The Development of Human Rights Protection in Cross-border Personality Rights and Tort Conflict Laws

Personality rights are basic rights related to human dignity in the concept of human rights protection,and respect for personality rights is the basic prerequisite for safeguarding other human rights.Human rights protection exerts a profound impact on the value of legislation and enforcement practices of private international laws in the field of cross-border personality rights infringement in various countries,which is mainly manifested in the integration of substantive justice and the humanistic care concept of protecting the rights of vulnerable groups into formal justice,and expands the development space of human rights protection ideas in cross-border personality rights and tort conflict laws.the diversity of human rights protection values determines that cross-border personality rights infringement may lead to conflicts between personality rights and other basic rights,such as freedom of speech.to reconcile such conflicts,a workable method is to prioritize personality rights protection in accordance with the hierarchy of rights theory in the value judgment of public order reservation or to clarify the limits of the right holder’s tolerance obligation through the limited application of the principle of proportionality.China’s current cross-border personality rights and tort conflict law can optimize the protection of the rights of vulnerable groups by diversifying the options of available legal methods,and establish a balancing mechanism between personality rights and freedom of speech,so as to improve China’s legal protection system for human rights in the field of foreign-related civil and commercial affairs.

Research on Residents’Willingness to Protect Privacy in the Context of the Personal Information Protection Law:A Survey Based on Foshan Residents’Data

The Personal Information Protection Law,as the first law on personal information protection in China,hits the people’s most concerned,realistic and direct privacy and information security issues,and plays an extremely important role in promoting the development of the digital economy,the legalization of socialism with Chinese characteristics and social public security,and marks a new historical development stage in the protection of personal information in China.However,the awareness of privacy protection and privacy protection behavior of the public in personal information privacy protection is weak.Based on the literature review and in-depth understanding of current legal regulations,this study integrates the relevant literature and theoretical knowledge of the Personal Protection Law to construct a conceptual model of“privacy information protection willingness-privacy information protection behavior”.Taking the residents of Foshan City as an example,this paper conducts a questionnaire survey on their attitudes toward the Personal Protection Law,analyzes the factors influencing their willingness to protect their privacy and their behaviors,and explores the mechanisms of their influencing variables,to provide advice and suggestions for promoting the protection of privacy information and building a security barrier for the high-quality development of public information security.

International Comparative Study on Education Laws of the Persons with Disabilities: An Observation on Regulations on the Education of Persons with Disabilities

The issue of education for people with disabilities has become of increasing concern. How can we effectively guarantee the basic right to education for persons with disabilities? Will the revised Regulation on Education for Persons with Disabilities meet their needs? This article takes the Regulation on Education for Persons with Disabilities as the core and compares it with the related special educational laws of the United States, Britain and Japan. The following conclusions were drawn from this study: In terms of educational concept, the three countries follow the concept of inclusive education, and pursue equity and educational justice. They not only pay attention to inclusive education but also focus on improving the quality of education for students with disabilities. All three countries focus on accommodating children with special needs, but each implements its programs in a different way. These practices can be used as reference for the development of a special needs education law in China.

The Rights of Persons Charged with Penal Offences to Access to Lawyers——A comparison between international and domestic laws

I. Getting help from lawyers and its realization according to international standards The right to defense for a person involving in a law suit is a universal human right. Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides： ＂Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.＂ This means （1） the right to defence is a basic human right due to all persons charged with a penal offence; （2） it is a basic requirement for the principle of presumption of innocence and fair trial; and （3） the realization of the fight needs practical and effective guarantees.

China＇s High-Speed Railway Industry and Applicability of the Anti-Monopoly Law

China's high-speed railway industry achieved dazzling development over the years, but not much research has been devoted to this industry from the perspective of competition policy. This paper focuses on the industrial organization of China's high-speed railway industry and the applicability of the Anti-Monopoly Law. We intend to answer the following questions:(1) Why is the high-speed railway industry not an industry of natural monopoly? Which segments of the industry have elements of natural monopoly?(2) At the level of corporate organization, what is the legal and economic rationale behind the patterns of China's high-speed railway undertakings evolving from government-affiliated enterprises to special legal person enterprises and then shareholding companies?(3) The applicability of the Anti-Monopoly Law to the high-speed railway industry. Our conclusions from the perspective of competition policy are worth referencing for similar industries such as electric power, telecommunications, and water and gas supply.

