Direct Digital Frequency Control Based on the Phase Step Change Characteristic between Signals

We present a new digital phase lock technology to achieve the frequency control and transformation through high precision multi-cycle group synchronization between signals without the frequency transformation circuit. In the case of digital sampling, the passing zero point of the phase of the controlled signal has the phase step characteristic, the phase step of the passing zero point is monotonic continuous with high resolution in the phase lock process, and using the border effect of digital fuzzy area, the gate can synchronize with the two signals, the quantization error is reduced. This technique is quite different from the existing methods of frequency transformation and frequency synthesis, the phase change characteristic between the periodic signals with different nominal is used. The phase change has the periodic phenomenon, and it has the high resolution step value. With the application of the physical law, the noise is reduced because of simplifying frequency transformation circuits, and the phase is locked with high precision. The regular phase change between frequency signals is only used for frequency measurement, and the change has evident randomness, but this randomness is greatly reduced in frequency control, and the certainty of the process result is clear. The experiment shows that the short term frequency stability can reach 10-12/s orders of magnitude.

Signal-to-noise ratio comparison of angular signal radiography and phase stepping method

Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging has the potential to be applied in future medical applications as it is compatible with both laboratory and synchrotron source. However, information retrieval methods are important because acquisition speed, scanning mode, image quality, and radiation dose depend on them. Phase-stepping （PS） is a widely used method to retrieve information, while angular signal radiography （ASR） is a newly established method. In this manuscript, signal-to-noise ratios （SNRs） of ASR are compared with that of PS. Numerical experiments are performed to validate theoretical results. SNRs comparison shows that for refraction and scattering images ASR has higher SNR than PS method, while for absorption image both methods have same SNR. Therefore, our conclusions would have guideline in future preclinical and clinical applications.

Comparative analysis of phase extraction methods based on phase-stepping and shifting curve in grating interferometry

Two phase extraction methods which are based separately on phase-stepping and shifting curve are mainly used in phase-sensitive imaging in gating interferometry to determine the x-ray phase shift induced by an object in the beam. In this paper, the authors perform a full comparative analysis and present the main virtues and limitations of these two methods according to the theoretical analysis of the grating interferometry.

Multiple-image encryption by two-step phase-shifting interferometry and spatial multiplexing of smooth compressed signal

A multiple-image encryption method based on two-step phase-shifting interferometry （PSI） and spatial multiplexing of a smooth compressed signal is proposed. In the encoding and encryption process, with the help of four index matrices to store original pixel positions, all the pixels of four secret images are firstly reordered in an ascending order; then, the four reordered images are transformed by five-order Haar wavelet transform and performed sparseness operation. After Arnold transform and pixels sampling operation, one combined image can be grouped with the aid of compressive sensing （CS） and spatial multiplexing techniques. Finally, putting the combined image at the input plane of the PSI encryption scheme, only two interferograms ciphertexts can be obtained. During the decoding and decryption, utilizing all the secret key groups and index matrices keys, all the original secret images can be successfully decrypted by a wave-front retrieval algorithm of two-step PSI, spatial de-multiplexing, inverse Arnold transform, inverse discrete wavelet transform, and pixels reordering operation.

A two-step transient liquid phase diffusion bonding process of T91 steels

In this study, a two-step heating process is introduced for transient liquid phase （ TLP） diffusion bonding fo r sound joints with T91 heat resistant steels. At first, a short-time higher temperature heating step is addressed to melt the interlayer, followed by the second step to complete isothermal solidification at a low temperature. The most critical feature of our new method is producing a non-planar interface at the T9／ heat resistant steels joint. We propose a transitional liquid phase bonding of T91 heat resistant steels by this approach. Since joint microstructures have been studied, we tested the tensile strength to assess joint mechanical property. The result indicates that the solidified bond may contain a primary solid-solution, similar composition to the parent metal and free from precipitates. Joint tensile strength of the joint is not lower than parent materials. Joint bend＇s strengths are enhanced due to the higher metal-to-metal junction producing a non-planar bond lines. Nevertheless, the traditional transient liquid phase diffusion bonding produces planar ones. Bonding parameters of new process are 1 260 °C for 0. 5 min and 1 230 °C fo r 4 min.

Instantaneous phase-stepping interferometry based on a pixelated micro-polarizer array

In this paper, we propose an instantaneous phase-stepping method for determining phase distribution of interference fringes utilizing a camera that is equipped with a micro-polarizer array on the sensor plane. An optical setup of polarization interferometry using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with two polarizers is constructed. Light emerging from the interferometer is recorded using a camera that has a micro-polarizer array. This micro-polarizer array has four different optical axes. That is, an image obtained by the camera contains four types of information corresponding to four different optical axes of the polarizer. The four images separated from the image recorded by the camera are reconstructed using gray level interpolation. Subsequently, the distributions of the Stokes parameters that represent the state of polarization are calculated from the four images. The phase distribution of the interference fringe pattern produced by the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is then obtained from these Stokes parameters, The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by measuring a static carrier pattern and time-variant fringe patterns. It is emphasized that this method is applicable to time-variant phenomena because multiple exposures are unnecessary for sufficient data acquisition in the completion of the phase analysis.

