Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Insulin Degludec and Liraglutide Injection in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Objective To analyze the cost-effectiveness of insulin degludec and liraglutide injection(IDegLira)compared with insulin glargine plus insulin aspart(IGar plus IAsp)in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)based on the price of IDegLira before and after it was successfully admitted to the National Reimbursable Drug List(NRDL).Methods Cost and effectiveness parameters were obtained through systematic retrieval from PubMed,ScienceDirect,CNKI,and Wanfang database.A cost-effectiveness analysis(CEA)model was established to analyze the economics using IDegLira for T2DM patients with 1 to 5 years of medication.Results and Conclusion Before IDegLira was admitted to NRDL,its economic advantages over the IGlar plus Iasp regimen became more significant as patients’medication time prolonged.After being admitted to NRDL,with 1 year of medication,the medical cost of IDegLira decreased by 2853.91 yuan and the quality adjusted life years(QALY)increased by 0.12055 than IGar plus IAsp.The sensitivity analysis was highly consistent with the results of the baseline result.After being admitted to NRDL,for patients with T2DM who have poor blood glucose control,IDegLira is absolutely an economic advantage scheme compared with IGar plus IAsp.

The Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Percutaneous Transhepatic Metal Versus Plastic Biliary Stent Implantation for Treating Malignant Biliary Obstruction (Multiple Center Investigation)

Objective: To compare metal versus plastic biliary stent implantation for treatment of malignant biliary obstruction in cost-effectiveness ratio (CER). Methods: Percutaneous transhepatic self-expandable metal stent (MS, n=61) or 10F plastic stent (PS, n=34) implantation was performed in 95 patients with malignant biliary obstruction in three hospitals of Guangdong province. All patients were followed up until death or at least one year after the procedure. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the survival and stent patency rates of the patients in the two groups. CERs of two groups were calculated. The main indexes were CERsurvival period (total cost/median survival period), CERpatency period (total cost/median patency period). Results: The total costs of treatment were 53177±3139 yuan (RMB) in MS group and 42564±4950 yuan (RMB) in PS group respectively (P>0.05). CER in MS group was superior to that in PS group (CERsurvival period was 237.4 yuan /d vs 452.6 yuan /d, respectively; CERpatency period was 231.2 yuan /d vs 472.9 yuan /d, respectively). Conclusion: The metal stent implantation is superior to the plastic stent in the CER for treatment of malignant biliary obstruction.

Economic Analysis Study of Agricultural and Solar Complementary System

Agro-photovoltaic complementary system(APCS)is an innovative land use model combining agricultural production with photovoltaic power generation,aiming to realize dual land use and improve land use efficiency and economic benefits by installing photovoltaic panels on farmland.With the growth of global energy demand and the intensification of climate change,agro-photovoltaic(APV)systems have received widespread attention as a sustainable energy solution.Studies have shown that agro-photovoltaic systems exhibit significant economic benefits in different regions and crop types.Through reasonable system design and optimization,the agricultural and photovoltaic complementary system is not only technically feasible,but also has significant economic advantages,which provides a strong support for achieving the goal of sustainable development.

High-resolution microendoscopy for esophageal cancer screening in China: A cost-effectiveness analysis

AIM:To study the cost-effectiveness of high-resolution microendoscopy(HRME)in an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)screening program in China.METHODS:A decision analytic Markov model of ESCC was developed.Separate model analyses were conducted for cohorts consisting of an averagerisk population or a high-risk population in China.Hypothetical 50-year-old individuals were followed until age 80 or death.We compared three different strategies for both cohorts:(1)no screening;(2)standard endoscopic screening with Lugol’s iodine staining;and(3)endoscopic screening with Lugol’s iodine staining and an HRME.Model parameters were estimated from the literature as well as from GLOBOCAN,the Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide cancer database.Health states in the model included non-neoplasia,mild dysplasia,moderate dysplasia,high-grade dysplasia,intramucosal carcinoma,operable cancer,inoperable cancer,and death.Separate ESCC incidence transition rates were generated for the average-risk and high-risk populations.Costs in Chinese currency were converted to international dollars(I$)and were adjusted to 2012dollars using the Consumer Price Index.RESULTS:The main outcome measurements for this study were quality-adjusted life years(QALYs)and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER).For the average-risk population,the HRME screening strategy produced 0.043 more QALYs than the no screening strategy at an additional cost of I$646,resulting in an ICER of I$11808 per QALY gained.Standard endoscopic screening was weakly dominated.Among the high-risk population,when the HRME screening strategy was compared with the standard screening strategy,the ICER was I$8173 per QALY.For both the high-risk and average-risk screening populations,the HRME screening strategy appeared to be the most cost-effective strategy,producing ICERs below the willingness-topay threshold,I$23500 per QALY.One-way sensitivity analysis showed that,for the average-risk population,higher specificity of Lugol’s iodine(>40%)and lower specificity of HRME(<70%)could make Lugol’s iodine screening cost-effective.For the high-risk population,the results of the model were not substantially affected by varying the follow-up rate after Lugol’s iodine screening,Lugol’s iodine test characteristics(sensitivity and specificity),or HRME specificity.CONCLUSION:The incorporation of HRME into an ESCC screening program could be cost-effective in China.Larger studies of HRME performance are needed to confirm these findings.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of population-based screening of hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparing ultrasonography with two-stage screening

