H-NS family protein MvaU downregulates phenazine-1-carboxylic acid(PCA)biosynthesis via binding to an AT-rich region within the promoter of the phz2 gene cluster in the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas strain PA1201

Histone-like nucleoid-structuring(H-NS)proteins are key regulators in gene expression silencing and in nucleoid compaction.The H-NS family member proteins MvaU in Pseudomonas aeruginosa are thought to bind the same AT-rich regions of chromosomes and function to coordinate the control of a common set of genes.Here,we explored the molecular mechanism by which MvaU controls PCA biosynthesis in P.aeruginosa PA1201.We present evidence suggesting that MvaU is self-regulated.Deletion of mvaU significantly increased PCA production,and PCA production sharply decreased when mvaU was over-expressed.MvaU transcriptionally repressed phz2 cluster expression and consequently reduced PCA biosynthesis.β-galactosidase assays confirmed that base pairing near the35 box is required when MvaU regulates PCA production in PA1201.Electrophoretic mobility shift assays(EMSA)and additional point mutation analysis demonstrated that MvaU directly bound to an AT-rich motif within the promoter of the phz2 cluster.Chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP)analysis also indicated that MvaU directly bound to the P5 region of the phz2 cluster promoter.MvaU repression of PCA biosynthesis was independent of QscR and OxyR in PA1201 and neither PCA or H2O2 were the environmental signals that induced mvaU expression.These findings detail a new MvaU-dependent regulatory pathway of PCA biosynthesis in PA1201 and provide a foundation to increase PCA fermentation titer by genetic engineering.

Las-like quorum-sensing system negatively regulates both pyoluteorin and phenazine-1-carboxylic acid production in Pseudomonas sp. M18

A las-like quorum-sensing system in Pseudomonas sp. M18 was identified, which consisted of lasI and lasR genes encoding LuxI-LuxR type regulator. Several functions of the las system from strain M18 were investigated in this study. The chromosomal inactivation of either lasI or lasR by recombination increased the production of both pyoluteorin (Plt) and phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) by 4-5 fold and 2-3 fold over that of the wild type strain of M18, respectively. Production of both antibiotics was restored to wild-type levels after in trans complementation with the wild-type lasI or lasR gene. Expression of the translational fusions pltA'-'lacZ and phzA'-'lacZ further confirmed the negative effect of lasI or lasR on both biosynthetic operons, and it was also demonstrated that the las system was related to the ability of swarming motility and the inhibition of cell growth.

Relationships of Ethylene Evolution Rate and 1-Aminocylopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Concentration in Grains during Filling Period with Appearance Quality of Rice

To elucidate the relationship between ethylene evolution from the grains and the appearance quality of rice, ten different rice genotypes were used to determine the ethylene evolution rate, 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylic acid （ACC） concentration in grains during grain filling and the appearance quality of rice, and the effects of chemical regulators on concentrations of ethylene and ACC in the grains during grain filling were also investigated to verify the roles of ethylene in the rice quality formation. The ethylene evolution rates and ACC concentrations in grains during the mid and late grain filling stages were very significantly and positively correlated with chalky kernel percentage and chalkiness. The cultivars with a low ACC concentration in grains exhibited a close amyloplast arrangement and small space between starch granules, whereas those with a high ACC concentration in grains showed a loose arrangement and wide space between the granules. Application of 1 μmol/L ACC to panicles at mid and late grain filling stages significantly loosened amyloplast arrangement and increased chalky kernel percentage, chalky area and chalkiness, and the results were reversed when 1 μmol/L amino-ethoxyvinylglycine, an inhibitor of ACC synthesis enzyme, was applied to panicles. A practice of moderate dry-wet alternate irrigation reduced ethylene evolution and ACC concentration in grains and thereby reduced chalkiness. The results suggested that ethylene and ACC in grains play an important role in the endosperm structure and appearance quality of rice, and the appearance quality would be improved by reducing ethylene evolution and ACC in grains through either variety breeding and selection, or chemical regulations or cultivation techniques.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 1-H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic Acid [2-(Naphthalen-1-ylamino)-ethyl]-amide

1-H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [2-（naphthalen-1-ylamino）-ethyl]-amide has been synthesized and characterized. Its crystal is of monoclinic, space group P2 1/n with a = 5.930（6）, b = 12.144（13）, c = 20.10（2） , A, β = 95.709（17）°, V= 1441（3） ,A, Z= 4, C17H17N3O, Mr= 279.34, Dc= 1.288 g/cm^3, F（000） = 592, μ（MoKa） = 0.083 mm^-1, S = 1.019, R = 0.0473 and wR = 0.1181 for 1713 observed reflections with I 〉 2 σ（I）. X-ray diffraction reveals that two molecules of the title compound form a dimer through a pair of N-H…O hydrogen bonds.