Three-dimensional nonlinear H_2/H_∞ guidance law based upon approach of solving the state feedback Nash balance point

Based upon the theory of the nonlinear quadric two-person nonzero-sum differential game,the fact that the time-limited mixed H2/H∞ control problem can be turned into the problem of solving the state feedback Nash balance point is mentioned. Upon this,a theorem about the solution of the state feedback control is given,the Lyapunov stabilization of the nonlinear system under this control is proved,too. At the same time,this solution is used to design the nonlinear H2/H∞ guidance law of the relative motion between the missile and the target in three-dimensional(3D) space. By solving two coupled Hamilton-Jacobi partial differential inequalities(HJPDI),a control with more robust stabilities and more robust performances is obtained. With different H∞ performance indexes,the correlative weighting factors of the control are analytically designed. At last,simulations under different robust performance indexes and under different initial conditions and under the cases of intercepting different maneuvering targets are carried out. All results indicate that the designed law is valid.

英美刑事诉讼法专业术语之误译及省思——以“indictment”及“information”为视角

“indictment”与“information”属于同义词,适用条件不同,译法有别。美国刑事诉讼法中的“indictment”宜译为“大陪审团起诉书”;“information”宜译为“检察官起诉书”。英国刑事诉讼法中的“indictment”宜译为“普通起诉书”;“information”宜译为“简易起诉书”。由对此二词的翻译可见,我国学界对英美刑事诉讼法专业术语的翻译存在翻译错误、以偏概全、无区分度、有违美感原则及专业性不足等问题。主要缘由在于译者缺乏问题意识及翻译机械、教条式,也同学科壁垒有关。译者应恪守正确翻译观,践行科学精神,提高综合素养。

Police Emergency Commitment Powers in Cases of Persons Experiencing Mental Health Crisis in “Public Spaces”: Review of the Commitment Process in England and Wales, in Comparison to the Practice in the United States of America (USA)

Police emergency commitment powers for detention of persons in the community perceived to be seriously mentally ill for further specialist examination in a designated facility have always raised interest in medical and legal circles on both sides of the Atlantic. The objective of this article is to detail the police commitment procedure in England and Wales, as dictated by the mental health act of 1983 (MHA 1983) amended in 2007 (MHA 2007);and compare this with similar legal provisions as prevails under current state mental health statutes in the United States of America (USA). The comparative review of the commitment processes in England and Wales to that of the USA reveals that the process in England and Wales seeks to primarily ensure that persons with mental disorder (PWMD) in crisis are directed to a specialist hospital for evaluation and appropriate specialist care. In the USA such persons in a good number of cases may end up in the criminal justice system due to application of the “dangerousness” standard. Additionally whereas in England and Wales the commitment law is uniform in law and application, the federal system in the USA is such that the commitment law may have minor variations depending on the individual states. The minor variation in state commitment laws may engender a situation where the commitment law in England and Wales may seem relatively equitable and just towards PWMD in crisis, compared to the state commitment laws in the USA.

A Case for the Modifiability of the San Francisco Peace Treaty: Examining the Varying Positions of the U.S. and Britain Over South Korean Participation

Through a detailed analysis and documentation of relevant U.S.foreign relations and other official documents of the period around the Korean War,this paper aims to prove that in the early negotiation process of the 1951 San Francisco peace treaty,the United States maintained that South Korea should participate in signing the treaty and that the U.S.changed its position because of the resilient British opposition to South Korean participation,which in turn was motivated strongly by the British concern over its strategic interests in East Asia and its diplomatic relations with the newly communized China.In particular,the Chinese intervention in the Korean War and the communist recapture of Seoul provided the impetus for this shift in the U.S.position that led to the exclusion of South Korea from the treaty.Because the substance of the San Francisco peace treaty was dictated by the exigencies under the Korean War and the Cold War and lacks the“Grotian spirit of international law”underlying the founding of the League of Nations and the United Nations,the San Francisco peace treaty does not contain sufficient merit to be worthy of permanent compliance,which leaves open the possibility of modification in the future.

