Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of Pistacia species revealed by phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene markers and implications for conservation

Information on population genetic structure and crop genetic diversity is important for genetically improving crop species and conserving threatened species. The PAL gene sequence is part of a multigene family that can be utilized to design DNA marker systems for genetic diversity and population structure investigation. In the current study, genetic diversity and population structure of 100 accessions of wild Pistacia species were investigated with 78 PAL markers. A protocol for using PAL sequences as DNA markers was developed. A total of 313 PAL loci were recognized, showing 100% polymorphism for PAL markers. The PAL markers produced relatively more observed and effective alleles in Pistacia falcata and Pistacia atlantica, with a higher Shannon＇s information index and expected heterozygosity in P. atlantica, Pistacia vera and Pistacia mutica. Pairwise assessment of Nei＇s genetic distance and genetic identity between populations revealed a close association between geographically iso- lated populations of Pistacia khinjuk and Pistacia chinensis. The accessions of wild Pistacia species had more genetic relationship among studied groups of species. Analysis of molecular variance indicated 19% among- population variation and 81% within-population variation for the PAL gene based DNA marker. Population structure analysis based on PAL revealed four groups with high genetic admixture among populations. The results establish PAL markers as a functional DNA marker system and provide important genetic information about accessions from wild populations of Pistacia species.

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene families in cucurbit species: Structure, evolution, and expression

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase （PAL）, the first enzyme of phenylpropanoid pathway, is always encoded by multigene families in plants. In this study, using genome-wide searches, 13 PAL genes in cucumber （CsPAL1-13） and 13 PALs in melon （Cm- PALl-13） were identified. In the corresponding genomes, ten of these PAL genes were located in tandem in two clusters, while the others were widely dispersed in different chromosomes as a single copy. The protein sequences of CsPALs and CmPALs shared an overall high identity to each other. In our previous report, 12 PAL genes were identified in watermelon （CIPAL1-12）. Thereby, a total of 38 cucurbit PAL members were included. Here, a comprehensive comparison of PAL gene families was performed among three cucurbit plants. The phylogenetic and syntenic analyses placed the cucurbit PALs as 11 CsPAL-CmPAL-CIPAL triples, of which ten triples were clustered into the dicot group, and the remaining one, CsPAL1-CmPAL8-CIPAL2, was grouped with gymnosperm PALs and might serve as an ancestor of cucurbit PALs. By comparing the syntenic relationships and gene structure of these PAL genes, the expansion of cucurbit PAL families might arise from a series of segmental and tandem duplications and intron insertion events. Furthermore, the expression profiling in different tissues suggested that different cucurbit PALs displayed divergent but overlapping expression profiles, and the CsPAL-CmPAL-CIPAL orthologs showed correlative expression patterns among three cucurbit plants. Taken together, this study provided an extensive description on the evolution and expression of cucurbit PAL gene families and might facilitate the further studies for elucidating the functions of PALs in cucurbit plants.

The Identification of Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase(PAL)Genes from Pinus yunnanensis and an Analysis of Enzyme Activity in vitro

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL)is the rate-limiting and pivotal enzyme of the general phenylpropanoid path-way,but few reports have been found on PAL genes in Pinus yunnanensis.In the present study,three PAL genes were cloned and identified from P.yunnanensis seedlings for thefirst time,namely,PyPAL-1,PyPAL-2,and PyPAL-3.Our results indicated that the open-reading frames of PyPAL genes were 2184,2157,and 2385 bp.Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that PyPALs have high homology with other known PAL genes in other plants.In vitro enzymatic analysis showed that all three PyPAL recombinant proteins could catalyze the deamination of L-phenylalanine to form trans-cinnamic acid,but only PAL1 and PAL2 can catalyze the conversion of L-tyrosine toρ-coumaric acid.Three PyPAL genes were expressed in different tissues in 1-year-old P.yunnanensis,and such genes had different expression patterns.This study lays a foundation for further understanding of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in P.yunnanensis.