AIM: To assess the cost-effectiveness of two populationbased hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) screening programs, two-stage biomarker-ultrasound method and mass screening using abdominal ultrasonography(AUS).METHODS: In this study, we applied a Markov decision model with a societal perspective and a lifetime horizon for the general population-based cohorts in an area with high HCC incidence, such as Taiwan. The accuracy of biomarkers and ultrasonography was estimated from published meta-analyses. The costs of surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment were based on a combination of published literature, Medicare payments, and medical expenditure at the National Taiwan University Hospital. The main outcome measure was cost per lifeyear gained with a 3% annual discount rate. RESULTS: The results show that the mass screening using AUS was associated with an incremental costeffectiveness ratio of USD39825 per life-year gained, whereas two-stage screening was associated with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of USD49733 per life-year gained, as compared with no screening. Screening programs with an initial screening age of 50 years old and biennial screening interval were the most cost-effective. These findings were sensitive to the costs of screening tools and the specificity of biomarker screening.CONCLUSION: Mass screening using AUS is more cost effective than two-stage biomarker-ultrasound screening. The most optimal strategy is an initial screening age at 50 years old with a 2-year inter-screening interval.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of tele-retinopathy of prematurity screening in Iran

AIM:To conduct a cost-utility analysis of the teleretinopathy of prematurity(ROP)screening program against no screening.METHODS:A decision tree model was developed to identify and treat the infants with threshold ROP through the tele-screening system compared with no screening program from the societal perspective.We used the quality adjusted life years(QALY)index to measure the scenarios’effectiveness,which was discounted for the future years by 0.058.One hundred twenty-six randomly selected newborns with ROP required treatment were investigated to extract the treatment information.We considered the direct medical and non-medical costs in cost calculations analysed by the bottom-up approach.The figures of the model’s inputs were calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation that generated 1000 random iteration of the data,and a one-way sensitivity analysis was performed on the model to cope with the potential uncertainties.RESULTS:The total and per capita needed the budget to establish a tele-ROP screening system were estimated at over 1.5 million and 35.13 USD,respectively.The total cost of identifying and treating an ROP case in tele-screening and no screening strategies were obtained as 108.72 and 63.52 USD,respectively,and their lifetime discounted QALY gained were calculated as 15.39 and 15.11,respectively.Therefore,incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER)of tele-screening strategy against the competitive strategy was achieved as 161.43 USD.CONCLUSION:Tele-ROP screening program is one of the most cost-effective interventions in the Iranian health system and has a high priority to receive a budget for implementation.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF AIR DEFENSE SURVEILLANCE RADARS

This paper is a study of the quantitative evaluation on the cost-effectiveness of air defense surveillance radars. The composition of life cycle cost of the radar is analysed at first. Then the radar performance and effectiveness formulas are derived. By calculating the values of many radars' cost, performance and effectiveness, tendency curves are plotted. The application of cost-effectiveness calculation and the tendency curves in radar system analysis is discussed at last.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Atezolizumab plus Pemetrexed and Platinum in First-Line Treatment of Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in China

Objective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of atezolizumab plus pemetrexed and platinum-based (APP) in the first-line treatment of non-squamous non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: A partitioned survival model (PSM) was constructed based on the IMpower132 clinical trial. Total cost, quality- adjusted life years (QALY), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were the main outputs of the model. Deterministic sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were adopted to test the uncertainty of the parameters. Results: The results of the base-case analysis illustrated that compared with PP, the incremental cost of APP was CNY 591040.94, the incremental utility was 0.46 QALY, and the ICER was CNY 1291414.83/QALY. Deterministic sensitivity analysis results illustrated that atezolizumab and other parameters have a greater impact on ICER. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis results show that no matter how each parameter changes, under the willingness to pay threshold of 3-times Chinese per capita GDP, the probability of APP has cost-effectiveness is 0. Conclusion: From the perspective of the Chinese health system, APP is not cost-effective for first-line treatment of non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer without sensitizing EGFR or ALK genetic alterations.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of different anesthesia strategies for transperineal MRI/US fusion prostate biopsy