The Model Selection of Personal Information Protection in Criminal Procedures

In criminal procedures,the right to personal information does not conform to the human rights characteristics of criminal procedures centered on due process right,in which the right to be forgotten and the right to access data possess no attributes of independent litigation right.The theory of the independent right to personal information lacks a legitimate basis and should not be used as the protection model for personal information in criminal proceedings.Given the particularity of interest measurement and the individuality and negativity of human rights in criminal procedures,the protection of personal information in the criminal procedure should be aimed at the risk of transformation from collective general information to private sensitive information.Specifically,it is the right of personal information not to be excessively collected.Accordingly,the personal information protection should be included in the scope of criminal procedures by the conceptual interpretation of the informational privacy,i.e.,the dependency protection model.In this regard,the criminal proceeding should appropriately introduce the basic principles of personal information protection and the limited general forensic to deal with the impact and challenge of emerging right claim on the criminal justice system.

The “Transcendental” Interpretation of the Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Its Implementation in China

The concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind provides new theoretical support for the special protection of the rights of persons with disabilities. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is innovative in terms of its purposes and principles, logic and technology, and the actual implementation of the contracting parties, which is unique in the field of international human rights law. It is a "transcendental" interpretation of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind and enhances the ethical values of international human rights law. The development of the cause of persons with disabilities in China is positively influenced by the values reflected in the concept of a community of shared Future for mankind and meanwhile highlights them, which provides "Chinese experiences" for the international cause of persons with disabilities.

Interpretation of Information Processing Regulations

Laws and policies impose many information handling requirements on business practices. Compliance with such regu-lations requires identification of conflicting interpretations of regulatory conditions. Current software engineering methods extract software requirements by converting legal text into semiformal constraints and rules. In this paper we complement these methods with a state-based model that includes all possibilities of information flow. We show that such a model provides a foundation for the interpretation process.

The Formulation of Convention on the Rights of Older Persons:The Process and Prospects

Since its establishment,the United nations open-ended Working group on aging has shouldered the historical mission of exploring the“possibilities”and even laying the“foundation”for a Convention on the Rights of older Persons.Although the formulation of a convention on the protection of the rights of older persons has been widely supported by the general public and many countries,it still faces many problems.China should adhere to the combination of“human rights”and“development”and adjust its policies to adapt to the new changes in related fields.With successful case studies,concise expression of rights,and regional contracting practice,China could participate more fully in the reform of the international mechanism for the protection of the rights of older persons to improve the voice in future international human rights governance and make greater contributions to the protection of the rights of older persons worldwide.

论精神与人格的关系

心理、人格和精神的关系是一种升华或超越的关系,人只有具有精神,才会成为真正的人。人格是人性的现实化,具有动力、能力、品质和精神四个层次结构,其中精神是最高的层次,主导观念、最高理想和基本信念是其核心结构。精神是人格的灵魂,在人格中居于统率地位,对人格中其他三个层次的要素起规导作用。人格及其各要素的形成都自觉不自觉地以主导观念为依据,并受其规导;最高理想决定着人格理想的一致性、人格运行的方向乃至人格层次;基本信念则可以调动人格的各种因素、凝聚人格的各种力量去追求最高理想的实现。就个人而言,精神有不同的境界,精神境界与人格境界、人生境界既相互联系又有区别,精神境界是提升人格境界的结果,人生境界则是人格境界的体现。

个人信息范围的界定与要件判断

个人信息是个人信息保护法中最核心的概念,也是个人信息保护法律规范的适用前提。我国法律对个人信息采取了统一定义的模式。从《中华人民共和国网络安全法》(下文简称《网络安全法》)到《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》(下文简称《个人信息保护法》),个人信息的概念经历了一个从窄到宽的发展演变过程。《个人信息保护法》第4条第1款将个人信息的判断要件分为积极要件与消极要件,前者是通过关联性与识别性去界定个人信息的概念范围,后者则将匿名化处理后的信息排除在个人信息之外。为了防止个人信息的范围过于宽泛,以至于个人信息保护法成为无所不包的法律,应明确个人信息积极要件中关联性要件与识别性要件之间为“且”的关系而非“或”的关系,以此来相应地控制个人信息的范围。认定关联性要件时,不仅应考虑信息的内容、目的和结果,还要考虑信息与个人权益是否存在一定的因果关联。在判断识别性时,应当限定识别主体的范围及所使用的手段与方式。作为消极要件的匿名化虽然并非可以绝对消除信息的可识别性,但是其对于保护个人信息权益也有重要的意义。