The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene family in Isatis indigotica Fort.:molecular cloning,characterization,and expression analysis

Phenolic compounds, metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway, play an important role in the growth and environmental adaptation of many plants. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL) is the first key enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway. The present study was designed to investigate whether there is a multi-gene family in I. Indigotic and, if so, to characterize their properties. We conducted a comprehensive survey on the transcription profiling database by using tBLASTn analysis. Several bioinformatics methods were employed to perform the prediction of composition and physicochemical characters. The expression levels of IiPAL genes in various tissues of I. indigotica with stress treatment were examined by quantitative real-time PCR. Protoplast transient transformation was used to observe the locations of IiPALs. IiPALs were functionally characterized by expression with pET-32a vector in Escherichia colis strain BL21(DE3). Integration of transcripts and metabolite accumulations was used to reveal the relation between IiPALs and target compounds. An new gene(IiPAL2) was identified and both IiPALs had the conserved enzymatic active site Ala-Ser-Gly and were classified as members of dicotyledon. IiPAL1 and IiPAL2 were expressed in roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, with the highest expression levels of IiPAL1 and IiPAL2 being observed in stems and roots, respectively. The two genes responded to the exogenous elicitor in different manners. Subcellular localization experiment showed that both IiPALs were localized in the cytosol. The recombinant proteins were shown to catalyze the conversion of L-Phe to trans-cinnamic acid. Correlation analysis indicated that Ii PAL1 was more close to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites than IiPAL2. In conclusion, the present study provides a basis for the elucidation of the role of Ii PALs genes in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds, which will help further metabolic engineering to improve the accumulation of bioactive components in I.indigotica.

Molecular cloning and characterization of three phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes from Schisandra chinensis

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),which catalyzes the conversion from L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid,is a well-known key enzyme and a connecting step between primary and secondary metabolisms in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway of plants and microbes.Schisandra chinensis,a woody vine plant belonging to the family of Magnoliaceae,is a rich source of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans exhibiting potent activity.However,the functional role of PAL in the biosynthesis of lignan is relatively limited,compared with those in lignin and flavonoids biosynthesis.Therefore,it is essential to clone and characterize the PAL genes from this valuable medicinal plant.In this study,molecular cloning and characterization of three PAL genes(ScPAL1−3)from S.chinensis was carried out.ScPALs were cloned using RACE PCR.The sequence analysis of the three ScPALs was carried out to give basic characteristics followed by docking analysis.In order to determine their catalytic activity,recombinant protein was obtained by heterologous expression in pCold-TF vector in Escherichia coli(BL21-DE3),followed by Ni-affinity purification.The catalytic product of the purified recombinant proteins was verified using RP-HPLC through comparing with standard compounds.The optimal temperature,pH value and effects of different metal ions were determined.Vmax,Kcat and Km values were determined under the optimal conditions.The expression of three ScPALs in different tissues was also determined.Our work provided essential information for the function of ScPALs.

TWO NOVEL MUTATIONS IN PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE GENE AND IN VITRO EXPRESSION ANALYSIS ON MUTATION ARG252GLN

We report novel mutations in exon 7 of human phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene of phenylketonuria (PKU ) in southern Chinese, analysed by using PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis ), solid phase DNA sequencing and Ih vliro expression. One of the 2 novel mutations, IVS6nt1, is an intron-exon Junctional mutation which results a splicing defect in mRNA. Arg252Gln is another novel mutation with residual PAH activity only 24 % compared to wild type in in vitro mutagenesis and expression in Cos-1 cell. Other 3 known mutations and polymorphism including Arg241Cys, Arg243Gln and Val245Val(GTG to GTA) together with these novel mutations composed the mutatlonal profile of exon 7 in the PAH gene of PKUs in this populations.

MUTATIONS IDENTIFIED IN EXON 7 OFPHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE GENE IN CHINESE

Exon 7 of the l’henylalan1ne hydroxylase (PAH) gene was analyzed in 15 chlldren affected wlth classicphenylketonL1rla (PKU) from northern Chlna by uslng PCRxsingle strand conformation polymorphism(PCR-SSCP) technique and DNA direct sequencing. Six missense mutatlons (l. e. R2413Q. R 241H, G247V,1,2 19H, F2541;lnd G257V )and one silent rnutatlon (V245v ) were identified. The latter three missense mu-tations were demonstrated as novel mltations in comparison with the PAH mutation database. one missense mt1tation (R241 H) was flrst dowumeTlted in Chinese. our results showed populatlon ancl reglon tllffer-ences in the PAH mutation clistribution. and suggest that there is more thfln one founding population forPKU in China. The fincling of novel mutations will enhence the molecular diagnosis of PKU.