This study aims to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of three different anesthesia strategies,namely chatting while under local anesthesia(Chat-LA),total intravenous anesthesia(TIVA),and general anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway(GA-LMA),employed in transperineal magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)/ultrasound(US)fusion prostate biopsy(TP-MUF-PB).A retrospective study was conducted involving 1202 patients who underwent TP-MUF-PB from June 2016 to April 2023 at The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University(Suzhou,China).Clinical data and outcomes,including total costs,complications,and quality-adjusted life years(QALYs),were compared.Probability sensitivity and subgroup analyses were also performed.Chat-LA was found to be the most cost-effective option,outperforming both TIVA and GA-LMA.However,subgroup analyses revealed that in younger patients(under 65 years old)and those with smaller prostate volumes(<40 ml),TIVA emerged as a more cost-effective strategy.While Chat-LA may generally be the most cost-effective and safer anesthesia method for TP-MUF-PB,personalization of anesthesia strategies is crucial,considering specific patient demographics such as age and prostate volume.

Analysis of a Community-based Intervention to Reduce Heat-related Illness during Heat Waves in Licheng,China:a Quasi-experimental Study

Objective To reduce health-related threats of heat waves, interventions have been implemented in many parts of the world. However, there is a lack of higher-level evidence concerning the intervention efficacy. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of an intervention to reduce the number of heat-related illnesses. Methods A quasi-experimental design was employed by two cross-sectional surveys in the year 2024 and 2015, including 2,240 participants and 2,356 participants, respectively. Each survey was designed to include one control group and one intervention group, which conducted in Licheng, China. A representative sample was selected using a multistage sampling method. Data, collected from questionnaires about heat waves in 2014 and 2015, were analyzed using a difference-in-difference analysis and cost effectiveness analysis. Outcomes included changes in the prevalence of heat-related illnesses and cost-effectiveness variables. Results Relative to the control participants, the prevalence of heat-related illness in the intervention participants decreased to a greater extent in rural areas than in urban areas （OR=0.495 vs. OR=2.282）. Moreover, the cost-effectiveness ratio in the intervention group was tess than that in the control group （usS25.06 vs. us$25.69 per participant）. Furthermore, to avoid one additional patient, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio showed that an additional USS14.47 would be needed for the intervention compared to when no intervention was applied. Conclusion The intervention program may be considered a worthwhile investment for rural areas that are more likely to experience heat waves. Meanwhile, corresponding improving measures should be presented towards urban areas. Future research should examine whether the intervention strategies could be spread out in other domestic or international regions where heat waves are usually experienced.

Cost effectiveness analysis of population-based serology screening and ^(13)C-Urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori to prevent gastric cancer:A markov model

AIM:To compare the costs and effectiveness of no screening and no eradication therapy, the population- based Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) serology screening with eradication therapy and 13C-Urea breath test (UBT) with eradication therapy. METHODS:A Markov model simulation was carried out in all 237 900 Chinese males with age between 35 and 44 from the perspective of the public healthcare provider in Singapore. The main outcome measures were the costs, number of gastric cancer cases prevented, life years saved, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained from screening age to death. The uncertainty surrounding the cost-effectiveness ratio was addressed by one-way sensitivity analyses. RESULTS:Compared to no screening, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $16 166 per life year saved or $13 571 per QALY gained for the serology screening, and $38 792 per life year saved and $32 525 per QALY gained for the UBT. The ICER was $477 079 per life year saved or $390 337 per QALY gained for the UBT compared to the serology screening. The cost- effectiveness of serology screening over the UBT was robust to most parameters in the model. CONCLUSION:The population-based serologyscreening for H pylori was more cost-effective than the UBT in prevention of gastric cancer in Singapore Chinese males.

