炭铁复合材料由于降解产物的附着,炭铁复合材料的表面会形成一层白色薄膜,孔径变小,进而炭铁复合材料对TCE的去除性能降低.

电化学强化反应墙去除硝酸盐的影响研究

面对农业灌溉区硝酸盐渗透污染地下水,损害人体健康和生态环境的现象,在传统可渗透反应墙(PRB)技术上增加电化学技术改善对硝酸盐的处理。结果表明,在立体电场作用下硝酸盐的去除率由传统技术的63.25%提高至95.77%,反应时间由原来的7 d缩短至3 d,提高处理效率降低成本。研究考察HRT、pH、电压、板间距单因素对电化学强化反应墙(EK-PRB)去除硝酸盐的影响,在此基础上通过响应曲面模型预测在HRT=15 h、电压=31 V、板间距=8.5 cm条件下EK-PRB的最佳去除率为96.75%,实际去除率为95.74%。相比传统PRB技术,EK-PRB填充生物炭粒子电极,提高污染物的传质速率,增强吸附能力同时提供更多的反应位点。通过三维电解和PRB的联合作用不仅大大提高污染物的去除效率,而且使得吸附后的填料介质在电化学作用下得到再生,实现反应过程的可持续进行,以期为处理硝酸盐的实际应用提供技术支撑。

电动联合渗透反应屏障修复污染土壤的研究进展

电动治理技术具有治理时间短、成本低、效率高、处理对象广和不破坏土壤结构等优点,是一种前景广阔的土壤原位治理技术,可通过与其他技术相结合的方式来提高土壤中污染物的去除效率。渗透反应屏障(Permeable Reactive Barrier, PRB)技术可通过吸附、沉淀、氧化还原反应和生物降解等方式针对性地去除土壤和地下水中的污染物。电动联合渗透反应屏障(Electrokinetics Coupled with Permeable Reactive Barrier, EK-PRB)治理技术结合了电动治理技术和渗透反应屏障两种方法的优势,可更高效地治理污染土壤。通过阐述EK-PRB技术的治理原理,探讨治理过程中的各种影响因素,阐明了EK-PRB技术在(类)重金属、无机盐、放射性元素等无机污染土壤和菲、醚、柴油等有机污染土壤中的应用和实践,进而总结了EK-PRB技术的发展现状,并展望了EK-PRB技术治理污染土壤的发展趋势。

尾矿浆替代粉煤灰合成泡沫地聚合物以高效去除重金属污染物:行为和机理研究

本研究旨在以铝土矿开采的副产品尾矿泥浆合成多孔地聚合物,以用作地下水修复的材料。研究了液固比、发泡剂和稳泡剂掺量等因素对地聚合物孔隙结构和吸附性能的影响。通过批量实验和微观表征评估地聚合物对二元重金属(Pb和Cu)的吸附能力和作用机理。结果表明,调整发泡行为可得到孔隙率为81.4%、连通性为17.2%、吸水率为122.9%的多孔地聚合物。封闭孔隙和毛细管的存在降低了重金属的去除性能。优化发泡行为可通过改善孔隙连通性,进而将重金属的吸附能力从7.49 mg/g提高到24.95 mg/g。重金属的主要去除机理包括物理封装、重金属离子与—OH的化学沉淀以及T(Si,Al)—O—M(Pb,Cu)键的形成。基于尾矿浆的多孔地聚合物表现出卓越的重金属去除性能,在修复矿山污染地下水方面具有巨大潜力。

固废填埋场渗滤液处理中可渗透反应墙技术的应用研究

为切实提升固废填埋场渗滤液处理质量,降低设备排放,改善生态环境质量,保证地下水资源安全。对可渗透反应墙技术在固废填埋场渗滤液处理中的应用进行分析与研究,然后以案例分析的形式,对本文论点进一步验证,以供参考与借鉴。

Woodchip-sulfur packed biological permeable reactive barrier for mixotrophic vanadium(V)detoxification in groundwater