药用植物PAL基因及其功能研究进展

苯丙烷代谢途径是植物主要代谢途径之一,可产生黄酮、酚酸和木质素类等物质,这些物质不仅参与调控植物生长发育和抗逆等生理活动,还被用于预防和治疗疾病,是决定药用植物品质的关键因素之一。苯丙氨酸解氨酶(Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)负责催化苯丙烷类代谢途径中第一个反应,是该途径的关键酶和限速酶。本文就药用植物中PAL基因的基本特性、表达调控机制等方面的研究进行综述,为进一步阐明药用植物中PAL的功能提供参考。

Changes of chlorogenic acid content and its synthesis-associated genes expression in Xuehua pear fruit during development

According to synthetic pathway of plant chlorogenic acid （CGA）, the expression patterns of genes encoding enzymes that are associated with CGA synthesis were studied in normally developed Xuehua pear fruit. The study demonstrated that CGA content in peel and flesh of Xuehua pear decreased as fruit development progressed, with a higher level in peel. The expression levels of PbPAL 1, PbPAL2, PbC3H, PbC4H, Pb4CL 1, Pb4CL2, Pb4CL6, PbHC T1 and PbHC T3 genes decreased in fruit, which was consistent with the pattern of variation in CGA content. That indicated that these genes might be key genes for influencing fruit CGA synthesis in Xuehua pear. However, Pb4CL7 gene expression profile is not consistent with variation of CGA content, hence, it may not be a key gene involved in CGA synthesis.

Identification of PAL genes related to anthocyanin synthesis in tea plants and its correlation with anthocyanin content

The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL)gene family in tea plants(Camellia sinensis L.)encodes the enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of the phenylpropane metabolic pathway.The present study aimed to characterize the PAL genes in tea plants,and get better insights on the CsPALs in anthocyanins accumulation.Seven CsPAL genes were identified and characterized in tea plants by bioinformatics analysis.Systematic analysis of CsPALs was conducted for its phylogenetic relationship,gene structure,chromosomal location,and protein conserved motifs based on tea plant genome.The cis-elements of CsPALs were responsive to light,abiotic stress,hormone,and MYB-binding site.Furthermore,tissuespecific expression analysis showed that CsPAL4 was expressed preferentially in young leaves and buds.Correlation analysis was performed in purple-leaf tea with anthocyanin components,and it was suggested that CsPAL4 was closely related with different anthocyanin accumulated,especially with cyanidin 3-O-galactoside,cyanidin 3-O-glucoside,and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside.Additionally,the putative upstream regulation factors CsMYBs(CsMYB59,CsARR1,CsSRM1,CsMYB101,and CsMYB52)and CsbHLHs(CsbHLH104,CsbHLH3,CsbIM1,CsTCP14,and CsPIF4)could bind to the promoter of CsPALs,thereby activating its transcription.This study provides a theoretical basis for further research to elucidate the functions of the CsPAL genes.

Effect of Chloride Ions and Dissolved Oxygen on the Deactivation of Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase

With the method of synthesizing the L-phenylalanine by trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia in the presence of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) under high pH and high concentration of cinnamic acid, it is not favorable for the conversion because of the deactivation of the PAL.For this reason, it is important to find out the suita-