Desalination and Alternative Water-Shortage Mitigation Options in Israel: A Comparative Cost Analysis

Costs for seawater desalination have dropped significantly over the past decade due to technological advances. This has increased the attractiveness of desalination to policy-makers as a means to address water supply shortages. Israel, a country that faces chronic water scarcity, is in the process of developing wide-scale desalination capacity that is projected to supply all of the nation's domestic water use within a few years. Two issues are often neglected, however, by policy-makers pursuing desalination. The first is that seawater desalination is associated with a number of external costs, consideration of which may influence the optimal scale and timing of desalination implementation. The second is that alternative measures for managing water scarcity, including conservation techniques, are often more cost-efficient. This study estimates the full cost of desalination in Israel, including externalities, and then compares this to the costs of several alternative options for addressing water scarcity, including both demand management and supply augmentation measures. We find that desalination, despite being the primary policy option pursued by Israel, is among the least cost-efficient of all the alternatives considered, even without taking into account the externalities involved.

Cost-effectiveness of enhanced liver fibrosis test to assess liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus and alcoholic liver disease patients

AIM To assess liver fibrosis(LF) in hepatitis C virus(HCV) and alcoholic liver disease(ALD), estimate health outcomes and costs of new noninvasive testing strategies METHODS A Markov model was developed to simulate LF progression in HCV and ALD for a cohort of 40-yearold men with abnormal levels of transaminases. Three different testing alternatives were studied: a single liver biopsy; annual Enhanced liver fibrosis(ELF?) followed by liver stiffness measurement(LSM) imaging as a confirmation test if the ELF test is positive; and annual ELF test without LSM. The analysis was performed from the perspective of a university hospital in Spain.Clinical data were obtained from published literature. Costs were sourced from administrative databases of the hospital. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.RESULTS In HCV patients, annual sequential ELF test/LSM and annual ELF test alone prevented respectively 12.9 and 13.3 liver fibrosis-related deaths per 100 persons tested, compared to biopsy. The incremental costeffectiveness ratios(ICERs) were respectively €13400 and €11500 per quality-adjusted life year(QALY). In ALD, fibrosis-related deaths decreased by 11.7 and 22.1 per 100 persons tested respectively with sequential ELF test/LSM and annual ELF test alone. ICERs were €280 and €190 per QALY, respectively.CONCLUSION The use of the ELF test with or without a confirmation LSM are cost-effective options compared to a single liver biopsy for testing liver fibrosis in HCV and ALD patients in Spain.

Cost-Utility Analysis of Liraglutide in Type 2 Diabetes Patients in China after Chinese Reformation of Medical Care System

Objectives: The cost-utility analysis of Liraglutide is aimed at evaluating whether Liraglutide is cost-effective or not after Chinese reformation on medical insurance. The analysis is based on the results of clinical trial conducted in Asia. Methods: We applied a Markov model to estimate the quality-adjusted life years, medical cost and incidence of diabetes-related complications for patients receiving the Liraglutide as an add-on to the metformin treatment. Baseline characteristics were taken from a China’s study while the treatment effect is from an Asian study. The related medical cost and utility score were obtained from a local study in China. Having set 30 years’ simulations, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated comparing with glimepiride treatment. The ratio would be compared with the willingness to pay for a quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) which is three times of the GDP per capita in Beijing. Sensitivity analysis was also performed. Result: During a period of 30 years, the base-case analysis which takes discount rate at 3% shows that Liraglutide 1.8 mg results in an average incremental cost of CNY 82,671.49, an improvement in 0.12 QALYs and a reduction of incidence of diabetes-related complications comparing to glimepiride. The associated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio is CNY 688,929.08. Conclusion: Long-term project shows that taking Liraglutide as an add-on to the metformin treatment will lead to increasing quality-adjusted life years and reduction of incidence of diabetes-related complications. When the price of Liraglutide is reduced by 43 percent in China’s yuan, Liraglutide will be cost-effective in China from the healthcare system perspective taking three times of GDP per capita as our WTP threshold.

Cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination of children in China:a modeling analysis

