On the Perfection of Legislation on Property Rights Protection of Criminal Suspects in Investigation Process

The property rights of a criminal suspect are an important component of human rights,but,unfortunately,may be restrained by factors in the investigation process like judicial stereotypes,legal regulations,and a lack of initiative on the part of the rights holder,which,from time to time,may result in infringements of such rights.Thus it is necessary for us to probe into the reasons why such infringements occur and sort out the contents about enhancing property rights protection of criminal suspects in the amendment to Criminal Procedure Law.To counter the existing disregard for property rights protection of criminal suspects and its legislative deficiency,judicial reform must be carried out as to three aspects:procedural improvement,institutional establishment,and judicial transformation property rights ideas in criminal proceedings.

The Model Selection of Personal Information Protection in Criminal Procedures

In criminal procedures,the right to personal information does not conform to the human rights characteristics of criminal procedures centered on due process right,in which the right to be forgotten and the right to access data possess no attributes of independent litigation right.The theory of the independent right to personal information lacks a legitimate basis and should not be used as the protection model for personal information in criminal proceedings.Given the particularity of interest measurement and the individuality and negativity of human rights in criminal procedures,the protection of personal information in the criminal procedure should be aimed at the risk of transformation from collective general information to private sensitive information.Specifically,it is the right of personal information not to be excessively collected.Accordingly,the personal information protection should be included in the scope of criminal procedures by the conceptual interpretation of the informational privacy,i.e.,the dependency protection model.In this regard,the criminal proceeding should appropriately introduce the basic principles of personal information protection and the limited general forensic to deal with the impact and challenge of emerging right claim on the criminal justice system.

Rule by Criminal Law is a Seismograph for the Protection of Human Rights

Criminal law involves crucial rights of the public,including property rights,political rights,freedom,and even life.As a result,on the one hand,any change to the rule by criminal law may have a significant impact on people’s lives;on the other hand,any change to the rule by criminal law is a highly sensitive issue.In view of these points,the rule by criminal law is often referred to as the seismograph for the protection of human rights,indicating the utmost importance of rule by criminal

Protection of the Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities in China:Ideas,System and Challenges

People under the interpretation of Chinese culture have multiple values It emphasizes not only people in the collective sense, but also individuals in the individual meaning According to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, respecting and protecting the dignity and rights of persons with disabilities is the duty of the State and the whole of society, and one of the core values of the Constitution The protection system for the rights and interests of persons with disabilities in China has basically taken shape, with positive progress in the protection of the right to rehabilitation, the right to education, and the right to employment However, there are different challenges We should continue to promote the rule of law for persons with disabilities and build a more complete system for the protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities.

On Protection System of the Domestic Trade Name Rights

商号一直是我国知识产权保护的弱点,但商号在我国有着广泛的应用,并且具有巨大的商业利益,因此,我国的商号保护制度需要加强和改进。本文主要从商号的保护重要性和商号保护的具体措施的改进进行论述。

On the Right to the Protection of Personal Data as a Constitutional Right

The right to the protection of personal data is an important human right in the era of big data and a constitutional right based on the national protection obligation and the theory of human dignity,making it of special significance for the realization of citizenship in a digital society.It can be seen from an examination of the constitutional texts of various countries in the world that the right to the protection of personal data as a constitutional right has rich normative connotations,and the key legal link to realize this right lies in the national legislature actively fulfilling its obligation to shape and specify the protection of personal data in accordance with the entrustment of the constitutional norms.Given the constitutional principles of fundamental rights protection,i.e.,realizing the constitutional status of the right to the protection of personal data as a basic right by means of institutional guarantees,the legislature should first adhere to the constitutionality principle of data protection legislation.Second,a multi-level data protection legal system centered on the right to the protection of personal data should be established.Finally,the institutional guarantee mechanism for the protection of personal data should be continuously improved through constitutional interpretation.