多基因同步调控结合高通量筛选构建高产L-苯丙氨酸的谷氨酸棒杆菌工程菌株

L-苯丙氨酸(L-Phe)是重要的食品及医药中间体,但由于其生物合成途径较长且调控机制复杂,仅依靠质粒或者周期漫长的基因组逐轮改造,难以实现各个模块之间的通量平衡,在一定程度上限制了其产量的进一步提升。本研究将L-Phe生物合成途径中的7个携带组成型启动子PF11及核糖体结合位点(ribosome binding site,RBS)为GGGGGGGG的关键基因ppsA、tktA、aroF^(fbr)、aroE、aroL、pheA^(fbr)和tyrB,整合到谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)的基因组中;利用课题组前期研发的基于CRISPR/Cas系统和胞苷脱氨酶的无模板基因表达调控技术(base editor-targeted and template-free expression regulation,BETTER),对每个关键基因的RBS进行同步编辑,生成富含G/A的RBS突变文库;利用前期开发的荧光蛋白型L-Phe生物传感器结合液滴微流控系统(droplet microfluidics)对RBS突变文库进行高通量筛选。最终,从大约7万个RBS突变文库中筛选到4株L-Phe产量提升不同程度的突变菌株,其72 h摇瓶发酵产量分别为2.06、1.30、4.42和7.44 mmol/L,相比对照菌株C.g-2(0.6 mmol/L)分别提高了2.43、1.17、6.37、11.40倍。利用碱基编辑器同时调节多基因的表达水平并筛选组合文库,可以为L-Phe工程育种提供一种可行策略。

1-甲基环丙烯结合苯丙氨酸处理对桃花色苷合成的影响

为探究采后1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)结合苯丙氨酸(phenylalanine,Phe)处理对桃果实外观色泽的影响,本实验以套袋桃果实为材料,采用清水(Control)、Phe、1-MCP、Phe+1-MCP 4?种方式进行处理,研究不同处理后贮藏期间桃果实表型、果皮色差、花色苷含量、花色苷和乙烯代谢相关基因表达的规律。结果表明:与Control组相比,单独Phe和1-MCP处理均可促进花色苷含量的增加,而Phe+1-MCP处理可更有效地促进花色苷的合成;贮藏第6天时,Phe+1-MCP处理组桃果皮的花色苷含量为76.71 mg/kg,分别是Control、Phe组和1-MCP组的7.29、3.36倍和1.33倍;Phe+1-MCP处理可有效提升桃果皮花色苷合成相关基因(PAL、CHS、CHI、F3H、DFR、ANS、UFGT、MYB10.1、bHLH-3和WD40-1)的表达量,并降低乙烯合成和信号转导相关基因(ACS、EIN4和EIL)的表达量。本研究结果不但进一步证实了1-MCP处理可有效促进套袋桃果皮花色苷的合成,且发现Phe结合1-MCP处理对花色苷的合成具有协同作用,可为1-MCP结合Phe处理在桃采后色泽调控中的应用提供理论依据。

采后苯丙氨酸处理对‘湖景蜜露’桃果皮色泽的影响

为探究苯丙氨酸处理对采后桃果皮着色的影响,该研究以套袋采收的‘湖景蜜露’桃为材料,采用8 mmol/L苯丙氨酸浸泡10 min处理后于常温(22±2)℃条件下贮藏8 d,研究苯丙氨酸处理对采后桃果实外观、果皮色差、花色苷含量和花色苷代谢途径相关基因表达水平的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,采后苯丙氨酸处理可以有效促进桃果实着色,显著提高桃果皮色差ΔE值、a^(*)值、颜色指数(color index of red grape,CIRG)和总花色苷含量,在贮藏第8天时,苯丙氨酸处理组的花色苷含量是对照组的1.64倍;苯丙氨酸处理显著促进了贮藏前期桃果皮中花色苷合成相关结构基因(PAL、F3H、DFR、UFGT)和调节基因(MYB10.1、bHLH3、WD40-1)的表达。研究证实了采后苯丙氨酸处理在促进套袋桃果皮花色苷合成和果皮着色中的作用,为苯丙氨酸在桃采后色泽调控中的应用提供一定技术指导和理论依据。