3,6-dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid alleviates ulcerative colitis by suppressing mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activation and regulating intestinal microbiota

BACKGROUND 3,6-dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid(BT2)is a benzothiophene carboxylate derivative that can suppress the catabolism of branched-chain amino acid(BCAA)-associated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1)activation.Previous studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of BT2 on arthritis,liver cancer,and kidney injury.However,the effects of BT2 on ulcerative colitis(UC)are unknown.AIM To investigate the anti-UC effects of BT2 and the underlying mechanism.METHODS Mouse UC models were created through the administration of 3.5%dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)for 7 d.The mice in the treated groups were administered salazosulfapyridine(300 mg/kg)or BT2(20 mg/kg)orally from day 1 to day 7.At the end of the study,all of the mice were sacrificed,and colon tissues were removed for hematoxylin and eosin staining,immunoblot analyses,and immunohistochemical assays.Cytokine levels were measured by flow cytometry.The contents of BCAAs including valine,leucine,and isoleucine,in mouse serum were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,and the abundance of intestinal flora was analyzed by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing.RESULTS Our results revealed that BT2 significantly ameliorated the inflammatory symptoms and pathological damage induced by DSS in mice.BT2 also reduced the production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6(IL-6),IL-9,and IL-2 and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level.In addition,BT2 notably improved BCAA catabolism and suppressed mTORC1 activation and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the colon tissues of UC mice.Furthermore,highthroughput sequencing revealed that BT2 restored the gut microbial abundance and diversity in mice with colitis.Compared with the DSS group,BT2 treatment increased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and decreased the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia-Shigella.CONCLUSION Our results indicated that BT2 significantly ameliorated DSS-induced UC and that the latent mechanism involved the suppression of BCAA-associated mTORC1 activation and modulation of the intestinal flora.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Having 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Deaminase to Induce Salt Tolerance in Sunflower (<i>Helianthus annus L.</i>)

Soil salinity badly affects agriculture productivity through accumulation of salts in upper layers of soils. The harmful effects of salts in arable lands have influenced modern as well as ancient civilizations. A pot study was carried out to test the performance of two PGPR isolates (KS 8, KS 28) on sunflower (SMH-0917) under different salinity levels (8, 10 and 12 dS·m-1). These salinity levels were developed by adding calculated amount of salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, CaCl2 and MgSO4) with ratio of 3:4:2:1. The bacterial strains KS 8 and KS 28 were applied separately in two treatments while third treatment was co-inoculation (KS mix). Completely randomized experimental design (CRD) was used and data were collected at flowering stage about pre-decided plant growth parameters (plant height, shoot dry weight and root dry weight). The bacterial isolate KS 8 showed an increase of 26, 102% and 83% in plant height, shoot dry weight and root dry weight at EC 8 dS·m-1, while this improvement was 67%, 163% and 296% at EC 10 dS·m-1, however an increase of 100%, 74% and 382% was recorded over control respectively at EC 12 dS·m-1. Similarly isolate KS 28 exhibited an increase of 14%, 69% and 54% in plant height;shoot dry weight and root dry weight at EC 8 dS·m-1, whereas this improvement was 56%, 163% and 188% at EC 10 dS·m-1, while an increase of 60%, 41% and 282% was registered respectively over control at EC 12 dS·m-1. The increase due to mixture treatments was 4%, 41% and 16% in plant height, shoot dry weight and root dry weight at EC 8 dS·m-1, while an increase of 33%, 57% and 100% at EC 10 dS·m-1, whereas an improvement of 53%, 33% and 164% respectively was noted at EC 12 dS·m-1 over un-inoculated. The isolate KS 8 performed better than KS 28 and mixture treatment. These two PGPR strains could be used to mitigate the adverse impact caused by salinity stress on sunflower.