个人数据交易领域数据信托的私法建构

个人数据交易的有效实现一直以来颇具争议。面对知情同意规则与个人数据权属悬置的限制,数据信托为个人数据交易提供了私法上的有益尝试。数据信托制度不仅迎合了我国个人数据交易的政策需求,而且契合了意思自治与受托人信义义务的私法基础。个人数据交易领域数据信托制度中,个人数据访问权可以作为信托财产,激励数据主体参与数据信托。在数据信托的私法运行模式选择上,基于意思自治、高效交易及信托合同目的等因素考量,建议采用混合模式。

个人金融账户信息的法律界定

《个人信息保护法》将金融账户信息纳入敏感个人信息的范围,但未作出明确的界定。界定标准的不明确将导致权利主体权益易损、义务主体责任不明、司法裁判依据不清。考察域外立法例,同时结合我国有关立法现状和实践,宜采取“定义+列举+排除”的界定模式,以“信息主体”“信息性质”和“信息处理”为定义的考量因素,从立法、实践的综合角度进行列举,并排除通过间接识别才能确认的金融账户信息。基于此,我国出台“金融账户信息”的司法解释可侧重四个方面,以实现个人信息的保护和社会信息利用的动态平衡。

新《职业教育法》下工匠精神培养的“四维进阶”理论模型和“四重迭代”运作路径

为贯彻执行国家新颁布的《职业教育法》,深入落实“坚持德技并修,培育工匠精神”的职教新理念,结合教育部“双高计划”的建设与推进要求,根据“物以载道、匠心筑梦”的职业新诉求和工匠精神的时代阐释,论述了基于职业知识技能、职业意识信念、职业行为习惯和职业价值取向的“四维进阶”的工匠精神顶层培养理论模型;然后,以理论模型为指导,阐述了工匠精神培养的“四重迭代”运作路径和实施方案,即优化人才培养方案、更新教学资源库和课程群、重组专业课程任务点和知识链、提升师资力量和水平;最后,以质量闭环为原则,阐明了人才培养需要“课程、实践、单位和社会”四方联动进行绩效评价的必要性。由此可见,理论模型的有效运作和实施不仅可以充分调动课内外育人资源,潜移默化引导学生进行工匠意识的提炼与人文精神的思考,也能引导学生做到知行合一与自我建构,从而不断激发成就感和获得感,以适应产业经济发展的转型升级和对人才的新要求。

论世界模型的隐私机制及其法律规制

所谓世界模型,是指能够对物理世界和人类社会进行模拟和理解的人工智能技术图景。Sora、V-JEPA和Genie等新兴人工智能技术,皆以世界模型作为它们的技术原理和发展方向。本文试图从世界模型的整体发展趋势出发,研究其技术机制将如何影响人类社会的隐私机制,进而探讨隐私权以及相关法律制度可能给予的回应。目前人工智能领域存在两种主流世界模型路径,可分别把它们概括为“模拟式世界模型”和“理解式世界模型”。进而指出,世界模型的技术机制可以类比理解为人类社会的四种隐私机制,即:对世界现象的还原,对因果关系的探究,对世界现象的虚构,对社会人格的伪装。并预测随着世界模型的技术发展以及相应社会变迁,现有隐私权制度将进一步被弱化,而个人信息法和数据法将承担起更主要的隐私法律规制功能。因此提出以下建议:国家应该加强对个人信息的行政规制,即在公法层面细化个人信息的类型和行为规范;针对世界模型应用的具体场景和媒介,立法者和监管者应当提供差异化的行为规范和主体责任模式;法律应该针对世界模型隐私问题建立“多方参与治理模式”,鼓励所有社会主体积极参与技术和法律的互动过程。