Deployment optimization for target perpetual coverage in energy harvesting wireless sensor network

Energy limitation of traditional Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)greatly confines the network lifetime due to generating and processing massive sensing data with a limited battery.The energy harvesting WSN is a novel network architecture to address the limitation of traditional WSN.However,existing coverage and deployment schemes neglect the environmental correlation of sensor nodes and external energy with respect to physical space.Comprehensively considering the spatial correlation of the environment and the uneven distribution of energy in energy harvesting WSN,we investigate how to deploy a collection of sensor nodes to save the deployment cost while ensuring the target perpetual coverage.The Confident Information Coverage(CIC)model is adopted to formulate the CIC Minimum Deployment Cost Target Perpetual Coverage(CICMTP)problem to minimize the deployed sensor nodes.As the CICMTP is NP-hard,we devise two approximation algorithms named Local Greedy Threshold Algorithm based on CIC(LGTA-CIC)and Overall Greedy Search Algorithm based on CIC(OGSA-CIC).The LGTA-CIC has a low time complexity and the OGSA-CIC has a better approximation rate.Extensive simulation results demonstrate that the OGSA-CIC is able to achieve lower deployment cost and the performance of the proposed algorithms outperforms GRNP,TPNP and EENP algorithms.

Comparative analysis of perpetual pavement structures based on pavement performance and life cycle cost

Pavement performance and economic efficiency are researched on the perpetual test pavement of Yijiang-Suzhou Express Highway in Jiangsu province, China. Test sections were continuously monitored. The conditions and developing laws of deflection, rutting and cracking are compared among the perpetual pavement with the rich binder layer （RBL）, the perpetual pavement without the RBL, and the conventional semi-rigid asphalt pavement in the past eight years after opening for traffic. Economical evaluation is conducted via life cycle cost analysis （LCCA）. Based on the performance comparison and LCCA analysis, sections with the RBL have good crack resistance, but they are not very satisfactory in the aspect of permanent deformation; the conventional semi-rigid asphalt pavement is the least economic one due to requiring more frequent maintenance. Research results show that the perpetual pavement without RBL is a more appropriate structure for the test site.

Motion machines of second kind

The second law of thermodynamics, i.e. the law stating that the entropy in isolated macroscopic system can never decrease, is tightly connected to the work of the device called perpetual motion machine of second kind. Often this law is also defined as the inability to construct such a device. In the current paper we give complete, independent and consistent definitions of static, stationary and changing physical field. Based on that for the first time we give summarising, correct and complete definitions of natural resource machine and perpetual motion machine of second kind as well as motion machine of second kind in the set of tardyons and luxons. We present a principal structure of a motion machine of second kind using which we show that the Clausius statement and its equivalent statements in the thermodynamics can be violated for a practically big interval-time even under equilibrium fluctuations.

Repeated Sparks Produce Free Energy: A Rigorous Mathematical Explanation of the Authors, by the Hidden Ampere Force Law

This is the twinned paper of the increased mass paper, “Gravity is acting at superluminous infinite speed, thus collapsing special theory of relativity of Einstein, an explanation for almost everything (according to the authors’ rigorous mathematical proof and overwhelming experimental evidence)"?[1]. In the present paper, we describe the repeated spark or repeat current in terms of the hidden, Non-Relativistic Longitudinal Cardinal Ampere Force which is not found yet infallible for every case. The impressive finding is the fact that these repeated sparks as we shall see, have no back-emf, but forward-emf and forward-Ampere-motive-force. The only consumption is the resistive load with the very high currents needed. This means its total energy consumption is less than the released energy-output work plus heat, plus the energy recharging the batteries. All these are in excess of the consumed input energy. This means the Repeated sparking is “over-unity” efficiency and that, using super-conductive materials, we shall have constructed the first “perpetual mobile” plus producing extra electrical energy. Several previous journals that we did not mention here their names did not dare to publish our disliked papers of very important and revolutionary results but were not able to counter argue our arguments. They preferred the silence and have not answered us at all for many years now. Even some of them were involved previously with the repeated sparking which is the same topic of our present paper.

