Synergistic effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria javanica and low doses of dinotefuran on the efficient control of the rice pest Sogatella furcifera

The rice planthopper,Sogatella furcifera,is a piercing-sucking insect pest of rice,Oryza sativa.It is responsible for significant crop yield losses,and has developed moderate to high resistance to several commonly used chemical insecticides.We investigated the effects of the insect fungal pathogen Isaria javanica,alone and in combination with the chemical insecticide dinotefuran,on S.furcifera under both laboratory and field conditions.Our results show that I.javanica displays high infection efficiency and mortality for different stages of S.furcifera,reducing adult survival,female oviposition and ovary development.Laboratory bioassays showed that the combined use of I.javanica with a low dose(4-16 mg L^(-1))of dinotefuran resulted in higher mortality in S.furcifera than the use of I.javanica or dinotefuran alone.The combined treatment also had more significant effects on several host enzymes,including superoxide dismutase,catalase,peroxidase,and prophenol oxidase activities.In field trials,I.javanica effectively suppressed populations of rice planthoppers to low levels(22-64%of the level in untreated plots).Additional field experiments showed synergistic effects,i.e.,enhanced efficiency,for the control of S.furcifera populations using the combination of a low dose of I.javanica(1×10^(4) conidia mL^(-1))and a low dose of dinotefuran(~4.8-19.2%of normal field use levels),with control effects of>90%and a population level under 50 insects per 100 hills at 3-14 days post-treatment.Our findings indicate that the entomogenous fungus I.javanica offers an attractive biological control addition as part of the integrated pest management(IPM)practices for the control of rice plant pests.

High Yield Cultivation and Pest Control Technology of Cashew

In order to enhance the yield and quality of cashew,it is essential to implement high-yield cultivation techniques effectively throughout the production process.Additionally,pest control measures should be employed to provide technical support for the industrialized development of cashew.

Regional selection of insecticides and fungal biopesticides to control aphids and thrips and improve the forage quality of alfalfa crops

The efficacies of biological and conventional chemical insecticides against two major insect pests of alfalfa(aphids and thrips)were compared in three sites across China’s alfalfa belt.In addition,the persistence of the residues of chemical insecticides in alfalfa and their influence on the quality of alfalfa hay were examined.Efficacy varied among the different biological and chemical insecticides.The chemical insecticides were significantly more effective than biopesticides in a short time-frame.The efficacy period of biopesticides was significantly longer than that of chemical insecticides,and the corrected mortality rate of aphids in all regions was above 50%at 14 days after application.The analysis of pesticide residues showed that the residual doses of all the pesticides were within the allowed ranges after the safe period.The acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents in alfalfa hay were higher and the protein content was lower in chemical insecticide treatments than in biopesticide treatments in Hebei.The relative feeding value of alfalfa hay treated with Metarhizium anisopliae IPP330189 was the highest among the treatments.Compared with chemical insecticides,the yield of alfalfa hay was higher in the biopesticides treatments.Biopesticides show a stronger control effect on insect populations and also a better improvement in the quality of alfalfa hay than chemical insecticides.This study provides a basis for exploring and developing a comprehensive control regime for alfalfa insect pests in the different alfalfa-growing regions in China,and for reducing chemical insecticide usage and improving forage quality.

Tending Management and Pest Control Measures of Pinus koraiensis during Its Growth Period

Tending management and pest control directly affect forest construction.Not only sustainable growth of timber but also continuous and permanent use of green mountains and water can be achieved by providing tending management measures for sustainable operations and implementing effective pest control measures.According to the demand of production practice,this paper studies the tending management and pest control measures of Pinus koraiensis forest during its growth period,so as to provide important scientific support for improving the quality of P.koraiensis forest in the future.

Host-induced silencing of MpPar6 confers Myzus persicae resistance in transgenic rape plants