Background China has a high burden of influenza-associated illness among children.We aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of introducing government-funded influenza vaccination to children in China(fully-funded policy)compared with the status quo(self-paid policy).Methods A decision tree model was developed to calculate the economic and health outcomes,from a societal perspective,using national-and provincial-level data.The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER)[incremental costs per quality-adjusted life year(QALY)gained]was used to compare the fully-funded policy with the self-paid policy under the willingness-to-pay threshold equivalent to national and provincial GDP per capita.Sensitivity analyses were performed and various scenarios were explored based on real-world conditions,including incorporating indirect effect into the analysis.Results Compared to the self-paid policy,implementation of a fully-funded policy could prevent 1,444,768[95%uncertainty range(UR):1,203,446-1,719,761]symptomatic cases,92,110(95%UR:66,953-122,226)influenza-related hospitalizations,and 6494(95%UR:4590-8962)influenza-related death per season.The fully-funded policy was cost-effective nationally(7964 USD per QALY gained)and provincially for 13 of 31 provincial-level administrative divisions(PLADs).The probability of a funded vaccination policy being cost-effective was 56.5%nationally,and the probability in 9 of 31 PLADs was above 75%.The result was most sensitive to the symptomatic influenza rate among children under 5 years[ICER ranging from−25,612(cost-saving)to 14,532 USD per QALY gained].The ICER of the fully-funded policy was substantially lower(becoming cost-saving)if the indirect effects of vaccination were considered.Conclusions Introducing a government-funded influenza policy for children is cost-effective in China nationally and in many PLADs.PLADs with high symptomatic influenza rate and influenza-associated mortality would benefit the most from a government-funded influenza vaccination program.

Considering the cost-effectiveness of statins in family practice in Turkey from a payer perspective

The percentage of mortality caused by cardio-vascular events in European Countries and European Union Countries is respectively 49% and 42% of all mortality causes. Our estimates about cardiovascular mortality in Turkey depend on TEKHARF (Hearth Disease and Risk Factors in Turkish Adults) which depended on a 12 year observation. It has been reported that cardio-vascular mortality rates for Turkey in men and women were 0.082% and 0.043% respectively. In Turkey, Atorvastatin, Fluvastatin, Pravastatin, Rosuvastatin and Simvastatin are the different alternatives found in the statin market. All stat-ins are reimbursed by insurance companies. The aim of this study is to determine the cost- effectiveness of statins. In conclusion, simvas-tatin and rosuvastatin comprised the optimal two statin alternatives.

替雷利珠单抗较索拉非尼作为晚期不可切除肝细胞癌一线治疗的成本-效用分析

目的对比替雷利珠单抗与索拉非尼用于治疗一线治疗晚期不可切除肝细胞癌的成本-效用,从药物经济学的角度为治疗方案选择提供参考。方法采用分区生存模型,模拟10年内患者使用替雷利珠单抗或者索拉非尼的生存状态,分别计算成本和健康产出,获得增量成本效用比(ICUR)。以3倍的2022年我国人均国内生产总值(GDP)为意愿支付阈值(WTP)。结果在模拟期限内,替雷利珠单抗与索拉非尼方案ICUR为280691.4元/质量调整生命年(QALY),显著高于索拉非尼组,具有明显的经济性。单因素敏感性分析显示,替雷利珠单抗组三级以上不良反应发生率、替雷利珠单抗费用,索拉非尼组三级以上不良反应发生率是影响ICUR的重要因素。概率敏感性分析显示,在WTP为3倍GDP时,替雷利珠单抗有显著成本-效用优势,经济概率为81.4%,结果稳健。结论对于一线治疗晚期不可切除肝细胞癌,替雷利珠单抗比索拉非尼具有显著成本-效用优势。

氟替美维吸入粉雾剂治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的药物经济学评价

目的从我国卫生体系角度出发,评价氟替美维吸入粉雾剂治疗有急性加重风险的症状性慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的经济性。方法基于IMPACT研究中国亚组数据构建4个健康状态的Markov模型,循环周期设定为3个月,模型模拟期限11年,通过已发表文献获得临床疗效、健康收益及成本数据。健康产出指标为质量调整生命年(QALY),以3倍我国2023年人均国内生产总值(GDP)为意愿支付阈值,采用成本-效用分析法评价氟替美维的经济性,并采用情境分析、单因素敏感性分析和概率敏感性分析验证结果稳健性。结果与糠酸氟替卡松维兰特罗相比,氟替美维治疗有急性加重风险的症状性慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者可节省成本8118.66元,同时可以增加0.00006 QALYs,氟替美维具有经济学优势。与乌美溴铵维兰特罗相比,氟替美维治疗多支付了2784.41元,且少获得0.00045 QALYs,乌美溴铵维兰特罗更具经济性。情境分析结果进一步确定了模型的稳健性。敏感性分析结果显示,当氟替美维每周期药品成本下降至637.29元时,在3倍我国2023年人均GDP的意愿支付阈值下,氟替美维具有经济学效益。结论对于有急性加重风险的症状性慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者,氟替美维较糠酸氟替卡松维兰特罗更具经济性;而与乌美溴铵维兰特罗相比,氟替美维在适当降价后具有经济性。