3同胞的不同遗传缺陷及产前诊断研究

目的通过对3同胞不同遗传缺陷的诊断及干预,探讨遗传咨询及产前诊断策略。方法采用生化、基因及染色体分析明确诊断,通过羊水细胞基因分析对第3胎进行产前诊断。结果先证者,男,2月龄时因发育落后就诊,血液苯丙氨酸>1200μmol/L,PAH基因检出已知致病变异c.728G>A及c.1068C>A,确诊为经典型苯丙酮尿症(PKU),经规范低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗后血液苯丙氨酸浓度控制良好,3月龄后出现难治性癫痫,重度智力损害,14岁时死亡。母亲第2胎孕中期发现胎儿脐膨出,羊水细胞染色体核型异常[45,XN,-21(3)/46,XN(7)],孕28周时终止妊娠。母亲第3胎妊娠早期入院检查,为进一步明确先证者病因,采用冻存的先证者DNA进行全外显子分析,除PAH复合杂合变异外,检出GABRA2基因新发致病变异c.875C>G,证实先证者共患发育性癫痫性脑病78型。第3胎胎龄18周时羊水细胞基因分析发现PAH基因存在与先证者相同的复合杂合变异,GABRA2基因未检出c.875C>G变异。母亲选择继续妊娠,第3胎为男婴,足月顺产出生,于日龄3 d时确诊PKU,遂开始规范低苯丙氨酸饮食与监测,血苯丙氨酸控制在正常范围,目前3岁,智力、运动及体格发育良好。结论PKU为严重的遗传代谢病,经规范治疗后绝大多数患者预后良好。

新生儿筛查确诊苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏症患者基因变异及长期随访分析

目的:了解苯丙氨酸羟化酶(PAH)基因变异的特点,观察PAH缺乏症新生儿的长期治疗效果及随访情况。方法:收集1996至2021年198例济南地区新生儿筛查确诊PAH缺乏症患者的临床资料及治疗随访结果,总结其中完善基因检测的55例及济南周边地区转诊的213例患者的基因分析结果。采用定制Panel检测基因变异,定期监测血苯丙氨酸浓度及患者身高、体重等体格发育指标,采用0~6岁儿童神经心理发育量表和学习成绩评估智力发育,颅脑磁共振成像检测评估患者脑损伤情况。结果:PAH基因以c.728G>A、c.158G>A、c.721C>T、c.1068C>A、c.611A>G变异多见;c.158G>A变异的基因型主要为复合杂合变异,以轻度高苯丙氨酸血症为主。随访期间,168例PAH缺乏症患者的体格发育均正常,无矮小及营养不良。33例学龄期前接受智能发育评估的患者中,2例智能发育落后,初始治疗年龄均超过6月龄。9例平均年龄为(17.13±2.42)岁的患者完成颅脑磁共振成像检查,结果正常1例,异常8例(以T2WI上双侧侧脑室旁小斑片状或片状高信号灶多见),智能发育均正常;结果正常的这例患者较其他8例患者的血苯丙氨酸浓度控制更佳。结论:PAH基因以c.728G>A、c.158G>A、c.721C>T、c.1068C>A、c.611A>G变异多见;经筛查确诊的PAH缺乏症患者规范治疗后,青少年期绝大部分能够获得正常的体格发育和智力发育,但脑白质存在不同程度的器质性病变。

树莓RiPAL1基因克隆及生物信息学分析

苯丙氨酸解氨酶(Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase,PAL)是苯丙烷类代谢的关键酶,能调节树莓中黄酮类的生物合成。为了深入研究树莓中RiPAL1基因的功能与调控机制,以树莓果实为材料提取总RNA,合成cDNA第一链,然后成功克隆出树莓果实RiPAL1基因,并对其进行了相关的生物信息学分析。结果表明,RiPAL1基因的编码序列(Coding Sequence,CDS)全长为2133 bp,编码710个氨基酸,分子量为77.50 ku,等电点为6.21。RiPAL1蛋白疏水性最大值为4.50,最小值为-4.50,平均疏水指数为-0.49,为亲水性蛋白,无跨膜结构,无信号肽。含有4个N糖基化位点和67个特异性激酶位点,二级结构以α螺旋为主,三级结构为同型四聚体。多序列比对显示RiPAL1蛋白具有典型的苯丙氨酸解氨酶保守结构域,系统进化分析表明RiPAL1蛋白与同科植物草莓亲缘关系最近。该研究可为深入研究RiPAL1基因参与树莓果实黄酮类物质生物合成的分子机制提供参考。

