A novel phase-sensitive scanning near-field optical microscope

Phase is one of the most important parameters of electromagnetic waves. It is the phase distribution that determines the propagation, reflection, refraction, focusing, divergence, and coupling features of light, and further affects the intensity distribution. In recent years, the designs of surface plasmon polariton （SPP） devices have mostly been based on the phase modulation and manipulation. Here we demonstrate a phase sensitive multi-parameter heterodyne scanning near-field opti- cal microscope （SNOM） with an aperture probe in the visible range, with which the near field optical phase and amplitude distributions can be simultaneously obtained. A novel architecture combining a spatial optical path and a fiber optical path is employed for stability and flexibility. Two kinds of typical nano-photonic devices are tested with the system. With the phase-sensitive SNOM, the phase and amplitude distributions of any nano-optical field and localized field generated with any SPP nano-structures and irregular phase modulation surfaces can be investigated. The phase distribution and the interference pattern will help us to gain a better understanding of how light interacts with SPP structures and how SPP waves generate, localize, convert, and propagate on an SPP surface. This will be a significant guidance on SPP nano-structure design and optimization.

X-ray phase-sensitive microscope imaging with a grating interferometer:Theory and simulation

A general theoretical framework is presented to explain the formation of the phase signal in an x-ray microscope integrated with a grating interferometer,which simultaneously enables the high spatial resolution imaging and the improved image contrast.By using this theory,several key parameters of phase contrast imaging can be predicted,for instance,the fringe visibility and period,and the conversion condition from the differential phase imaging(DPI)to the phase difference imaging(PDI).Additionally,numerical simulations are performed with certain x-ray optical components and imaging geometry.Comparison with the available experimental measurement[Appl.Phys.Lett.113063105(2018)]demonstrates the accuracy of this developed quantitative analysis method of x-ray phase-sensitive microscope imaging.

Simulation of pre-precipitation in Ni_(75)Al_(14)Mo_(11) alloy by microscopic phase-field model

The early precipitation process of Ni（75）Al（14）Mo（11） alloy was simulated by microscopic phase-field model at different temperatures.The microstructure of the alloy,the precipitation time of Llo structure and occupation probability of the three kinds of atoms were investigated.It is indicated that the non-stoichiometric Ll0（Ⅰ/Ⅱ） phases are found in the precipitation process.With the temperature increasing,the appearance time of Ll0 is brought forward.The Ll0（Ⅱ） structure always precipitates earlier than the Ll0（Ⅰ） structure.Compared with lower temperature,higher temperature brings the formation time of Ll0 phase forward and makes Ll0 phase have a higher order degree.But lower temperature shortens the process time of the Ll0 phase to the Ll2 phase.Al and Mo atoms tend to occupy γ site,Ni atom tends to occupy a and β sites.At the same temperature,Al atom has stronger occupation ability than Mo atom in the same site.Ni,Al and Mo collectively form the composited Ll2 structure.

Microscopic phase-field simulation of ordered domain interfaces formed between DO_(22) phases along [100] direction

Ordered domain interfaces formed between DO22 (Ni3V) phases along [100] direction during the precipitation process of Ni75AlxV25-x alloys were simulated by using the microscopic phase-field model. The atomic structure, migration process, and compositions of interfaces were investigated. It is found that there are four kinds of stable ordered domain interfaces formed between DO22 phases along [100] direction and all of them can migrate. During the migration of interfaces, the jump of atoms shows site selectivity behaviors and each stable interface forms a distinctive transition interface. The atom jump selects the optimist way to induce the migration of interface, and the atomic structures of interfaces retain the same before and after the migration. The alloy elements have different preferences of segregation or depletion at different interfaces. At all the four kinds of interfaces, Ni and Al segregate but V depletes. The degrees of segregation and depletion are also different at different interfaces.

Microscopic phase-field study on aging behavior of Ni_(75)Al_(17)Zn_8 alloy

The precipitating kinetics of Ni75Al17Zn8 alloy was studied at both 873K and 973K by microscopic phase-field model.The calculation results show that the order-disorder transformation experiences the matrix→lowly-ordered L10 phase→L12 phase at 973 K.And the nucleation of L12 particles belongs to the spinodal decomposition mechanism.As temperature increases,orderings of Al and Zn atoms are resisted,but coarsening of L12 particles is promoted.The value of coarsening kinetic exponents approaches to 1/2.In addition,the discussions about Ni-Al anti-site defect and Zn substitutions for Ni site and Al site exhibit that the higher the temperature,the more distinctive the Ni-Al anti-site defect,but the less the Zn substitution.

