Here,the effects of substituting portions of fossil-based phenol in phenol formaldehyde resin by renewable lignin from two different sources are investigated using a factorial screening experimental design.Among the r...Here,the effects of substituting portions of fossil-based phenol in phenol formaldehyde resin by renewable lignin from two different sources are investigated using a factorial screening experimental design.Among the resins consumed by the wood-based industry,phenolics are one of the most important types used for impregnation,coating or gluing purposes.They are prepared by condensing phenol with formaldehyde(PF).One major use of PF is as matrix polymer for decorative laminates in exterior cladding and wet-room applications.Important requirements for such PFs are favorable flow properties(low viscosity),rapid curing behavior(high reactivity)and sufficient self-adhesion capacity(high residual curing potential).Partially substituting phenol in PF with bio-based phenolic co-reagents like lignin modifies the physicochemical properties of the resulting resin.In this study,phenol-formaldehyde formulations were synthesized where either 30%or 50%(in weight)of the phenol monomer were substituted by either sodium lignosulfonate or Kraft lignin.The effect of modifying the lignin material by phenolation before incorporation into the resin synthesis was also investigated.The resins so obtained were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red(FTIR)spectroscopy,Size Exclusion Chromatography(SEC),Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC),rheology,and measurements of contact angle and surface tension using the Wilhelmy plate method and drop shape analysis.展开更多
In this study on the curing dynamics of phenol-formaldehyde novolac resins(PFNR) and hexamethylene tetramine(HMTA), two typical commercial PFNR were selected as examples and the curing reactions of the resins with HMT...In this study on the curing dynamics of phenol-formaldehyde novolac resins(PFNR) and hexamethylene tetramine(HMTA), two typical commercial PFNR were selected as examples and the curing reactions of the resins with HMTA were studied by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). Based on the data calculated by the Kissinger equation and the Crane equation, a thermocuring dynamic model was established, from which the process conditions, activation energy, reaction kinetics equation and a f irst-order reaction of the curing reactions were derived.展开更多
A new aqueous alkaline resol phenol-formaldehyde resin has been prepared from phenol and formaldehyde using NaOH as catalyst; the optimum synthetic process has been determined. With addition of some cross-linking agen...A new aqueous alkaline resol phenol-formaldehyde resin has been prepared from phenol and formaldehyde using NaOH as catalyst; the optimum synthetic process has been determined. With addition of some cross-linking agents, after passing carbon dioxide gas through the resin bonded sand, high as-gassed strength and 24 h strength are achieved. The bonding bridge of the resin bonded sand fracture has been analyzed by using SEM.展开更多
The curing behavior of lignin-based phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resin with different contents of nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates (5, 10 ...The curing behavior of lignin-based phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resin with different contents of nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates (5, 10 and 20°C/min) and the bonding property was evaluated by the wet shear strength and wood failure of two-ply plywood panels after soaking in water (48 hours at room temperature and followed by 1-hour boiling). The test results indicated that the NCC content had little influence on the peak temperature, activation energy and the total heat of reaction of LPF resin at 5 and 10°C/min. But at 20°C/min, LPF0.00% (LPF resin without NCC) showed the highest total heat of reaction, while LPF0.25% (LPF resin containing 0.25% NCC content) and LPF0.50% (LPF resin containing 0.50% NCC content) gave the lowest value. The wet shear strength was affected by the NCC content to a certain extent. With regard to the results of one-way analysis of variance, the bonding quality could be improved by NCC and the optimum NCC content ranged from 0.25% to 0.50%. The wood failure was also affected by the NCC content, but the trend with respect to NCC content was not clear.展开更多
文摘Here,the effects of substituting portions of fossil-based phenol in phenol formaldehyde resin by renewable lignin from two different sources are investigated using a factorial screening experimental design.Among the resins consumed by the wood-based industry,phenolics are one of the most important types used for impregnation,coating or gluing purposes.They are prepared by condensing phenol with formaldehyde(PF).One major use of PF is as matrix polymer for decorative laminates in exterior cladding and wet-room applications.Important requirements for such PFs are favorable flow properties(low viscosity),rapid curing behavior(high reactivity)and sufficient self-adhesion capacity(high residual curing potential).Partially substituting phenol in PF with bio-based phenolic co-reagents like lignin modifies the physicochemical properties of the resulting resin.In this study,phenol-formaldehyde formulations were synthesized where either 30%or 50%(in weight)of the phenol monomer were substituted by either sodium lignosulfonate or Kraft lignin.The effect of modifying the lignin material by phenolation before incorporation into the resin synthesis was also investigated.The resins so obtained were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red(FTIR)spectroscopy,Size Exclusion Chromatography(SEC),Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC),rheology,and measurements of contact angle and surface tension using the Wilhelmy plate method and drop shape analysis.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(SWU.113003 and XDJK 2015C097)
文摘In this study on the curing dynamics of phenol-formaldehyde novolac resins(PFNR) and hexamethylene tetramine(HMTA), two typical commercial PFNR were selected as examples and the curing reactions of the resins with HMTA were studied by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). Based on the data calculated by the Kissinger equation and the Crane equation, a thermocuring dynamic model was established, from which the process conditions, activation energy, reaction kinetics equation and a f irst-order reaction of the curing reactions were derived.
文摘A new aqueous alkaline resol phenol-formaldehyde resin has been prepared from phenol and formaldehyde using NaOH as catalyst; the optimum synthetic process has been determined. With addition of some cross-linking agents, after passing carbon dioxide gas through the resin bonded sand, high as-gassed strength and 24 h strength are achieved. The bonding bridge of the resin bonded sand fracture has been analyzed by using SEM.
文摘The curing behavior of lignin-based phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resin with different contents of nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates (5, 10 and 20°C/min) and the bonding property was evaluated by the wet shear strength and wood failure of two-ply plywood panels after soaking in water (48 hours at room temperature and followed by 1-hour boiling). The test results indicated that the NCC content had little influence on the peak temperature, activation energy and the total heat of reaction of LPF resin at 5 and 10°C/min. But at 20°C/min, LPF0.00% (LPF resin without NCC) showed the highest total heat of reaction, while LPF0.25% (LPF resin containing 0.25% NCC content) and LPF0.50% (LPF resin containing 0.50% NCC content) gave the lowest value. The wet shear strength was affected by the NCC content to a certain extent. With regard to the results of one-way analysis of variance, the bonding quality could be improved by NCC and the optimum NCC content ranged from 0.25% to 0.50%. The wood failure was also affected by the NCC content, but the trend with respect to NCC content was not clear.