山东省30例苯丙酮尿症患者苯丙氨酸羟化酶基因的突变分析

目的研究山东省30例苯丙酮尿症患儿苯丙氨酸羟化酶基因的突变特点。方法使用二代测序技术结合生物信息学分析手段检测PAH缺乏型苯丙酮尿症患者PAH基因的变异位点。结果30例患者的60个PAH等位基因中共检测出53个PAH基因位点突变,检出率为88.3%。检测出的27种PAH基因的突变类型包括17种错义突变、4种无义突变、4种剪接突变、1种同义突变和1种移码突变。突变分布在第1-3、5-7、10-12号外显子和第4号、5号、7号、12号内含子上。其中热点突变为c.728G>A(24.53%)、c.721C>T(7.55%)和c.1238G>C(5.66%),新突变位点为:c.155T>G和c.621T>A。结论山东省30例PKU患儿的PAH基因突变以错义突变为主,主要发生在第7号外显子上。研究检测出PAH基因的27个突变位点,包括2个新的突变位点,为苯丙酮尿症的产前诊断和机制研究提供依据。

禹白芷苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因AdPAL1的克隆与表达分析

【目的】探究禹白芷中欧前胡素含量与苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因AdPAL1表达的相关性,并对AdPAL1进行克隆和原核表达。【方法】使用高效液相色谱法测定禹白芷快速生长期和收获期根和叶中欧前胡素的含量,并使用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法测定AdPAL1基因在同时期根和叶中的表达情况,以观察欧前胡素含量与AdPAL1基因表达是否具有相关性。此外,以禹白芷转录组为基础,采用逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)技术从禹白芷根中克隆AdPAL1基因,并在大肠杆菌中进行表达。【结果】禹白芷快速生长期根中的欧前胡素含量远高于叶,而AdPAL1基因在根中的表达量也远高于叶。与快速生长期相比,收获期根中欧前胡素含量略有下降,AdPAL1基因在根中的表达量也同时下降。这些结果表明AdPAL1基因表达与欧前胡素含量具有相关性。此外,生物信息学分析显示,禹白芷AdPAL1基因(GenBank登录号:OQ822236)开放阅读框长1764 bp,编码557个氨基酸,其蛋白相对分子质量为61.10 kD,等电点为5.92,且具有苯丙氨酸解氨酶保守结构域(IPR005922,1~547),属于PAL蛋白家族成员。AdPAL1蛋白定位于细胞质,主要由α-螺旋和无规则卷曲构成,与石防风属植物KpPAL2蛋白亲缘关系最近,序列相似性高达99.28%。AdPAL1基因在大肠杆菌中表达的重组蛋白相对分子质量约为84.00 kD,与预期蛋白大小一致。【结论】初步确定禹白芷根和叶中欧前胡素含量与AdPAL1基因表达相关,并成功克隆AdPAL1基因,在大肠杆菌中成功表达。上述结果为进一步研究AdPAL1基因在欧前胡素生物合成中的作用机制提供参考。

新生儿高苯丙氨酸血症筛查及PAH基因变异和缺失分析

目的 了解石家庄市新生儿高苯丙氨酸血症(HPA)的发病率、临床分型以及相关基因的变异特征。方法选择2017年3月至2021年5月在石家庄市新生儿疾病筛查中心进行HPA筛查的487 380名新生儿,经免疫荧光法检测其足跟血苯丙氨酸浓度,采用基因测序技术对可疑阳性患儿苯丙氨酸羟化酶(PAH)基因进行检测,患儿父母采用Sanger法进行目标基因变异验证,进一步将基因测序结果与正常人比对,找出片段缺失区域并进行分析。结果487 380名新生儿中筛查出阳性儿191例,确诊HPA 104例,均为PAH缺乏症,发病率为1/4686。104例患儿中共检测出62种基因变异,包括错义变异37种、剪接变异10种、无义变异7种、同义变异2种、整码变异1种以及杂合缺失5种。PAH基因常见的变异位点有c. 158 G>A(18.7%)、c. 728 G>A(10.5%)、c. 611 A>G(6.7%)、c. 331 C>T(4.8%)和c.721C>T(4.8%),并发现未报道基因片段缺失(外显子6杂合缺失)及基因变异(c.630T>G、c.61-1G>A、c.912+5G>T和c.1055+241C>A)。结论 石家庄市HPA发病率较高,为1/4686;发现了62种PAH基因变异,包括5种片段缺失;此外发现5种未报道的基因变异,丰富了基因数据库。