益母草注射液药物经济学评价

目的:通过成本-效果和成本-效用分析评价益母草注射液联合缩宫素与缩宫素单独使用在预防产后出血和促进子宫复旧的经济学优劣,为医疗保险、药品支付制度改革以及缩宫产品等临床应用提供参考依据。方法:采用前瞻性队列研究设计,根据益母草注射液销售的地区和不同等级医院分布,随机选取全国25家医院2270例分娩产妇,其中自然分娩1100例,剖宫产1170例。根据生产过程中缩宫产品实际使用情况,不同分娩方式产妇均分为缩宫素单独使用和益母草注射液与缩宫素联合使用两个队列,自然分娩组中缩宫素单独使用队列578例,益母草注射液与缩宫素联合使用队列522例;剖宫产组中缩宫素单独使用队列601例,益母草注射液与缩宫素联合使用队列569例。以产后出血率、子宫复旧不良发生率、产后72 h宫底高度和恶露持续时间为效果指标,质量调整生命年(QALYs)为效用指标,进行成本-效果和成本-效用分析。结果:自然分娩组中缩宫素单独使用队列和益母草注射液与缩宫素联合使用队列产妇产后出血率分别为3.11%和2.49%,剖宫产组相应队列分别为2.33%和2.28%。与胎儿娩出时相比,无论何种分娩方式,益母草注射液与缩宫素联合使用队列产妇产后72 h宫底高度改善程度均优于缩宫素单独使用队列(自然分娩组4.0 vs.5.0,P=0.0005;剖宫产组4.93 vs.5.16,P=0.0567)。自然分娩和剖宫产组缩宫素单独使用队列子宫复旧不良发生率分别为11.94%和10.98%,均高于益母草注射液与缩宫素联合使用队列的8.62%和7.03%。采用生存分析方法对不同分娩方式中不同队列产妇恶露消失时间进行分析,自然分娩组和剖宫产组中益母草注射液与缩宫素联合使用队列产妇恶露中位消失时间均比缩宫素单独使用队列少1 d,log-rank检验P值分别为0.0159和0.8578。益母草注射液联合缩宫素使用效果优于缩宫素单独使用,但治疗成本相应提高(自然分娩组3842.8元vs.3901.14元;剖宫产组6106.7元vs.6510.5元),自然分娩组产后产后出血率、产后72 h宫底高度改善、子宫复旧不良发生率和恶露持续时间增量成本效果比(ICER)分别为94.11、58.35、17.58和58.35元;剖宫产组产后产后出血率、产后72 h宫底高度改善、子宫复旧不良发生率和恶露持续时间增量成本效果比(ICER)分别为8003、1755、101和400元。结论:在分娩中,益母草注射液与缩宫素联合使用相比于缩宫素单独使用,不但能减少缩宫素的使用次数和使用剂量,同时在降低产后出血率、子宫复旧等方面更有优势,具有一定的成本-效益。

基于Meta分析的止喘灵口服液治疗支气管哮喘(寒证、热证)的药物经济学评价

目的:从卫生体系的角度,评价止喘灵口服液治疗支气管哮喘(寒证、热证)的经济性。方法:系统梳理截至2023年4月各大数据库中关于止喘灵口服液治疗支气管哮喘的随机对照试验(对照组患者为西医常规治疗,观察组患者在对照组基础上加用止喘灵口服液),使用RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析。基于Meta分析的结果构建决策树模型,采用成本-效果分析方法,回顾性评价止喘灵口服液联合西医常规治疗方案治疗支气管哮喘(寒证、热证)的经济性。结果:共纳入6篇符合标准的文献进行Meta分析,结果表明,相较于对照组治疗方案,观察组方案治疗支气管哮喘(寒证、热证)的疗效更优。基于Meta分析结果进行成本-效果分析后发现,观察组治疗方案的成本参数为8869.41元,效果参数(总有效率)为95.88%;对照组治疗方案的成本参数为8777.01元,效果参数为77.25%。进一步计算得出其增量成本为92.40元,增量效果为18.63%,增量成本-效果比为495.97元/%。单因素敏感性分析表明,支气管哮喘治疗的平均费用对研究结果影响最大;概率敏感性分析表明,该研究结果相对稳健。结论:对于支气管哮喘(寒证、热证)患者,相较于单纯使用西医常规治疗方案,在常规治疗方案的基础上联合应用止喘灵口服液的经济性更好。