Extraction of Acoustic Normal Mode Depth Functions Using Range-Difference Method with Vertical Linear Array Data

Data-derived normal mode extraction is an effective method for extracting normal mode depth functions in the absence of marine environmental data.However,when the corresponding singular vectors become nonunique when two or more singular values obtained from the cross-spectral density matrix diagonalization are nearly equal,this results in unsatisfactory extraction outcomes for the normal mode depth functions.To address this issue,we introduced in this paper a range-difference singular value decomposition method for the extraction of normal mode depth functions.We performed the mode extraction by conducting singular value decomposition on the individual frequency components of the signal's cross-spectral density matrix.This was achieved by using pressure and its range-difference matrices constructed from vertical line array data.The proposed method was validated using simulated data.In addition,modes were successfully extracted from ambient noise.

ON DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS RELATING TO GAMMA FUNCTION

We consider the existence, the growth, poles, zeros, fixed points and the Borel exceptional value of solutions for the following difference equations relating to Gamma function y（z ＋ 1） -y（z） = R（z） and y（z ＋ 1） = P （z）y（z）.

Gender differences in ghrelin, nociception genes, psychological factors and quality of life in functional dyspepsia

AIM to evaluate gender differences in the aspect of ghrelin,nociception-related genes and psychological aspects and the quality of life(Qo L) in Korean functional dyspepsia(FD) patients.METHODS Total of 191 persons were prospectively enrolled between March 2013 and May 2016 in Seoul National Bundang Hospital,and classified into control and FD group based on ROME Ⅲ criteria. Questionnaire included assessment for dyspepsia symptoms,Qo L and anxiety or depression. Preproghrelin and nociception genes in the gastric mucosa and plasma acyl/des-acyl ghrelin were measured. RESULTS Lower level of plasma acyl ghrelin in FD patients compared to control was significant only in male(15.9 fmol/m L vs 10.4 fmol/m L,P = 0.017). Significantly higher m RNA expressions of nerve growth factor and transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 were observed in male(P = 0.002 and P = 0.014,respectively) than in female. In contrast,female FD patients had a higher anxiety and depression score than male FD(P = 0.029),and anxiety score was correlated with epigastric pain only in female FD patients(female: Spearman rho = 0.420,P = 0.037). The impairment of overall Qo L was more prominent in female FD patients than male patients(5.4 ± 0.3 vs 6.5 ± 0.3,P = 0.020). CONCLUSION Gender differences of ghrelin and nociception-related genes in male and psychological factors in female underlie FD symptoms. More careful assessment of psychological or emotional status is required particularly for the female FD patients.

ON SOME GENERALIZED DIFFERENCE PARANORMED SEQUENCE SPACES ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLIER SEQUENCE DEFINED BY MODULUS FUNCTION

In this article we introduce the paranormed sequence spaces （f,A, Am,p）, c0（f,A,Am,p） and L00（f,A, Am,p）, associated with the multiplier sequence ∧ = （hk）, defined by a modulus function f. We study their different properties like solidness, symmetricity, completeness etc. and prove some inclusion results.

ENTIRE FUNCTIONS SHARING ONE SMALL FUNCTION CM WITH THEIR SHIFTS AND DIFFERENCE OPERATORS

In this article, we mainly devote to proving uniqueness results for entire functionssharing one small function CM with their shift and difference operator simultaneously. Letf（z） be a nonconstant entire function of finite order, c be a nonzero finite complex constant, and n be a positive integer. If f（z）, f（z＋c）, and △n cf（z） share 0 CM, then f（z＋c）≡Af（z）, where A（≠0） is a complex constant. Moreover, let a（z）, b（z）（ O） ∈ S（f） be periodic entire functions with period c and if f（z） - a（z）, f（z ＋ c） - a（z）, △cn f（z） - b（z） share 0 CM, then f（z ＋ c） ≡ f（z）.

Existence of asymptotically almost periodic solutions and stability properties for functional difference equations

For functional difference equations with unbounded delay,we characterized the existence of totally stable and asymptotically almost periodic solution by using stability properties of a bounded solution in a certain limiting equation.