On the Criminal Protection of the Right to Education of Chinese Citizens——With a Review on Article 32 of the Amendment to the Criminal Law(Ⅺ)

The Amendment(Ⅺ)to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China responds to the institutional needs of civic education,and supplements the clause of the Criminal Law on protection of citizens’right to education nuy means of Article 32.Imposing legal responsibility in the form of internal punishments,administrative punishments,and economic compensation have failed to prevent infringements on citizens’right to education.Its role as a"secondary protection law"is the conceptual obstacle that hinders the Criminal Law from effectively intervening in the field of citizens’right to education.The equivalence between the legal interests of people to the right to education and the rights protected by the existing charges in the Criminal Law is the legitimate basis for it to intervene in disputes over the right to education.Based on Article 32 of the Amendment(Ⅺ)to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China,it is suggested to further clarify the prepositional law,improve the liability provisions for the right to education,change the modest and restrained view of the Criminal Law regarding protection of the right to education,and expand the behavior types of Article 32 provided in the Amendment(Ⅺ)in due time.

The Centennial History and Significance of the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities by the Communist Party of China

The Communist Party of China has been concerned with the protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities since its founding.in the period of the new democratic Revolution and after the founding of the People’s Republic of China,it adopted a series of protective measures in various forms in line with local conditions.Since the reform and opening-up,the cause of persons with disabilities has developed in an all-around way under the leadership of the CPC.especially since the 18th national Congress of the Communist Party of China,the protection of human rights for persons with disabilities has been innovatively developed,and persons with disabilities have been truly participating in social affairs and share the country’s development gains as equal subjects of rights.The centennial history of the Party’s protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities shows that the CPC’s ideas of human rights protection consecutively comprise humanitarian assistance,humanitarian protection,and people-centered human rights protection.The main identity of persons with disabilities has changed from the object of protection during the revolution to the object of medical care and social welfare,and the subject of human rights.The content of protection of rights and interests has developed from survival assistance to comprehensive protection including education,rehabilitation,employment,etc.The dignity,autonomy,equality,and social participation of persons with disabilities as the subject of human rights have become increasingly prominent.

The Development of Human Rights Protection in Cross-border Personality Rights and Tort Conflict Laws

Personality rights are basic rights related to human dignity in the concept of human rights protection,and respect for personality rights is the basic prerequisite for safeguarding other human rights.Human rights protection exerts a profound impact on the value of legislation and enforcement practices of private international laws in the field of cross-border personality rights infringement in various countries,which is mainly manifested in the integration of substantive justice and the humanistic care concept of protecting the rights of vulnerable groups into formal justice,and expands the development space of human rights protection ideas in cross-border personality rights and tort conflict laws.the diversity of human rights protection values determines that cross-border personality rights infringement may lead to conflicts between personality rights and other basic rights,such as freedom of speech.to reconcile such conflicts,a workable method is to prioritize personality rights protection in accordance with the hierarchy of rights theory in the value judgment of public order reservation or to clarify the limits of the right holder’s tolerance obligation through the limited application of the principle of proportionality.China’s current cross-border personality rights and tort conflict law can optimize the protection of the rights of vulnerable groups by diversifying the options of available legal methods,and establish a balancing mechanism between personality rights and freedom of speech,so as to improve China’s legal protection system for human rights in the field of foreign-related civil and commercial affairs.

Equality, Participation and Sharing: 70 Years of Protecting the Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities in the PRC

July 2019 Contents Preamble I.Development of the Cause of Persons with Disabilities II.Mechanisms for the Protection of Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities III.Health and Rehabilitation IV.Special Education and Inclusive Education V.Employment and Entrepreneurship VI.Basic Life and Social Security VII.Creating an Accessible Environment and Enabling Mobility.