Plant-mediated RNA interference(RNAi)has emerged as a promising technology for insect control.The green peach aphid,Myzus persicae,feeds on over 400 species of host plants.Brassica napus(rape)is the second most important oilseed crop worldwide.Myzus persicae is highly reproductive and causes severe damage to the rape plants due to its quite flexible life cycle.In this study,we tested the RNAi effects of transgenic rape plants on M.persicae.By in vitro feeding M.persicae with artificial diets containing double-stranded RNAs(dsRNAs)targeting seven aphid genes,we identified a new gene encoding the partitioning-defective protein 6(Par6)as the most potent RNAi target.Tissue-and stage-expression analysis of Par6 suggested this gene is highly expressed in the embryo and adult stage of M.persicae.We next generated transgenic rape plants expressing ds Par6 by Agrobacteriummediated transformation and obtained nine independent transgenic lines.Compared to wild-type control plants,transgenic rape lines expressing ds Par6 showed strong resistance to M.persicae.Feeding assays revealed that feeding transgenic rape plants to M.persicae significantly decreased MpPar6 expression and survival rate and impaired fecundity.Furthermore,we showed that the resistance levels to M.persicae are positively correlated with ds Par6 expression levels in transgenic rape plants.Our study demonstrates that transgenic rape plants expressing ds Par6 are efficiently protected from M.persicae.Interfering with the genes involved in embryo development could be the effective RNAi targets for controlling aphids and potentially other insect pests.

Evaluation of soil flame disinfestation(SFD) for controlling weeds,nematodes and fungi

Soil flame disinfestation(SFD) is a form of physical disinfestation that can be used both in greenhouses and on field crops. Its use for soil disinfestation in different crop growing conditions makes it increasingly attractive for controlling soilborne pathogens and weeds. But little is known about the effect on weeds and soilbrone diseases. This study reports on greenhouses and field crops in China that determined the efficacy of SFD to control weeds, nematodes and fungi. It also determined the impact of SFD on the soil physical and chemical properties(water content, bulk density, NO3^–-N content, NH4^+-N content, conductivity and organic matter) in three field trials. A second generation SFD machine was used in these trials. SFD treatment significantly reduced weeds(>87.8%) and root-knot nematodes(Meloidogyne incognita)(>98.1%). Plant height and crop yield was significantly increased with SFD treatment. NO3^–-N and NH4^+-N increased after the SFD treatment, and there was also an increase in soil conductivity. Water content, bulk density and organic matter decreased significantly in the soil after the SFD treatment compared to the control. Soil flame disinfestation is a potential technique for controlling weeds and diseases in greenhouses or in fields. SFD is a non-chemical, safe, environmentally-friendly soil disinfection method.

RNA interference in Colorado potato beetle(Leptinotarsa decemlineata): A potential strategy for pest control

Colorado potato beetle(CPB),Leptinotarsa decemlineata,is a notorious destructive pest that mainly feeds on the leaves of potato and several other solanaceous plants.CPB is widely recognized for its adaptation to a remarkable variety of host plants and diverse climates,and its high resistance to insecticides and Bacillus thuringiensis toxins.RNA interference(RNAi)is a sequence-specific,endogenous gene silencing mechanism evoked by small RNA molecules that is used as a robust tool for virus and pest control.RNAi has been extensively tested for CPB management by employing various target genes and delivery methods.This article reviews the screening of RNAi target genes,efficient RNAi delivery systems,and factors affecting RNAi efficiency in CPB,which may help understand the mechanisms of RNAi and its application in CPB control strategy.

Evaluation of Control Effects against Sugarcane Pests：A New Sustained-release and Long-lasting Pesticide and Convenient and Efficient Pesticide Application Technology

[Objective]The paper was to screen a new ideal sustained-release,long-lasting and low-toxic pesticide and convenient and efficient pesticide application technology for controlling Ceratovacuna lanigera and Baliathrips serratus. [Method]2% Imidacloprid GR were selected and applied in the soil for field efficacy trial. [Result] The optimum dosage of 2% imidacloprid GR was 30 kg/hm^2（ active ingredient 600 g）,which can be mixed with fertilizer（ 30 kg pesticide and 40-80 kg fertilizer per hm^2） once combined with sugarcane planting management or big ridging during February and June. The control effects against C. lanigera and B. serratus could be more than 98. 2% and 81. 1%,respectively. The actual yield and sugar content in various pesticide treatments were increased by 33 390 kg/hm^2 and 6. 6% respectively compared to blank control. [Conclusion]2% imidacloprid GR has good control effects on C. lanigera and B. serratus. It is a new pesticide with ideal sustained-release,long-lasting and low-toxin effects against C. lanigera and B. serratus. Therefore,it could be used alternatively with other pesticides,to delay production and development of drug resistance.