Microscopic phase-field simulation of the coarsening behavior of coherent precipitates in Ni-Al alloys

On the basis of the microscopic phase-field dynamic model and the microelasticity theory, the characteristics of the coarsening behavior of γ＇ phase in Ni-Al alloys have been systematically studied in a certain volume fraction of the precipitates. It was found that the initial irregular shape, randomly distributed γ＇ phase, gradually transformed into cuboidal shape, regularly aligned along the [100] and [010] directions, and a highly preferential selected microstructure was formed during the later stage of precipitation. The volume fraction of the precipitates produced some effects on the precipitate morphology but did not produce an obvious effect on the regularities of precipitate distribution. The coarsening rate constant from the cubic growth law decreased as a function of volume fraction for small volume fractions, remained constant for intermediate volume fractions, and increased as a function of volume fraction for large volume fractions. During the coherent coarsening process, four ＂splitting＂ patterns between γ＇ phases, which belonged to different antiphase domains, were produced via particle aggregation, such as an L-shaped pattern, a doublet, a triplet, and a quartet.

Microscopic phase-field simulation of L1_2 and D0_(22) phases during the early precipitation process of Ni-Cr-Al alloys

The influence of temperature on the precipitation mechanism and sequence of L 12 and D022 phases during the early precipitation process of a Ni-15.Sat%Cr-14at%Al alloy was simulated based on the microscopic phase-field model. In the range from 873 to 1373 K, the precipitation mechanism transformed from spinodal decomposition to non-classic nucleation and growth; the incubation period prolonged gradually with increasing temperature. The volume fraction of L12 phases increased and that of D022 phases decreased. D022 phases disappeared at 1373 K, and finally single-phase L12 phases were formed.

Microscopic phase-field simulation of atomic site occupation in ordering process of NiAl_9Fe_6 alloy

The process of γ(fcc)→γ(fcc)+γ'(L12)phase transformation was simulated by using microscopic phase-field method for the low supersaturation NiAl9Fe6 alloy.It is found that in the γ' phase,the ordering degree of Al atoms is obviously higher than that of Fe atoms,and the ordering of Al atoms precedes their clustering,while the case of Fe atoms is opposite.The α site is mainly occupied by Ni atoms,while the β site is occupied in common by Al,Fe and Ni atoms.At order-disorder interphase boundary,the ordering degree of Al atoms is higher than that of Fe atoms,and at the β site,the Fe atomic site occupation probabilities vary from high to low during ordering;the Al atomic site occupation probabilities are similar to those of Fe atoms,but their values are much higher than those of Fe atoms;Ni atoms are opposite to both of them.Meanwhile,during the ordering transformation,γ' phase is always a complex Ni3(AlFeNi)single-phase,and it is precipitated by the non-classical nucleation and growth style.Finally,in the alloy system,the volume of γ' ordered phase is less than that of γ phase,and the volume ratio of order to disorder is about 77%.

Microscopic phase-field simulation coupled with elastic strain energy for precipitation process of Ni-Cr-Al alloys with low Al content

The precipitation process of Ni-Cr-Al alloy with low Al content was studied at atomic scale based on the microscopicphase-field kinetic model coupled with elastic strain energy.The aim is to investigate the effect of elastic strain energy onprecipitation mechanism and morphological evolution of the alloy.The simulation results show that in the early stage of precipitation,D022 phase and L12 phase present irregular shape,and they randomly distribute in the matrix.With the progress of aging,L12 phaseand D022 phase change into the quadrate shape and their orientations become more obvious.In the later stage,L12 phase and D022phase present quadrate shape with round corner and align along the[100]and[010]directions,and highly preferential selectedmicrostructure is formed.The mechanism of early precipitation of L12 phase in Ni-17%Cr-7.5%Al(mole fraction)alloy is the mixedstyle of non-classical nucleation growth and spinodal decomposition and the D022 phase is the spinodal decomposition.Themechanisms of early precipitation of L12 phase and D022 phase in Ni-12.5%Cr-7.5%Al alloy are both the non-classical nucleationand growth.The coarsening process follows the rule of preferential selected coarsening.

Microscopic Phase-field Simulation of Competition Mechanism Between Ll_2 and D0_(22) Structure in Ni-Cr-Al Alloy

Simulations are performed on temporal evolution of atom morphology and ordering parameters of Ni-14.5 Cr-16.5 Al alloy during early precipitation process at different temperatures based on microscopic phase-field theory; the relationship between precipitation sequence and mechanism of L12 and D022 structure and precipitation temperature are illuminated. The nonstoichiometric ordered L12 phases appear first with congruent ordering＋spinodal decomposition mechanism which is then followed by precipitation of D022 phases at ordering domain boundaries of L12 phases by spinodal decomposition mechanism at 1073 K and 1223 K. The nonstoichiometric L12 phases transform to stoichiometric ordering phases gradually. The incubation period of L12 and D022 phases is shorter at 1073 K than that 1223 K, and growth speed is higher at 1073 K. At 1373 K, L12 and D022 phases appear simultaneously by non-classical nucleation and growth mechanism. After that the particles of D022 phases diminish and disappear gradually; L12 phases grow and single L12 phases are remained at last.