ZEROS AND FIXED POINTS OF DIFFERENCE OPERATORS OF MEROMORPHIC FUNCTIONS

Let f be a transcendental meromorphic function and △f（z） = f（z ＋ 1） -- f（z） A number of results are proved concerning the existences of zeros and fixed points of Af（z） and △f（z）/f（z） when f（z） is of order σ（f）=1. Examples show that some of the results are sharp.

Establishing minimum clinically important difference values for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function, hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint reconstruction, and knee injury and osteoarthritis out

AIM To establish minimum clinically important difference(MCID) for measurements in an orthopaedic patient population with joint disorders.METHODS Adult patients aged 18 years and older seeking care for joint conditions at an orthopaedic clinic took the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function(PROMIS~? PF) computerized adaptive test(CAT), hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint reconstruction(HOOS JR), and the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint reconstruction(KOOS JR) from February 2014 to April 2017. MCIDs were calculated using anchorbased and distribution-based methods. Patient reports of meaningful change in function since their first clinic encounter were used as an anchor.RESULTS There were 2226 patients who participated with a mean age of 61.16(SD = 12.84) years, 41.6% male, and 89.7% Caucasian. Mean change ranged from 7.29 to 8.41 for the PROMIS~? PF CAT, from 14.81 to 19.68 for the HOOS JR, and from 14.51 to 18.85 for the KOOS JR. ROC cut-offs ranged from 1.97-8.18 for the PF CAT, 6.33-43.36 for the HOOS JR, and 2.21-8.16 for the KOOS JR. Distribution-based methods estimated MCID values ranging from 2.45 to 21.55 for the PROMIS~? PF CAT; from 3.90 to 43.61 for the HOOS JR, and from 3.98 to 40.67 for the KOOS JR. The median MCID value in the range was similar to the mean change score for each measure and was 7.9 for the PF CAT, 18.0 for the HOOS JR, and 15.1 for the KOOS JR.CONCLUSION This is the first comprehensive study providing a wide range of MCIDs for the PROMIS? PF, HOOS JR, and KOOS JR in orthopaedic patients with joint ailments.

Deep reinforcement learning using least-squares truncated temporal-difference

Policy evaluation(PE)is a critical sub-problem in reinforcement learning,which estimates the value function for a given policy and can be used for policy improvement.However,there still exist some limitations in current PE methods,such as low sample efficiency and local convergence,especially on complex tasks.In this study,a novel PE algorithm called Least-Squares Truncated Temporal-Difference learning(LST2D)is proposed.In LST2D,an adaptive truncation mechanism is designed,which effectively takes advantage of the fast convergence property of Least-Squares Temporal Difference learning and the asymptotic convergence property of Temporal Difference learning(TD).Then,two feature pre-training methods are utilised to improve the approximation ability of LST2D.Furthermore,an Actor-Critic algorithm based on LST2D and pre-trained feature representations(ACLPF)is proposed,where LST2D is integrated into the critic network to improve learning-prediction efficiency.Comprehensive simulation studies were conducted on four robotic tasks,and the corresponding results illustrate the effectiveness of LST2D.The proposed ACLPF algorithm outperformed DQN,ACER and PPO in terms of sample efficiency and stability,which demonstrated that LST2D can be applied to online learning control problems by incorporating it into the actor-critic architecture.

Properties for Solutions of Nonlinear Functional Difference Equations

In this paper, some sufficient and necessary conditions are established for the oscillatory of solutions for nonlinear functional difference equations, which extend and improve some corresponding results obtained and are discrete analogues of the corresponding results for the continuous version.

Connectivity differences between adult male and female patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder according to resting-state functional MRI

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder（ADHD） is a pervasive psychiatric disorder that affects both children and adults. Adult male and female patients with ADHD are differentially affected, but few studies have explored the differences. The purpose of this study was to quantify differences between adult male and female patients with ADHD based on neuroimaging and connectivity analysis. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained and preprocessed in 82 patients. Group-wise differences between male and female patients were quantified using degree centrality for different brain regions. The medial-, middle-, and inferior-frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, precuneus, supramarginal gyrus, superior- and middle-temporal gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, and cuneus were identified as regions with significant group-wise differences. The identified regions were correlated with clinical scores reflecting depression and anxiety and significant correlations were found. Adult ADHD patients exhibit different levels of depression and anxiety depending on sex, and our study provides insight into how changes in brain circuitry might differentially impact male and female ADHD patients.