Isolation and identifi cation of antimicrobial metabolites from sea anemone-derived fungus Emericella sp.SMA01

Marine symbiotic fungi represent an intriguing source of discovery of novel secondary metabolites with various biological activities.Sea anemones are benthic marine invertebrates,however,the cultivable symbiotic fungi residing in the sea anemones are paid few attentions compared to those derived from their cnidarian counterparts.Here we show the identification of antimicrobial secondary metabolites from the sea anemone-derived symbiotic fungi.Out offive isolated fungal strains,only the strain SMA01 showed strong antimicrobial activities,which was assigned into the genus Emericella based on the morphological characteristics and the ITS sequencing.Media swift from liquid fermentation to solid rice medium presented little influence on its antibacterial activity.A chemical investigation of the ethyl acetate extract of the Emericella sp.SMA01 led to discovery of the primary antibiotic metabolite phenazine-1-carboxylic acid.The IC_(50) values of the phenazine-1-carboxylic acid against Phytophthora capsici,Gibberella zeae,and Verticillium dahliae were determined to be 23.26-53.89μg/mL.To the best of our knowledge,this was the first report of Emericella sp.in sea anemones.The current study may benefit understanding of the defensive chemical interactions between the symbiotic fungi and their host sea anemones.

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Crystal Structure of One Novel 1-D Copper(Ⅱ)-organic Framework:{[Cu_2(PP)_2(CBPC)]_2·7H_2O}_n

One novel 1-D copper（Ⅱ）-organic compound,namely {[Cu2（PP）2（CBPC）]2·7H2O}n（1,H2CBPC=1-[（2＇-carboxybiphenyl-4-yl）methyl]-2-propylimidazole-4-carboxylic acid,HPP=3-（2-pyridyl）pyrazole）,was synthesized under hydrothermal conditions.X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that the two Cu（Ⅱ） ions in the distorted dimer [Cu2（PP）2] of 1 are linked by the carboxylate oxygen atoms on the phenyl and imidazole rings,respectively,forming one interesting snake-like chain.Single-crystal X-ray analyses reveal that it crystallizes in monoclinic,space group C2/c with a=30.656（8）,b=12.715（3）,c=22.405（5）,β=122.758（3）°,V=7344（3）3,Z=4,Mr=1681.65,Dc=1.521 g/cm3,F（000）=3464,μ=1.221 mm-1,the final R=0.0453 and wR=0.1023 for 4617 observed reflections with Ⅰ 〉2σ（Ⅰ）.

Cleavage of the Carboxyl-Terminus of LEACS2, a Tomato 1-Aminocyclopropane-l-Carboxylic Acid Synthase Isomer, by a 64-kDa Tomato Metalloprotease Produces a Truncated but Active Enzyme

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid （ACC） synthase （ACS） is the principal enzyme in phytohormone ethylene biosynthesis. Previous studies have shown that the hypervariable C-terminus of ACS is proteolytically processed in vivo. However, the protease responsible for this has not yet been identified. In the present study, we investigated the processing of the 55-kDa full-length tomato ACS （LeACS2） into 52-, 50- and 49-kDa truncated isoforms in ripening tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Cooperation 903） fruit using the sodium dodecyl sulfate-boiling method. Meanwhile, an LeACS2-processing protease was purified via multi-step column chromatography from tomato fruit. Subsequent biochemical analysis of the 64-kDa purified protease revealed that it is a metalloprotease active at multiple cleavage sites within the hypervariable C-terminus of LeACS2. N-terminal sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analysis indicated that the LeACS2-processing metalloprotease cleaves at the C-terminal sites Lys^438, Glu^447, Lys^448, Asn^456, Ser^460, Ser^462, Lys^463, and Leu^474, but does not cleave the N- terminus of LeACS2. Four C-terminus-deleted （26-50 amino acids） LeACS2 fusion proteins were overproduced and subjected to proteolysis by this metalloprotease to identify the multiple cleavage sites located on the N-terminal side of the phosphorylation site Ser^460. The results indisputably confirmed the presence of cleavage sites within the region between the α-helix domain （H14） and Ser^460 for this metalloprotease. Furthermore, the resulting C-terminally truncated LeACS2 isoforms were active enzymatically. Because this protease could produce LeACS2 isoforms in vitro similar to those detected in vivo, it is proposed that this metalloprotease may be involved in the proteolysis of LeACS2 in vivo.