Dynamic models of pest propagation and pest control

This paper proposes a pest propagation model to investigate the evolution behaviours of pest aggregates. A pest aggregate grows by self-monomer birth, and it may fragment into two smaller ones. The kinetic evolution behaviours of pest aggregates are investigated by the rate equation approach based on the mean-field theory. For a system with a self-birth rate kernel I（k） = Ik and a fragmentation rate kernel L（i,j） = L, we find that the total number MoA（t） and the total mass of the pest aggregates MA （t） both increase exponentially with time if L ≠ 0. Furthermore, we introduce two catalysis-driven monomer death mechanisms for the former pest propagation model to study the evolution behaviours of pest aggregates under pesticide and natural enemy controlled pest propagation. In the pesticide controlled model with a catalyzed monomer death rate kernel J1 （k） ---- J1 k, it is found that only when I 〈 J1 B0 （B0 is the concentration of catalyst aggregates） can the pests be killed off. Otherwise, the pest aggregates can survive. In the model of pest control with a natural enemy, a pest aggregate loses one of its individuals and the number of natural enemies increases by one. For this system, we find that no matter how many natural enemies there are at the beginning, pests will be eliminated by them eventually.

Genetically Engineered Corn Rootworm Resistance: Potential for Reduction of Human Health Effects From Pesticides

Objective and Methods Insecticide use, grower preferences regarding genetically engineered (GE) corn resistant to com rootworm (CRW), and the health effects of using various CRW insecticides (organophosphates, pyrethroids, fipronil and carbamates) are reviewed for current and future farm practices. Results Pest damage to corn has been reduced only one-third by insecticide applications. Health costs from insecticide use appear significant, but costs attributable to CRW control are not quantifiable from available data. Methods reducing health-related costs of insecticide-based CRW control should be evaluated. As a first step, organophosphate insecticide use has been reduced as they have high acute toxicity and risk of long-term neurological consequences. A second step is to use agents which more specifically target the CRW. Conclusion Whereas current insecticides may be poisonous to many species of insects, birds, mammals and humans, a protein derived from Bacillus thurigiensis and produced in plants via genetic modification can target the specific insect of CRW (Coleoptra), sparing other insect and non-insect species from injury.

A New Strategy of Insect Pest Control:Down-regulating Cotton Bollworm Gene Expression by Engineering Plant Double Stranded RNA

Cotton bollworm(Helicoverpa armigera) is an important agricultural pest that causes severe yield loss to crops,particularly to cotton.Transgenic Bt crops have been successful in

Preliminary Study on Prevention and Control against Pests in Actinidia Plants in Lushan Botanical Garden of China

Survey on pests in Actinidia plants in Lushan botanical garden of China found that the insects causing damage on Actinidia plants mainly were grasshop- pers, scarabs, stinkbugs, leafhoppers, larvae of butterflies and moths, leaf milers and borers, belonging to 50 species and 23 families. According to the regularity of their reproduction and development, as well as the characteristics of pest d mnages on plants, chemical agents were applied in flower bud expansion stage and early fruit setting stage of Actinidia plants. The results showed that rational application of chemical agents before and after flowering stage could effectively control largescale occurrence of pests.

Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHPs) Registered andTheir Use in Sub-Saharan Africa

To sustain agricultural production,pesticides are highly recommanded.In sub-Saharan Africa,two regulatory bodies are in charge of pesticide registration,for more than 10 years of duty,the impact of their activity has not yet best carried out.The present investigation aimed to evaluate the evolution in the quality of pesticides in agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa.Registration of pesticides began in Cameroon in 1996.There,less than 5%of pesticides used in 2004 were registered and more than 80%of producers were not aware of this legal process.In 2014,85%of pesticides used are registered.In sub-Saharan Africa,Highly Hazardous Pesticides(HHPs)registered are rondenticides,insecticides and nematocides.They are frequently used for the protection of stored products.Ilicit Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs)(heptachlore,chlorobenzene)and HHP(alluminium phosphide,terbufos,abamectine,ethropophos,etc.)are frequently used to protect stored grains.And 40%are registered for use in intensive bananas production(28%for nematodes control alone and 10%for control of both insects and nematodes).Moreover,20%of HHPs registered are for the control of rondents.

Control Procedures for Pests and Diseases in Protected Cultivation of Grape

Abstract According to rules in GB/T 1.1 - 2009 Directives for The Work of Standardization Unit I ： Structure and Writing of Standards, based on occurrence characteristics of major peats and diseases in protected cultivation of grape and the actual condition of production in Yancheng City of Jiangsu Province of China, the control procedures for pests and diseases in protected cultivation of grape in Yancheng City are developed in the paper.