Human Rights Protection in Genome Editing

Introducing the human rights perspective into the multi-dimensional governance of human genome editing activities would help define boundaries for the behaviors of stakeholders such as the state, researchers, ethics committee members, and the public, and clarify specific practices of these subjects or entities to meet the requirements of human rights obligations. Based on the human dignity principle, humans must never be used as a means to an end in scientific research. The right to physical and mental health requires the implementation of the principles of informed consent, the primacy of life, and risk control in genome editing, as well as the proper treatment of embryos. The right to privacy corresponds to the confidentiality obligations and non-intervention obligations of relevant parties, and the protection of sensitive personal information points to the special compliance requirements regarding information processing. Differential treatment of genome-edited humans requires objective and reasonable justification, and should also meet the requirements of the proportionality principle.

数据产权刑法保护模式的构建

数据产权是一种具有财产权属性的新型权利,该权利与虚拟财产权和知识产权具有明显差异。数据产权属于刑法保护的公法益范畴,其应归属于市场经济秩序法益之中。现行刑法有关财产犯罪、知识产权犯罪和数据犯罪的规定均无法实现对数据产权的全面保护。刑法对数据产权的保护应以促进数据流通为主要目标,且应当覆盖数据处理的各流程阶段。对侵犯数据产权行为进行刑法规制时,应对“未经同意”获取数据行为审慎入罪。应增设妨害数据流通管理秩序罪,对“情节严重的”妨害数据流通管理秩序行为予以刑法规制。

刑事诉讼中被遗忘权的国家保护义务

刑事诉讼中个人信息的处理带来了被遗忘权需求的出现,要求处理个人信息的公权力机关承担相应的被遗忘权国家保护义务。承担刑事诉讼中被遗忘权国家保护义务的主体主要是刑事诉讼中的侦查机关、起诉机关、审判机关和刑罚执行机关,也包括在具体案件中与刑事诉讼产生某种联系的行政机关或监察机关。这些义务主体履行刑事诉讼中被遗忘权国家保护义务的方式主要是删除、封存和匿名化处理。刑事诉讼中被遗忘权的国家保护义务的履行程序包括针对信息主体之申请作出回应、完成主管之特定机构针对信息主体之投诉而作出的指令两个阶段,义务的主体在不履行义务的情形下需承担相应的行政或纪律责任。

论个人信息保护民事公益诉讼起诉主体的范围与顺位

自个人信息保护民事公益诉讼在我国开展以来,理论界与实务界就对该类诉讼的起诉主体存在较大争议,分歧主要集中在范围界定与诉权顺位两个方面。《个人信息保护法》第70条虽然对该类诉讼的起诉主体作了规定,但主体范围不明以及诉权顺位不清的问题仍未得到彻底解决。要正确实施该制度,应否定“履行个人信息保护职责的部门”的起诉资格,扩张“法律规定的消费者组织”的范围,明确“由国家网信部门确定的组织”的条件,并以《民事诉讼法》第58条及不同类型民事公益诉讼之间的关系为依据,厘清不同起诉主体的诉权顺位。当受侵害对象为普通公民时,应尊重检察机关民事公益诉权的补充性,将“国家网信部门确定的组织”的起诉顺位置于检察机关之前;当受侵害对象为众多消费者时,应考虑到受侵害对象的特殊身份,依次由“法律规定的消费者组织”“由网信部门确定的组织”和检察机关行使起诉权。

大数据时代隐私权的刑法保护模式重构

大数据促进了生活的便捷,带动了新兴行业的高速发展,但超出合理边界的数据滥用行为,也对公民的隐私安全带来了现实威胁。伴随大数据时代的纵深发展,个人隐私的保护从传统个人本位向社会本位发生转变,隐私权的法益内涵在大数据时代应当进行重新审视。随着信息保护的日渐重视,隐私权的价值应与个人信息权一样受到同等重视,刑法应当为大数据时代隐私权的保护开辟新路径,采取直接保护与间接保护并行的双轨制保护模式,重构个人信息的刑法定义,引入“弱可识别性+隐私性”标准,同时继续加强针对隐私权犯罪的积极预防,通过刑法调整来应对当前公民隐私权被侵害的现实。