Effect of Traffic Speed on Stresses and Strains in Asphalt Perpetual Pavement

Increasing traffic volumes and loads as well as public expectation for a long-lasting transportation infrastructure have necessitated designing perpetual pavements. The KDOT （Kansas Department of Transportation） conducted a field trial to investigate the suitability of perpetual pavement concept for Kansas highway pavements. The experiment involved construction of four thick pavement structures. To verify the approach of designing perpetual pavements on the basis of an endurance strain limit, the pavements were instrumented with gauges for measuring tensile strains at the bottom of asphalt base layers at various speeds. Pavements were also instrumented with pressure cells to measure stress on the top of subgrade. Pavement response measurements under known vehicle load were performed in August 2006. FWD （Falling-weight deflectometer） was also used to collect deflection data at 15 m intervals on the same date. FWD first-sensor （center） deflections were normalized and corrected to 20 ℃ temperature based on measured mid-depth pavement temperature. The result shows that strain and stress measurements show significant amount of variations. Measurements in the thickest section are the most consistent. The higher the traffic speed, the lower the strains and stresses. The difference between strains and stresses at 30 kmhar and 65 km/hr is higher than the difference between 65 km/hr and 95 kin/hr. This shows the effect of speed on stresses and strains decreases as the speed increases. Softer binder in the asphalt base layer results in lower strains, which confirms that softer binder results in higher fatigue life.

The Faraday Isolator, Detailed Balance and the Second Law

A Faraday isolator is shown to develop a temperature difference between its input and output, but still complies with the second law when all the heat carriers, in this case, photons are homogeneous and indistinguishable. This result is a consequence of the H-theorem which assumes homogeneity and indistinguishability of particles. However, when a thermal feedback path is added, in which heat carriers have physical properties different from the photons in the isolator, then a heterogeneous system is formed not covered by the H-theorem, and the second law is violated.

Erratum to “The Faraday Isolator, Detailed Balance and the Second Law” [Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, Vol. 5, No. 4, April 2017 PP. 889-899]

A Faraday isolator is shown to develop a temperature difference between its input and output, but still complies with the second law when all the heat carriers, in this case, photons are homogeneous and indistinguishable. This result is a consequence of the H-theorem which assumes homogeneity and indistinguishability of particles. However, when a thermal feedback path is added, in which heat carriers have physical properties different from the photons in the isolator, then a heterogeneous system is formed not covered by the H-theorem, and the second law is violated.

The Sources of Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African IDB Member Countries

The economic growth in Sub-Sahara African （SSA） IDB member countries has been encouraging over the last decade; however, it is still not high enough to enable these countries to overcome the persistent poverty. There is thus a need to raise substantially real GDP growth rates on a sustained basis, both through the productivity channel and factor accumulation such as labor and capital. This study focuses on ＂the source of economic growth in SSA IDB member countries＂ with the objective of identifying the main driving factors of economic growth in the region using the growth accounting framework and extending the existing analysis both by country and time coverage. The paper is expected to be useful for the policymakers in the region to have a clear picture on the main sources of growth, and thus help them in identifying strategic reform areas of intervention in line with the most binding factors of growth. The data used in this study cover 20 Sub-Sahara African countries covering the period 1990-2012. The data set includes real GDP, labor force, and capital stock. The source of data is the various version of the World Economic Outlook, IMF. Capital stock is estimated using perpetual inventory method and the base year is 1970. In estimating growth accounting model, a translog production function is applied using panel data and random effects model. Empirical results show that the capital accumulation is the most important individual factor in GDP growth （52%） followed by workforce accumulation （39%） while total factor productivity （TFP） accounts for meagre 8%. This suggests that, on average, real GDP growth in Sub-Sahara African countries was driven primarily by factor accumulation with a low level of TFP. In addition, the elasticity of labor was lower than that of capital indicating that the labor played very little role in GDP growth most likely due to unskilled labor force or mismatch of labor skills with the production process. Furthermore, this also adversely affects both the TFP growth and the share of capital growth to the GDP growth. The results indicate that the critical constraint to the economic growth appears to be poor labor skills that lead to both low labor productivity and under-utilization of capital stock.