Potential Insecticidal Effect of a Wasp (Polistes dominulus) and a Bee (Apis mellifera) Venoms in Controlling Spodoptera littoralis

Cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis, is considered one of the most common arthropod pests that contribute to crop devastation of cotton. Previously, agricultural pests were controlled through the application of chemical insecticides. However, insecticide-resistant insect populations emergence, as well as increasing concerns about the environmental and human health risks. Venomous animals introduce valuable sources of bioactive compounds which are employed for defence. Some of these toxins have high phyletic specificity, making them appropriate for use in IPM programs. This study aims to test the insecticidal effects of Polistes dominulus and Apis mellifera venoms. Crude venoms were examined for their insecticidal effect against cotton leaf worms by four different application methods including: leaf dipping, integument dropping, spraying, and injection. The data demonstrated a strong response to purified (Polistes dominulus) venom at an initial time than that of honey bee (Apis mellifera) which increases response with increasing the dose and the time interval. A dosage of 0.015 - 0.16 ml of both venoms had notably varied in LD50 values on Spodoptera littoralis that showed higher wasp venom toxicity. Cotton leaf worms showed more susceptibility and mortality to the Polistes sp. venom than that of honey bees.

Empirical Analysis of Forest Pest Control Efficiency from 2003 to 2014 in China

Three indexes including forest pest occurrence area,control area and input fund of 31 provinces from 2003 to 2014 were selected from Forestry Statistical Yearbook,to establish dynamic interaction index evaluation system with clustering robust regression model and Stata 13. 0 software. Total forest pest control efficiency in China was determined according to the computing result of entropy method. Suggestions such as improving forest pest control efficiency,increasing service efficiency and input amount of forest pest control input funds were put forward. It will provide empirical basis for target management evaluation of forest pest control work and accountability system.

Hazard Analysis and Primary Prevention and Treatment Report of Diseases and Pests in Export Blueberry Base in Majiang County

To fully understand occurrence and damage status of pests and diseases in export blueberry,systematic survey was conducted in Majiang export blueberry bases in Guizhou Province from 2012 to 2015. A total of 21 kinds of pests and diseases were found on blueberry,including 10 kinds of diseases and 11 kinds of pests. Comprehensive analysis of pests and diseases and their damage degree revealed that pests and diseases causing severe damage were gray mold,scarab and fruit fly,while gray mold and fruit fly might seriously affect the export of blueberry. The prevention and control measures against gray mold and fruit fly were summarized.

Occurrence Dynamics and Control of 6 Sugarcane Pests with Potential Threats

In recent years,with the adjustment of agricultural structure,the change of planting system,the continuous cropping phenomenon and the abnormal climate and environment have provided favorable conditions for the spread,reproduction and survival of sugarcane pests. The pest species that are harmful to sugarcane have increased,which pose potential threats to sugar cane production. Therefore,the occurrence dynamics and control of 6 sugarcane pests with potential threats were studied in order to prospectively grasp the dynamics of sugarcane pests,scientifically and effectively prevent and control sugarcane pests,and ensure the safety of sugarcane production.

借鉴Project Controlling模式浅析监理智动化的战略发展

本文从我国监理行业现存的突出问题入手,提出了监理行业亟待进行战略选择的观点;通过利用PEST战略分析工具对监理行业发展方向进行初步战略分析,确定监理工作的核心战略点可借鉴Project Controlling模式,提升监理的智能化和科技化比重,提出监理智动化的战略构想,继而通过SWOT分析印证该战略构想的实用性。

Dynamics and diversity of symbiotic bacteria in Apolygus lucorum at different developmental stages

Background Apolygus lucorum is a worldwide omnivorous pest damaging a range of crops and causing great economic losses.Symbiotic bacteria living in insects play a key role in the nutrition,physiology,and behavior of hosts.Here,we present an experiment using Illumina HiSeq sequencing targeting the V3–V4 regions of bacteria’s 16S rRNA throughout the entire life cycle of A.lucorum.Results The first and second instar nymphs have the largest alpha diversity compared with other life stages of the insect.Bacterial phyla Proteobacteria(72.29%),Firmicutes(15.24%),Actinobacteria(7.76%)exhibit the largest relative abundance in all developmental stages.Erwinia(23.97%)and Lactococcus(10.62%)are the two genera with the high-est relative abundance.The relative abundance of Erwinia in the nymph stage is significantly greater than the adult stage,and the relative abundance of Lactococcus in 6-day-old and 9-day-old adult females is higher compared with adult males.Conclusions These results reveal that microbial community composition and relative abundance shift dynamically at different life stages,implying that different bacterial phyla and genera may have specific roles in specific life stages such as metabolism,nutrition absorption,detoxification,and reproduction.This study reveals for the first time the community composition and ecological dynamics of symbiotic bacteria throughout the life stages of A.lucorum,and thus may provide insight to new strategies for pest control.