Drug discovery based on the structure of FKBP12: Design, synthesis and evaluation of L-1,4-thiazane-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as neuroimmunophilin ligands

By choosing neuroimmunophilin FKBP12 as a therapeutical target, we have attempted to discover a new structural drug for treating neurodegenerative disease. This drug should possess neurotrophic activity and not affect the immune system. Based on the crystal structure of FKBP12, FK506 and Calcineurin complex, a series of small organic molecules were designed. These molecules were to have the ability of binding to FKBP12 in a virtual screening. By using a solution parallel synthetic method, these compounds were synthesized. The neuroprotective and neuroregenerative activities of these compounds were evaluated by binding assays, PC12 cells survival and neurite outgrowth model, chick dorsal root ganglion cultures (DRG) and 6-OHDA lesioned mice sympathetic nerve endings model. The evaluation results of these compounds showed that compound N308 has great promise as a candidate for a neuroprotective and neuroregenerative agent.

Synthesis,Characterization and Structure of Chiral Amino Acids and Their Corresponding Amino Alcohols with Camphoric Backbone

Chiral amino acids and their corresponding amino alcohols bearing camphoric backbone were prepared from D-（＋）-camphoric imide and characterized by infrared, elemental analysis, ESI-MS, and NMR measurements. Among them, one intermediate （1S,3R）-3-amino-2,2,3- trimethyl cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid hydrochloride 3 was structurally elucidated by X-ray diffraction techniques. Versatile intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions observed in its packing structure result in a two-dimensional framework.

Quinclorac Resistance in Echinochloa crus-galli from China

Echinochloa crus-galli is a major weed in rice fields in China,and quinclorac has been long used for its control.Over-reliance of quinclorac has resulted in quinclorac resistance in E.crus-galli.Two resistant(R)E.crus-galli populations from Hunan,China were confirmed to be at least 78-fold more resistant to quinclorac than the susceptible(S)population.No difference in foliar uptake of 14C-labelled quinclorac was detected between the R and S plants.However,a higher level of 14C translocation and a lower level of quinclorac metabolism were found in the R plants.Basal and induced expression levels ofβ-cyanoalanine synthase(β-CAS)gene andβ-CAS activity were not significantly different between the R and S plants.However,the induction expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase(ACO1)gene by quinclorac treatment was evident in the S plants but not in the R plants.Quinclorac resistance in the two resistant E.crus-galli populations was not likely to be related to foliar uptake,translocation or metabolism of quinclorac,nor to cyanide detoxification viaβ-CAS.Thus,target-site based quinclorac signal reception and transduction and regulation of the ethylene synthesis pathway should be the focus for further research.

Ethylene and Spermidine in Wheat Grains in Relation to Starch Content and Granule Size Distribution Under Water Deficit

Two wheat cultivars （Triticum aestivum L.） were used to evaluate the effects ofpost-anthesis severe water deficit （SD） on starch content and granule size distribution and their relations with ethylene and spermidine （Spd）. Comparison to the well-watered （WW） treatment, SD led to lower Spd and higher 1-aminocylopropane-l-carboxylic acid （ACC） concentrations and ethylene evolution rate （EER） in grains at the critical stage of forming starch granules. Application of Spd or aminoethoxyvinylglycine （AVG） significantly reduced ACC concentration and EER and increased Spd concentration, while ethephon or methylglyoxal-bis （MGBG） had an opposite impact. The volume and surface area distribution of starch granules showed a bimodal curve, while the number distribution exhibited a unimodal curve. SD caused a marked drop in grain weight, grain number and starch content, also led to a significant reduction in the proportion （both by volume and by surface area） of B-type starch granules （〈10 Ixm）, with an increase in those of A-type starch granules （〉10 ~tm）. Application of Spd or AVG increased the proportion （both by volume and by surface area） of B-type starch granules under SD. Correlation analysis suggested that ethylene and Spd showed an antagonism relation in the formation of B-type granules. These results suggested that it would be good for the formation of B-type starch granules to have the physiological traits of higher Spd and lower ACC concentrations and ethylene emission under SD.