Thermal Warpage Measurement of Electronic Packages by Shadow Moiré with Phase Stepping Technique

Phase-stepping technique is applied to the analysis of fringe patterns of shadow moiré of electronic packages.Sensitivity of the fringe pattern analysis is demonstrated to be significantly increased.Thermally induced warpage of electronic packages is successfully measured in real-time as the sample is driven through a simulated reflow process.The paper discusses the technique of phase stepping,noise filtering and its application to the shadow moiré method.Applications of the technology are presented.

First Step in Dissociation Process in the Gas Phase for Small Molecules with Neutral Atoms: Application with the Even-Odd Rule and a Specific Periodic Table for Organic and Inorganic Atoms

Dissociations in the gas phase of small molecules have been intensively studied and dissociation energies of various gases are available in reference works. Configurations of compounds before and after the dissociation are usually known, but local charges are not defined. Building on the even-odd rule, the topic of a series of previous articles by the same author, the objective of this paper is to show how it can be used to give electronic rules for dissociations in gases. To this end, a specific periodic table is created and used. The rules are applied to a selection of more than 30 common molecules, showing that the even-odd rule and its consequences are useful in explaining the phenomenon of dissociation in gases.

One step to generate quantum controlled phase-shift gate using a trapped ion

This paper presents a very simple scheme for generating quantum controlled phase-shift gate with only one step by using the two vibrational modes of a trapped ion as the two qubits. The scheme couples two vibration degrees of freedom coupled with a suitable chosen laser excitation via the ionic states.

Information Encryption Based on Using Arbitrary Two-Step Phase-Shift Interferometry

A deterministic phase-encoded encryption system is proposed. A lenticular lens array (LLA) sheet with a particular LPI (lenticular per inch) number is chosen as a modulator (key) instead of the random phase molator. The suggested encryption scheme is based on arbitrary two-step phase-shift interferometry (PSI), using an unknown phase step. The encryption and decryption principle is based on an LLA in arbitrary unknown two-step PSI. Right key holograms can be used to theoretically show that the object wavefront is the only one left in the hologram plane and that all accompanying undesired terms are eliminated. The encrypted image can therefore be numerically and successfully decrypted with the right key in the image plane. The number of degrees of freedom of the encryption scheme increases with the distance from the object and the LLA to the CCD, and also with the unknown phase-step and the LLA LPI number. Computer simulations are performed to verify the encryption and decryption principles without a key, with the wrong key and with the right key. Optical experiments are also performed to validate them.

Microscopic phase-field simulation for precipitation behavior of Ni-Al-Cr alloy during two-step aging

Based on the microscopic phase-field model, the pre-aging temperature effects on the precipitation mechanism and microstructure evolution during two-step aging for Ni75Al9Cr16 alloy were simulated. The results show that the early precipitation mechanism of L12 phase is the mixed mechanism of spinodal decomposition and non-classical nucleation growth, whereas the early precipitation mechanism of DO22 phase is spinodal decomposition when the pre-aging temperature is 873 K. The early precipitation mechanism of L12 phase is non-classical nucleation growth, whereas the early precipitation mechanism of DO22 phase is spinodal decomposition when the pre-aging temperature is 973 K. Under the effects of elastic strain energy, the cubic particles exhibit directional alignment along [100] and [010] directions during the late precipitation, which is more obvious at lower pre-temperature. DO22 phases appear earlier than L12 phases under these two kinds of precipitation processes; and the nucleation incubation time becomes long with the increase of pre-temperature.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTI-STEP AMPLITUDE QUANTIZATION WEIGHTED 2-D SOLID-STATE ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS

An aperture design technique using multi-step amplitude quantization for two-dimensional solid-state active phased arrays to achieve low sidelobe is described. It can be applied to antennas with arbitrary complex aperture. Also, the gain drop and sidelobe degradation due to random amplitude and phase errors and element (or T/R module) failures are investigated.

A study on the two-step transient liquid phase diffusion bonding of K640 superalloy

A new technology, the two-step transient liquid phase diffusion bonding （TLP-DB） technology for cobalt-based K640 superalloy, was investigated. The method consists of a short-time high temperature heating to melt interlayer followed by isothermal solidification of liquid phase at a lower temperature than that of the conventional TLP-DB. The result indicates that the two-step TLP-DB can reliably produce an ideal joint with uniform chemical composition, which is superior to the joint welded by conventional TLP-DB in microstructure and mechanical properties. Bonding parameters of new process are 1 250℃ for 0. 5 h and 1 180℃ for 3 h. The high-temperature tensile strength of the joint by two-step TLP-DB reaches 74% of that of the base material on an equal basis, but the high-temperature tensile strength of the joint by conventional TLP-DB is only 58% of that of the base material.