Kant： The Sweet Dream of Perpetual Peace

This essay is a survey upon Kant＇s Sweet Dream of Perpetual Peace. According to Kant, a permanent peace could be achieved under the condition of the creation of a Federation of States. This Federation of States will be rest upon three fundamental requirements--i.e., democracy, reason, universal hospitality. Kant＇s idea of global Federation of States should not be confused with existing nowadays Unions of States, such as European Union, which depend heavily upon a central authority and a complicated bureaucracy.

The Terminal Value （TV） Performing in Firm Valuation： The Gap of Literature and Research Agenda

The uncertainty about the future of firms must be modeled and incorporated in the valuation of enterprises outside the explicit period of analysis, i.e., in the continuing or terminal value （TV）. There is a multiplicity of factors that influence the TV of firms which are not being considered within current evaluation models. This aspect leads to the incurring of unrecoverable errors, thus leading to values of goodwill or bad will far away from the substantial value of intrinsic assets. As a consequence, the evaluation results will be presented markedly different from market values. There is no consensus in the scientific community about the method of computation of the TV as a forecast in an infinite horizon. The size of the terminal, or non-explicit period, assumed as infinite, is never called into question by scientific literature, or the probability of business bankruptcy. This paper aims to promote a study of the existing literature on the TV, to highlight the fragility of the evaluation models of companies that have been used by the academic community and by financial analysts, and to point out lines for future research to minimize these errors.

The Entropy Law and the Impossibility of Perpetual Economic Growth

Every production-recycling iteration accumulates an inevitable proportion of its matter-energy in the environment, lest the production process itself will be a system in perpetual motion, violating the second law of Thermodynamics. Such high-entropy matter depletes finite stocks of ecosystem services provided by the ecosphere, hence is incompatible with the long-term growth in the material scale of the economic process. Moreover, the complex natural systems governing such stocks respond to depletion by possibly sudden environmental transitions, thus hindering markets' very ability to adapt to the new equilibrium conditions. Consequently, uncertainty of critical resilience thresholds constrains material economic growth.

Pricing Perpetual American Put Option in theMixed Fractional Brownian Motion

Under the assumption of the underlying asset is driven by the mixed fractional Brownian motion, we obtain the mixed fractionalBlack-Scholes partial differential equation by fractional Ito formula, and the pricing formula of perpetual American put option bythis partial differential equation theory.

Cotton Incorporated:FW 2020 Trend forecast

The perpetual mystery of what makes us human is the focal point of this trend. Humanist emphasizes our spiritual and mental evolution as we navigate a world where the value of emotional intelligence is ever increasing. Companies and brands strive to connect with their consumers by being socially conscious, community-minded and designing with the greater good in mind. Self and brand introspection is pivotal as sharing our experiences is both therapeutic and enlightening to others. Shifting paradigms see once unmentionable subjects at the forefront of conversation. We appreciate and learn from our journeys and revel in those of others as we celebrate all the quirks that connect.

Inheritance of Perpetual Blooming in Rosa chinensis ‘Old Blush'

Perpetual blooming is one of the most important biological and economical traits in modern rose, while the genetic basis underlining the control of this trait is poorly investigated. With an aim in dissecting the genetic determinism of perpetual blooming, we developed six rose populations(OB, W, F1, F2, BC1 OB and BC1W) derived from a WOB population [interspecific diploid hybridization between Rosa chinensis ‘Old Blush'(OB) and R. wichuriana ‘Basye's Thornless'(W)]. Perpetual blooming is absent both in a F1 population with 296 individuals and a BC1 W population(W as the backcross parent) with 150 individuals. However, the perpetual blooming trait showed a typical 3︰1 segregation in a backcross population BC1 OB with OB as the backcross parent. In this population with 300 individuals, 83 plants had the perpetual blooming phenotype while the other 217 featured non-perpetual blooming, indicating that the perpetual blooming trait is very likely controlled by two recessive genes in R. chinensis(rpb1 and rpb2). These genetic data suggest that the inheritance of rose perpetual blooming may be controlled by a complex mechanism.