Anti-Alzheimer's disease potential of coumarins from Angelica decursiva and Artemisia capillaris and structure-activity analysis

Objective: To use structure-activity analysis to study the anti-Alzheimer's disease(anti-AD) activity of natural coumarins isolated from Angelica decursiva and Artemisia capillaries, along with one purchased coumarin(daphnetin). Methods: Umbelliferone, umbelliferone 6-carboxylic acid, scopoletin, isoscopoletin, 7-methoxy coumarin, scoparone, scopolin, and esculetin have been previously isolated; however 2'-isopropyl psoralene was isolated from Angelica decursiva for the first time to evaluate their inhibitory effects against acetylcholinesterase(ACh E), butyrylcholinesterase(BCh E), and β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1(BACE1) enzyme activity. We scrutinized the potentials of coumarins as cholinesterase and BACE1 inhibitors via enzyme kinetics and molecular docking simulation. Results: Among the test compounds, umbelliferone 6-carboxylic acid, esculetin and daphnetin exhibited potent inhibitory activity against ACh E, BCh E and BACE1. Both esculetin and daphnetin have a catechol group and exhibit significant anti-AD activity against ACh E and BCh E. In contrast, presence of a sugar moiety and methoxylation markedly reduced the anti-AD activity of the coumarins investigated in this study. With respect to BACE1 inhibition, umbelliferone 6-carboxylic acid, esculetin and daphnetin contained carboxyl or catechol groups, which significantly contributed to their antiAD activities. To further investigate these results, we generated a 3D structure of BACE1 using Autodock 4.2 and simulated binding of umbelliferone 6-carboxylic acid, esculetin and daphnetin. Docking simulations showed that different residues of BACE1 interacted with hydroxyl and carboxylic groups, and the binding energies of umbelliferone 6-carboxylic acid, esculetin and daphnetin were negative(-4.58,-6.25 and-6.37 kcal/mol respectively). Conclusions: Taken together, our results suggest that umbelliferone 6-carboxylic acid, esculetin and daphnetin have anti-AD effects by inhibiting ACh E, BCh E and BACE1, which might be useful against AD.

Crystal Structures of 2-Aminobenzothiazole-based Inhibitors in Complexes with Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator （uPA） plays a crucial role in the regulation of plasminogen activation, tumor cell adhesion and migration. The inhibition of uPA activity is a promising mechanism for anti-cancer therapy. Most current uPA inhibitors employ a highly basic group （either amidine or guanidine group） to target the S1 pocket of uPA active site, which leads to poor oral bioavailability. Here we study the possibility of using less basic 2-aminobenzothiazole （ABT） as S1 pocket binding group. We report the crystal structures of uPA complexes with ABT or 2-amino-benzothiazole-6-carboxylic acid ethyl ester （ABTCE）. The inhibitory constants of these two inhibitors were measured by a chromogenic competitive assay, and it was found that ABTCE is a better inhibitor for uPA （Ki = 656 μM） than ABT （Ki = 5.03 mM）. This work shows that 2-amniobenzothiazole can be used as P1 group which may have better oral bioavailability than the commonly used amidine or guanidine group. We also found the ethyl ester group occupies the characteristic oxyanion hole and contacts to uPA 37- and 60-loops. Such work provides structural information for further improvements of potency and selectivity of this new class of uPA inhibitor.

Mutation in the gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 4 (CitACS4) led to andromonoecy in watermelon

Summary Although it has been reported previously that ethylene plays a critical role in sex determination in cucurbit species, how the andromonoecy that carries both the male and hermaphroditic flowers is determined in watermelon is still unknown. Here we showed that the watermelon gene 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate syn- thase 4 CCitACS4）, expressed specifically in carpel primor- dia, determines the andromonoecy in watermelon. Among four single nucleotide polymorphism （SNPs） and one lnDel identified in the coding region of CitACS4, the C364W mutation located in the conserved box 6 was co- segregated with andromonoecy. Enzymatic analyses showed that the C364W mutation caused a reduced activity in CitACS4. We believe that the reduced CitACS4 activity may hamper the programmed cell death in stamen primordia, leading to the formation of hermaphroditic flowers.