民事在线诉讼当事人权益保障的检视与路径探索

当事人权益保障体现了以当事人为中心的诉讼理念,确保了实现诉讼效益与程序公正的统一。在线诉讼中单一的程序选择权类型难以满足双方当事人需求、证人远程作证提高了质证难度、异步审理稀释了直接言词原则、个人信息保护与庭审公开之间存在张力。应当根据被选择事项性质合理确定选择权类型、加强证人远程作证技术保障、肯定异步审理的价值并明确边界、具体衡量审判公开与个人信息保护价值利益。

移情式关怀理论在刑事诉讼中的融入研究——以人权保障为视角

刑事诉讼现有研究主要集中于客观维度的程序制度建构,而对司法工作人员在认知方面的主观维度缺乏关注。但是,客观的程序制度无法自动产出公正的结果,司法工作人员的决策行为贯穿整个刑事诉讼过程,其主观认知在其中发挥着重要作用,甚至对决策结果产生决定性影响,因此,需要对刑事诉讼主观维度予以足够重视。刑事诉讼主观维度以司法工作人员的道德情感为核心,影响其立场和决策。主观维度的研究可以从移情式关怀理论中得到启发,使人们具有以对他人苦难产生情绪反应的能力为出发点,并提出禁止引发他人苦难,乃至尽力消除他人痛苦的道德要求。在刑事诉讼中融入移情式关怀理论,可以产生舒缓惩罚犯罪原则与保障人权原则之间的张力,推进无罪推定原则的完善,为审判中心主义提供支持等积极效果。虽然,移情式关怀理论无法避免人类主观方面的局限,但是,通过司法工作人员的立场确立和诱导训练可以弥补刑事诉讼人权保障中的不足。

平台处理未成年人个人信息的合规审计分析

个人信息合规审计制度是信息时代运用审计法治推进人权保障事业的重要制度设计,未成年人个人信息保护合规审计是保护未成年人个人信息权益的重要举措。目前实践中尚未形成体系化的互联网平台治理规范,落实平台履行个人信息合规审计义务的针对性、完整性和有效性规定均存在明显瑕疵,且平台自身开展个人信息合规审计的内生动力不足,外部监管也施力有限。为发挥审计法律规制效力,切实保护未成年人个人信息权益,未成年人个人信息合规审计需坚持最有利于未成年人原则。平台开展个人信息合规审计须凸显未成年人保护的特殊性,强化平台内部治理,建立健全平台个人信息保护合规激励机制,以合作监管模式赋能政企协同监管,形成全社会共同参与的未成年人个人信息保护机制。

伦理审查在卫生管理研究中的重要性与更新要点——基于《涉及人的生命科学和医学研究伦理审查办法》

《涉及人的生命科学和医学研究伦理审查办法》的发布对于卫生管理研究领域的伦理审查提出了新的要求。基于新规背景,结合卫生管理学科特性,探究了卫生管理研究的伦理审查需求和必要性。在《办法》中,针对卫生管理研究的伦理治理进行了更新,提出了免除伦理审查概念和强调研究参与者权益保护,以及个人信息保护的重要性。还针对卫生管理研究的伦理审查框架进行了探索,包括制定免除伦理审查操作规范、细化规范伦理审查工作制度与流程,以及明确信息数据的来源证明。这些探索旨在为卫生管理研究提供伦理保障,促进其健康发展,并确保研究参与者的权益得到充分尊重和保护。通过研究,希望能够进一步提高卫生管理研究的伦理水平,推动学科的发展和社会的进步。

论发展权视域下残疾人的权利保障

保障残疾人发展权不仅体现了马克思主义人权观,也体现出国家尊重和人权保障。在全面推进依法治国的进程中,当前我国保障残疾人发展权的条件已然具备,在此基础上,针对现有的条件和不足,立足于中国式现代化,进一步提升残疾治理能力和水平。通过激发残疾人内生动力,深入推进农村残疾人社会保障和公共服务等路径进行完善,从而更高质量地保障残疾人发展权。