Groundwater vanadium(V)(V(V))contamination is ubiquitous in vanadium mining/smelting region and development of novel strategy for its remediation is of particular significance.Herein woodchip-sulfur packed biological permeable reactive barrier(bio-PRB)is established towards successful V(V)bio-detoxification.V(V)removal was accelerated under such mixotrophic condition,compared with heterotrophic and autotrophic V(V)reductions.The performance of bio-PRB was relatively steady with V(V)removal efficiency of 68.5%–98.2%under fluctuant geochemical and hydrodynamic conditions.Microbial community analysis indicated that heterotrophic Geobacter was the main reducer to convert V(V)to insoluble V(IV),by consumption of organic source attributed to woodchip hydrolysis and sulfur anabolism of autotrophs(e.g.,Sulfuricurvum and Thiobacillus).V(V)reduction and elemental sulfur oxidation were regulated by genes as omcA,omcB and mtrC and soxB,respectively.The elevated contents of cytochrome c and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide implied that improved electron transfer facilitated V(V)reduction.This study provides a cost-effective,robust and sustainable route for V(V)-polluted aquifer remediation.

Passive convergence-permeable reactive barrier (PC-PRB): An effective configuration to enhance hydraulic performance

A novel permeable reactive barrier(PRB)configuration,the so-called passive convergence-permeable reactive barrier(PC-PRB),is proposed to overcome several shortcomings of traditional PRB configurations,such as high dependency to site hydrogeological characteristics and plume size.The PC-PRB is designed to make the plume converge towards the PRB due to the passive hydraulic decompression-convergent flow effect.The corresponding passive groundwater convergence(PC)system is deployed upstream of the PRB system,which consists of passive wells,water pipes,and a buffer layer.A two-dimensional(2D)finite-difference hydrodynamic code,entitled PRB-Flow,is developed to examine the hydraulic performance parameters(i.e.,capture width(W)and residence time(t))of PC-PRB.It is proved that the horizontal 2D capture width(Wh)and vertical 2D capture depth(Wv)of the PC-PRB remarkably increase compared to that of the continuous reactive barrier(C-PRB).The aforementioned relative growth values in order are greater than 50%and 25%in this case study.Therefore,the PRB geometric dimensions as well as the materials cost required for the same plume treatment lessens.The sensitivity analysis reveals that the dominant factors influencing the hydraulic performance of the PC-PRB are the water pipe length(Lp),PRB length(LPRB),passive well height(Hw),and PRB height(HPRB).The discrepancy between the Wh of PC-PRB and that of the C-PRB(i.e.,∆Wh)has a low correlation with PRB parameters and mainly depends on Lp,which could dramatically simplify the PC-PRB design procedure.Generally,the proposed PC-PRB exhibits an effective PRB configuration to enhance hydraulic performance.

Nitrate Removal by a Permeable Reactive Barrier of Fe0:A Model-Based Evaluation

Permeable reactive barrier（PRB） filled with zero valent iron（ZVI, Fe0） can be an effective option to remove nitrate from contaminated groundwater. The long-term performance of such PRBs, however, might be compromised by the problem of declining reactivity and permeability, which could cause a decrease in the nitrate removal efficiency. In this study we explored suitable model formulations that allow for a process-based quantification of the passivation effect on denitrification rates and tested the model for a 40 years long operation scenario. The conceptual model underlying our selected formulation assumes the declining reactivity of the ZVI material through the progressing passivation caused by the precipitation of secondary minerals and the successive depletion of the ZVI material. Two model scenarios, i.e., the base model scenario which neglects the explicit consideration of the passivation effect and one performed with the model in which the impact of the passivation effect on denitrification was considered, were compared. The modeling results illustrate that nitrate removal in the model of considered passivation started to be incomplete after 10 years, and the effluent nitrate concentration of PRB rose up to 86% of the injected water concentration after 40 years, in contrast to the base scenario, corresponding well with the field observations of successively declining nitrate removal efficiencies. The model results also showed that the porosity of the PRB increased in both models. In order to improve and recover the reactivity of ZVI, pyrite was added to the PRB, resulting in completely nitrate removal and lower consumption of ZVI.