Synthesis,Structure,and Magnetic Property of One Snake-shaped Copper(Ⅱ)-organic Compound:Cu[Cu_2(PP)_2](CBPC)_2]·2(H_2O)

One novel copper（II）-organic compound,namely Cu[Cu2（PP）2]（CBPC）2]·2（H2O）（1,H2CBPC = 1-[（2＇-carboxybiphenyl-4-yl）methyl]-2-propylimidazole-4-carboxylic acid,HPP = 3-（2-pyridyl）pyrazole）,was designed and synthesized under hydrothermal conditions.X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that two Cu（II）ions in the quasi-planar dimmer of [Cu2（PP）2] are linked by the carboxylate oxygen atoms on the phenyl ring and the imidazole ring,respectively,yielding one snake-shaped structure.Magnetic measurements reveal that compound 1 shows the strongly antiferromagnetic property.Crystal data of 1：C58H52Cu3N10O10,Mr = 1239.72,monoclinic,P21/c,a = 14.900（7）,b = 15.029（7）,c = 12.308（6）,β = 102.519（9）o,V = 2691（2）3,Z = 2,Dc = 1.530 g/cm3,F（000）= 1274,μ = 1.246 mm-1,R = 0.0416,wR = 0.0780（I 2σ（I））and S = 0.999.

The Dependence of <i>N</i>-Malonyltryptophan Formation in Plants on Water Deficit (Review)

Drought stress in plants is accompanied by several metabolic changes. One of them is the appearance of N-malonyltryptophan (MT) during leaf wilting of many species, but there is a significant number of plant species in which the appearance of MT did not occur. Plants of some species were able to synthesize also N-acetyltryptophan (AT). Excised tomato leaves incubated with D-amino acids (including D-Trp) transform them into malonyl- and acetyl-derivatives even without water deficit. However, MT which appeared during water deficit has been shown to contain L-Trp. Amino acid—1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is also malonylated during water deficit, but other L-amino acids were not malonylated. N-malonyl transferases specific for Trp and ACC have been found in several plants. The existence of N-malonyltransferase specific to L-Trp and appeared during water deficit in plants forming MT is supposed, but clear experimental proof has not been obtained yet. Plants can transform MT applied exogenously into Trp and further to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). But no evidence has been appeared up to now that endogenous MT may be a source of IAA. It is unknown till now why it is necessary for plants of many species to malonylate only Trp during water deficit. How MT metabolized in animals and if it affects them is also unknown. The necessity to use molecular-genetic approaches for the elucidation of the physiological significance of MT formation during water deficit is underlined.

A new aristololactam from Asarum maximum

A new aristololactam, aristololactam Ⅶ （1）, was isolated from the root and rhizome of Asarum maximum Hemsl. On the basis of spectroscopic analysis, its structure was identified as 10-amino-7,8-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy-phenanthrene-1- earboxylie acid laetam.

Exogenous ethylene influences flower opening of cut roses (Rosa hybrida) by regulating the genes encoding ethylene biosynthesis enzymes

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the differential responses of flower opening to ethylene in two cut rose cultivars, ‘Samantha’, whose opening process is promoted, and ‘Kardinal’, whose opening process is inhibited by ethylene. Ethylene production and 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and oxidase activities were determined first. After ethylene treatment, ethylene production, ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) activities in petals increased and peaked at the earlier stage (stage 3) in ‘Samantha’, and they were much more dramatically enhanced and peaked at the later stage (stage 4) in ‘Kardinal’ than control during vasing. cDNA fragments of three Rh-ACSs and one Rh- ACO genes were cloned and designated as Rh-ACS1, Rh-ACS2, Rh-ACS3 and Rh-ACO1 respectively. Northern blotting analysis revealed that, among three genes of ACS, ethylene-in- duced expression patterns of Rh-ACS3 gene corresponded to ACS activity and ethylene production in both cultivars. A more dramatic accumulation of Rh-ACS3 mRNA was induced by ethylene in ‘Kardinal’ than that of ‘Samantha’. As an ethylene action inhibitor, STS at concentration of 0.2 mmol/L generally inhib-ited the expression of Rh-ACSs and Rh-ACO in both cultivars, although it induced the expression of Rh-ACS3 transiently in ‘Kardinal’. Our results suggests that ‘Kardinal’ is more sensitive to ethylene than ‘Samantha’; and the changes of Rh-ACS3 expression caused by ethylene might be related to the acceleration of flower opening in ‘Samantha’ and the inhibition in ‘Kardinal’. Additional results indicated that three Rh-ACSs genes were differentially associated with flower opening and senescence as well as wounding.