Flight trajectory optimization of sun-tracking solar aircraft under the constraint of mission region

The optimal yawing angle of sun-tracking solar aircraft is tightly related to the solar azimuth angle,which results in a large arc flight path to dynamically track the sun position.However,the limited detection range of payload usually requires solar aircraft to loiter over areas of interest for persistent surveillance missions.The large arc sun-tracking flight may cause the target area on the ground to be outside the maximum coverage area of payload.The present study therefore develops an optimal flight control approach for planning the flight path of sun-tracking solar aircraft within a mission region.The proposed method enables sun-tracking solar aircraft to maintain the optimal yawing angle most of the time during daylight flight,except when the aircraft reverses its direction by turning flight.For a circular region with a mission radius of 50km,the optimal flight trajectory and controls of an example K-shaped sun-tracking solar aircraft are investigated theoretically.Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach to optimize the flight path of the sun-tracking aircraft under the given circular region while maximizing the battery input power.Furthermore,the effects of varying the mission radius on energy performance are explored numerically.It has been proved that both net energy and energy balance remain nearly constant as the radius constraint varies,which enables the solar aircraft to achieve perpetual flight at almost the same latitude as the large arc flight.The method and results presented in this paper can provide reference for the persistent operation of sun-tracking solar aircraft within specific mission areas.

Application of viscoelastic continuum damage approach to predict fatigue performance of Binzhou perpetual pavements

For this study, the Binzhou perpetual pavement test sections constructed in Shandong Province, China, were simulated for long-term fatigue performance using the layered viscoelastic pavement analysis for critical distresses （LVECD） finite element software package. In this framework, asphalt concrete was treated in the context of linear visco- elastic continuum damage theory. A recently developed unified fatigue failure criterion that defined the boundaries of the applicable region of the theory was also incorporated. The mechanistic modeling of the fatigue mechanisms was able to accommodate the complex temperature variations and loading conditions of the field pavements in a rigorous manner. All of the material models were conveniently characterized by dynamic modulus tests and direct tension cyclic fatigue tests in the laboratory using cylindrical specimens. By comparing the obtained damage characteristic curves and failure criteria, it is found that mixtures with small aggregate particle sizes, a dense gradation, and modified asphalt binder tended to exhibit the best fatigue resistance at the material level. The 15 year finite element structural simulation results for all the test sections indicate that fa- tigue performance has a strong dependence on the thickness of the asphalt pavements. Based on the predicted location and severity of the fatigue damage, it is recommended that Sections 1 and 3 of the Binzhou test sections be emoloved for perpetual pavement design.

Perpetual cutoff method and CDE′(K, N) condition on graphs

By using the perpetual cutoff method,we prove two discrete versions of gradient estimates for bounded Laplacian on locally finite graphs with exception sets under the condition of CDE′(K,N).This generalizes a main result of F.Münch who considers the case of CD(K,∞)curvature.Hence,we answer a question raised by Münch.For that purpose,we characterize some basic properties of radical form of the perpetual cutoff semigroup and give a weak commutation relation between bounded LaplacianΔand perpetual cutoff semigroup P w t in our setting.

NO GOOD DEED GOES UNPUNISHED LOOPHOLES PERPETUATE ‘BYSTANDER EFFECT'

A public debate on the bystander effect,prompted by a viral video of a fatal traffic accident,has highlighted continued gaps in China’s'Good Samaritan'laws—legal protections for those who volunteer to help victims.The 94-second video from Zhumadian,Henan,recorded in April but circulated in mid-June,showed a