Hydro-mechanical fault reactivation modeling based on elasto-plasticity with embedded weakness planes

In this paper,an elasto-plastic constitutive model is employed to capture the shear failure that may occur in a rock mass presenting mechanical discontinuities,such as faults,fractures,bedding planes or other planar weak structures.The failure may occur in two modes:a sliding failure on the weak plane or an intrinsic failure of the rock mass.The rock matrix is expected to behave elastically or fail in a brittle manner,being represented by a non-associated Mohr-Coulomb behavior,while the sliding failure is represented by the evaluation of the Coulomb criterion on an explicitly defined plane.Failure may furthermore affect the hydraulic properties of the rock mass:the shearing of the weakness plane may create a transmissive fluid pathway.Verification of the mechanical submodel is conducted by comparison with an analytical solution,while the coupled hydro-mechanical behavior is validated with field data and will be applied within a model and code validation initiative.The work presented here aims at documenting the progress in code development,while accurate match of the field data with the numerical results is current work in progress.

PRB处理酸性矿山废水的地球化学反应模拟研究

随着工业的迅速发展,矿产资源的需求也随之增加,采矿过程中产生的酸性矿山废水(Acid Mine Drainage,AMD)对周围环境具有严重危害性,可渗透反应墙(Permeable Reactive Barrier,PRB)通过下放置反应材料,利用自然水力梯度拦截污染羽流,该技术已成为有效处理AMD的手段之一。为研究PRB内化学反应堵塞对其处理效果的影响,搭建了规模为60 cm×15 cm×20 cm的箱体装置,模拟石灰石PRB处理AMD的过程;基于箱体实验得到的数据,并利用化学反应输运模型理论开发了一种新的地球化学算法,来描述PRB处理AMD过程中可能会发生的化学反应,最后通过MODFLOW和RT3D的耦合模拟并预测PRB有效处理污染物质的最大寿命。结果表明:①有效地模拟出了PRB中石灰石的酸性中和能力及其对酸性废水中总铁、Al^(3+)的去除效果,并且很好地反映出PRB系统的化学堵塞过程;②模拟结果与实测值吻合程度较好。进口区域、中间区域以及出口区域3个不同位置处出水的pH实测值与预测值的最大误差分别为0.38、0.30和0.29,总铁质量浓度实测值与预测值的最大误差分别为1.570、0.102和0.124 mg/L,Al^(3+)质量浓度实测值与预测值的最大误差分别为1.010、0.374和0.160 mg/L;③预测结果表明,该实验室规模的PRB装置在前30 d出水中的总铁和Al^(3+)质量浓度最低,去除效果最好,且去除能力随着时间逐渐减弱。参照地下水质量标准限制,判断出该石灰石PRB能够有效处理总铁的最大寿命为132 d,有效处理Al^(3+)的最大寿命为63 d。

非均匀重金属污染物在渗透反应屏障中运移规律分析

渗透反应屏障(PRB)修复技术作为一种新兴的原位处理技术,已被广泛应用于地下水污染的修复。在数值模拟时,忽略重金属污染物沿深度的非均匀分布可能导致模拟结果与实际结果产生偏差。为此,本文提出一个标准函数描述重金属污染源沿深度的分布,使用二维数值模型模拟含水层和PRB中重金属污染的迁移过程。研究结果表明:假设污染物沿深度均匀分布,由于忽略了稀释作用,可能会使PRB的使用寿命被低估14%,导致PRB的设计过于保守。PRB的突破时间(tb)与污染源顶部到地面距离(z0)无关,但随着污染物分布高度(h)、最大初始质量浓度(C_(in,max))和最小初始质量浓度(C_(in,min))增加而减小,并随PRB厚度(L_(w))增加几乎呈线性增加。本文提出的PRB位置和厚度的优化设计方法可为PRB的工程应用提供参考。