两相式混合步进电机速度和位移控制案例设计

步进电机在电脉冲信号的控制下能实现一定的角位移或线位移,掌握步进电机的控制技术非常重要。以两相混合式步进电机为控制对象,以单片机AT89C52和可编程计数器/定时器8253为主对电机进行速度和位移控制设计,对某一具体案例采用Proteus软件进行设计与仿真,包括控制电路和程序的设计。仿真和实验结果表明:该系统结构简单、容易实现、成本低,可用于其他步进电机的控制,并为教学或工程应用提供了参考。

车身漆面缺陷的自动检测与定位方法

针对目前国内汽车制造业中面漆后车身表面缺陷难以非接触高精度检测,得不到缺陷确切位置等问题,这里提出了一种结合相位测量偏折术与双目测距原理的车身漆面缺陷检测定位方法。首先采用四步相移法提取车身反射图像相位,运用格雷码进行相位解包裹,再通过判断局部相位突变来提取缺陷;建立缺陷池并通过过滤器去除伪缺陷得到真实缺陷;基于双目测距原理,对检测出的缺陷,取其形状中心再得到具体位置坐标。实验结果表明,该缺陷检测方法能够自动,准确,稳定地检测漆面缺陷;双目测距法能准确地得到缺陷的具体位置,可为后续实现自动打磨提供可靠数据来源。

计及风电PSS与PLL耦合对功角振荡影响的DFIG控制参数协调优化

双馈感应发电机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)装设电力系统稳定器(power system stabilizer,PSS),有助于抑制同步发电机间功角振荡,但抑制效果受DFIG锁相环(phase-locked loop,PLL)跟踪误差影响。考虑PSS与PLL耦合特性对功角振荡的影响,提出改善振荡抑制效果的DFIG控制参数协调优化算法。首先基于DFIG有功控制的分解等效结构绘制DFIG-PSS与锁相误差的耦合路径,提出耦合特性解析表达。然后建立耦合解析表达对控制参数的轨迹灵敏度向量,以向量2-范数之比定义耦合强度,量化耦合特性对功角振荡的影响程度。最后基于耦合强度指标,提出带有PLL参数动态不等式约束的多步优化模型,以协调DFIG控制参数取值,提高并网系统对功角振荡的抑制效果。仿真结果证实了耦合特性对功角振荡的影响,验证了所提协调优化算法的有效性。

一种消除周期性毛刺相位误差的互补格雷码双N步相移法

互补格雷码双N步相移法因其具有鲁棒性好、检测精度高等特点在条纹投影轮廓术领域成为研究热点。然而,传统互补格雷码双N步相移法存在检测效率低以及未消除周期性毛刺相位误差的问题。针对这些问题,本文对传统互补格雷码双N步相移法进行改进消除周期性毛刺相位误差,首先通过相机捕获形变条纹图像并计算出两组截断相位,然后利用两组截断相位的相关性消除检测数据中的相位差、周期性毛刺相位误差,再对两组截断相位进行融合,最后通过互补格雷码相位展开法对融合后的截断相位进行相位展开。实验得出本文方法在检测效率不变的情况下,能有效消除周期性毛刺相位误差,得到高精度展开相位,相比于未消除周期性毛刺相位误差的互补格雷码双N步相移法,本文检测方法精度提高了约24.57%,相比于互补格雷码N步相移法,本文检测方法精度提高了约6.29%。

川蜀“衷中参西”妇科流派的“三期四步”法诊治求嗣患者的验案举隅

随着三胎政策开放,我国面临的生育形势逐渐严峻。针对目前不孕夫妇求嗣的问题,川蜀“衷中参西”妇科流派总结出“简便廉效”的不孕“三期四步”诊疗方案,强调四步排查不孕因素,三期适时辨证治疗,中西医结合,以达助孕之目的。

大容量发电机断路器TRV开断特性及抑制措施研究

发电机断路器(GCB)位于发电机组和升压变压器之间,针对负荷电流高达50 kA、故障电流高达200 kA以上的大容量机组,GCB传导和开断电流远高于线路断路器,在开断过程中,GCB两端会产生非常严重的瞬态恢复过电压,威胁GCB的可靠性。文中基于某大型核电站的实际接线,单机容量为1 722.2 MVA,利用EMTP-RV仿真计算研究了GCB在各种故障下开断时的TRV的电磁暂态特性,分析配置不同容量电容器对TRV幅值和陡度的影响效果。提出了采用辅助断口装设非线性阻尼电阻抑制TRV的方法,并给出了非线性阻尼电阻参数选取原则,并通过仿真验证了其可行性,针对失步故障非线性阻尼电阻可使TRV幅值降低29.2%,具有更高的灵活性与经济性。

无水草酸辅助硝酸铁热分解制备高饱和磁化强度γ-Fe_(2)O_(3)纳米粒子

采用硝酸铁和无水草酸为原料,通过简便的一步固相法焙烧制备γ-Fe_(2)O_(3)纳米粒子。采用XRD、SEM-EDS、N_(2)-吸附/脱附和VSM等表征手段分析了样品的结构、形态和磁性能。研究表明,在Fe(NO_(3))_(3)·9H_(2)O中添加C_(2)H_(2)O_(4),可以制备出饱和磁化强度为76.3 emu/g的棒状γ-Fe_(2)O_(3)。