Existence of Three Positive Periodic Solutions of Neutral Nonlinear Functional Difference Equations

This paper is concerned with the nonlinear neutral functional difference equations△x(n) =-a(n)x(n) +h(n)f(n,x(n-T(n)),△x(n-δ(n))),where a,h and f are nonnegative sequences.Sufficient conditions for the existence of at least three positive T-periodic solutions are established by using a fixed point theorem due to Avery and Peterson.

Positive Solutions of p-Laplacian Functional Difference Equations

In this paper, the author studies the boundary value problems for a p-Laplacian functional difference equation. By using a fixed point theorem in cones, sufficient conditions are established for the existence of the positive solutions.

LEIBNIZ′FORMULA OF GENERALIZED DIFFERENCE WITH RESPECT TO A CLASS OF DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS AND RECURRENCE FORMULA OF THEIR GREEN′S FUNCTION

In this paper, Leibniz' formula of generalized divided difference with respect to a class of differential operators whose basic sets of solutions have power form, is considered. The recurrence formula of Green function about the operators is also given.

UNIQUENESS OF DIFFERENCE POLYNOMIALS OF MEROMORPHIC FUNCTIONS

In this article, we investigate the uniqueness problems of difference polynomials of meromorphic functions and obtain some results which can be viewed as discrete analogues of the results given by Shibazaki. Some examples are given to show the results in this article are best possible.

Further Results on Meromorphic Functions and Their nth Order Exact Differences with Three Shared Values

Let E(a;f) be the set of a-points of a meromorphic function f(z) counting multiplicities. We prove that if a transcendental meromorphic function f(z) of hyper order strictly less than 1 and its nth exact difference Δnc f(z) satisfy E(1;f)= E(1;Δnc f), E(0;f) E(0;Δnc f) and E(1;f) E(1;Δnc f), then Δnc f(z) f(z). This result improves a more recent theorem due to Gao et al.(Gao Z, Kornonen R, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Uniqueness of meromorphic functions sharing values with their nth order exact differences. Analysis Math., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10476- 018-0605-2) by using a simple method.

Comparison of Fungicidal Difference of Two Arylpyrazoles Based on the Crystal Structures, Density Functional Theory Calculation and Molecular Docking

Two arylpyrazoles I andⅡwere synthesized and characterized by NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.Compound I displayed 71.4%fungicidal inhibition rate against Rhizoctonia solani at 0.1 ppm,better than the control pyraclostrobin,whereasⅡhad little activity.Their fungicidal difference was discussed from theoretic level based on the crystal structure,density functional theory(DFT)calculation and molecular docking.The B3 LYP/6-31G^**level was employed to explore the HOMO-LUMO energy gap and charge distribution.Molecular docking was performed on the probable target protein bc1-enzyme complex.DFT calculation and docking studies supported the in vitro findings.

ELEMENT FUNCTIONS OF DISCRETE OPERATOR DIFFERENCE METHOD

The discrete scheme called discrete operator difference for differential equations was given. Several difference elements for plate bending problems and plane problems were given. By investigating these elements, the ability of the discrete forms expressing to the element functions was talked about. In discrete operator difference method, the displacements of the elements can be reproduced exactly in the discrete forms whether the displacements are conforming or not. According to this point, discrete operator difference method is a method with good performance.

The Zeros of a Certain Homogeneous Difference Polynomials of Meromorphic Functions

Let f(z) be a function transcendental and meromorphic in the plane of growth order less than 1. This paper focuses on discuss and estimate the number of the zeros of a certain homogeneous difference polynomials of degree k in f(z), and obtains that this certain homogeneous difference polynomials has infinitely many zeros.

Some Uniqueness Results of Q-Shift Difference Polynomials Involving Sharing Functions

In this paper, we mainly study the uniqueness of specific q-shift difference polynomials and of meromorphic functions, which share a common small function and get the corresponding results. In addition, we also investigate the problem of value distribution on q-shift difference polynomials of entire functions.