Computer simulation of γ′ and θ phase precipitation of Ni-Al-V alloy using microscopic phase-field method

The precipitation processes of γ′ and θ phases in Ni75Al6.5V18.5 alloy were simulated at different temperatures and the precipitation sequence of two phases and morphological evolution were investigated. The simulation demonstrates that the two phases precipitate simultaneously at high temperature and γ′ phase precipitates earlier than θ phase at 1 000 K and 1 120 K. With the temperature decreasing, the velocity of precipitation quickens, the quantity of θ phase increases and the size reduces; but the volume fraction increases, the quantity of phase increases and the size reduces as well. The two phases nucleate and grow independently at high temperature and the θ phase precipitates from the boundaries of γ′ phase at 1 000 K and 1 120 K. We also find that there are many kinds of domain boundaries between the same and different phases. The results of average deviation of composition and average absolute long range order parameter show that the ordering and compositional clustering of γ′ phase happen simultaneously at high temperature, the congruent ordering occurs prior to spinodal decomposition at 1 000 K and 1 120 K and the ordering advances and quickens as the temperature decreases. Ordering and compositional clustering of θ phase occur simultaneously at each temperature and are quickened with temperature decreasing.

Simulation of interphase boundary of Ni_(75)Al_xV_(25-x )alloys using microscopic phase-field method

The evolution of ordered interphase boundary (IPB) of Ni75AlxV25-x alloys was simulated using the microscopic phase-field method. Based on the atomic occupation probability figure on 2D and order parameters, it was found that the IPB formed by different directions ofθ phase has great effect on the precipitation of γ ′ phase. The γ ′ phase precipitated at the IPB that is formed by [1 00]θ direction where the ( 001)θ plane is opposite, and then grows up and the shape is strap at final. The IPB structure between γ ′phase andθ phase is the same. There is no γ ′ phase precipitate at the IPB where the ( 002)θ and ( 001)θ planes are opposite, the ordered IPB is dissolved into disordered area. There is γ ′ phase precipitation at the IPB formed by the [ 001]θ and [1 00]θ directions, and the IPB structure is different between γ ′ phase and the different directions ofθ phase. The IPB where ( 001)γ′ and (1 00)θ plane opposite does not migrate during the γ ′ phase growth, and γ ′ phase grows along [1 00]θdirection.

Microscopic phase-field simulation for precipitation behavior of Ni-Al-Cr alloy during two-step aging

Based on the microscopic phase-field model, the pre-aging temperature effects on the precipitation mechanism and microstructure evolution during two-step aging for Ni75Al9Cr16 alloy were simulated. The results show that the early precipitation mechanism of L12 phase is the mixed mechanism of spinodal decomposition and non-classical nucleation growth, whereas the early precipitation mechanism of DO22 phase is spinodal decomposition when the pre-aging temperature is 873 K. The early precipitation mechanism of L12 phase is non-classical nucleation growth, whereas the early precipitation mechanism of DO22 phase is spinodal decomposition when the pre-aging temperature is 973 K. Under the effects of elastic strain energy, the cubic particles exhibit directional alignment along [100] and [010] directions during the late precipitation, which is more obvious at lower pre-temperature. DO22 phases appear earlier than L12 phases under these two kinds of precipitation processes; and the nucleation incubation time becomes long with the increase of pre-temperature.

基于PC-BRISK的岩石显微图像拼接

传统的配准算法在高分辨率岩石显微图像上配准准确率低、配准速度慢。此外,在显微岩石薄片全景拼接过程中,由于单视域画面可能存在有效内容缺失而无法提取到有效特征点,或者纹理单一提取到的特征点较少的情况,造成全景图像拼接失败。针对上述问题提出了一种基于改进相位相关法的BRISK图像拼接算法。通过提取待配准图像之间的相似区域,对相似区域进行BRISK图像配准,采用由载物台运动规律得出的最佳匹配模型来配准无特征点图像,最终完成岩石薄片图像的全景拼接。实验结果表明,本文提出的算法相较于传统算法,在配准方面达到87.5%的准确率,每组配准耗时2.662 s,具有配准速度快、配准准确率高的优势。此外,本文提供了一种岩石薄片全景拼接的方法,具有实时拼接的实际应用价值。

不同变质程度煤热解过程中的软化熔融特性

由于配合煤在焦炉炭化室内部干馏成焦,无法连续观察煤热解过程的动态变化,也不能实时展现煤在不同温度下的热演化行为。为了揭示不同变质程度炼焦煤热解过程中的软化熔融特性,探讨不同升温速率对煤热解过程中胶质体形态变化的影响,采用热载物台显微镜原位观测五种性质不同的炼焦煤在10℃/min,30℃/min和50℃/min的升温速率下热解过程中的软化熔融特征。结果表明:随着升温速率的增加,煤基体内的解聚和分解反应加剧,不同变质程度炼焦煤热解过程中的胶质体铺展系数升高,各向异性的中间相增多,热解塑性区间向高温区偏移;同时快速热解可提高不(弱)黏结煤的膨胀性和软化熔融性。升温速率为50℃/min时热解过程中的各向异性中间相的变化表明,肥煤热解时形成的各向异性中间相最为丰富,说明随着升温速率的增加,煤分子结构受到的冲击更强,导致单元桥键断裂;煤芳香稠环破裂以及脂肪侧链和含氧官能团也快速裂解,产生大量自由基碎片,有助于形成更多胶质体;在热解过程中形成的各向异性中间相具有丰富的多色性,热稳定性较高,更能保持较为稳定的形态和结构,有助于改善焦炭的热态性能。

Nb元素含量对U-Nb合金显微组织和比热容的影响

U-Nb合金具有良好的耐腐蚀性、结构稳定性和加工性,是核领域重要的结构材料。制备了不同Nb元素含量的淬火态U-Nb合金,对其显微组织和比热容进行了研究。结果表明:淬火态U-2Nb合金中存在大量粗针状马氏体;随着Nb元素含量的增加,马氏体逐渐消失,U-Nb合金形成等轴晶组织;随着Nb元素含量增加和温度的升高,U-Nb合金的比热容逐渐增大;当温度超过650℃时,U-Nb合金发生了相变,比热容显著减小。

咸水层CO_(2)残余埋存机理的微观数值模拟研究

基于矿场岩心铸体电镜扫描图生成的二值化图片建立二维气液两相渗流模型,利用相场法研究微观条件下CO_(2)的赋存状态与埋存机理,并分析了储层润湿性、气液两相界面张力及地层水回流速度等因素对CO_(2)残余埋存效果的影响。结果表明:当地层水回流后,CO_(2)被大量封存下来,此时CO_(2)赋存状态主要以柱状、孤滴状和盲端状为主;地层水回流时的速度对于残余气饱和度影响较大,而储层润湿性与气液两相界面张力对于残余气饱和度影响较小。此研究对于从微观角度认识CO_(2)残余埋存机理具有指导意义。

SBS改性沥青相态粒径与发育温度及时间的关系

为研究SBS改性沥青相态粒径与发育温度及时间的关系,提高SBS改性沥青热储存稳定检测效率,对试验制备的不同种类SBS改性沥青进行荧光显微相态观测及性能检测,利用基于连通域标记算法的自主编译图像识别程序对荧光显微相态粒径进行量化确定。结果表明:SBS改性沥青的相态粒径与发育时间符合良好的线性关系,决定系数R_(2)高于0.96,时间、温度对相态粒径具有显著互补性;相态粒径对改性沥青离析试验结果具有重要影响,依据相态粒径范围将热储存稳定性划分为稳定、亚稳定及不稳定等3种状态,可以相态粒径代替离析指标作为快速表征SBS改性沥青热储存稳定状态的控制参数;以达到1.8、1.6μm相态粒径作为基准条件,建立关于发育温度、时间参数的线性回归方程,预测与实测值的绝对时间偏差基本控制在30 min内,相对偏差基本控制在10%内;以1.8、1.6μm等相态粒径确定SBS改性沥青生产发育温度及时间的方法,其改性沥青路用性能均衡、热储存稳定性良好。

低温环境下PbTiO_(3)钙钛矿晶粒的演化过程

利用透射电子显微镜研究了PbTiO_(3)钙钛矿在低温条件下的晶体结构及晶粒演化过程。结果表明:低温条件下,PbTiO_(3)钙钛矿未出现明显的相转变;在电子束辐照条件下,PbTiO_(3)晶体出现细晶化现象,说明电子束对其结构变化存在诱导作用;在室温和低温环境下,PbTiO_(3)晶体均未产生位错缺陷,且低温环境使晶粒细化过程变慢;电子辐照作用使材料的表面能变大,导致晶粒尺寸变小,从而出现细晶化现象。