Superior photovoltaics/optoelectronics of two-dimensional halide perovskites

Taking advantage of the excellent stability and photoelectric properties,two-dimensional(2D)organicinorganic halide perovskites have been widely researched and applied in optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices.The remarkable properties are attributed to the unique quantum well structures by intercalating large organic ammonium space layers.In this review,we first summarize the crystal structures and growth methods of 2D halide perovskite crystals.Then,the distinctive optical characteristics and enhanced stability under high humidity,phase stability,suppressed ion migration,and high formation energy,are discussed in detail.Furthermore,we discuss orientation control in 2D perovskite films.The applications of 2D perovskites in solar cells,photo detectors and X-ray detectors are discussed in detail.Finally,we propose an outlook and perspectives to overcome the present challenges and broaden this new class of perovskite materials with other 2D nanomaterials.

Validation of Metformin Hydrochloride in Human Plasma by HPLC-Photo Diode Array （PDA） for Application of Bioequivalence Study

A sensitive and specific high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of metformin hydrochloride （HCI） in human plasma. The HPLC method consists of isocratic eluation with a mixture of 60% buffer （10 mM sodium dihyrogenphosphate-10 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate） and 40% acetonitrile with final pH 7.0 with flow rate of 1.0 mL/min on a Kromasil~ Akzo Nobel RP-18 （4.6 mm ID ~ 250 mm, 5 ~tm） column at an ambient temperature. Photo diode array detection was performed in program mode at 234 rim. The analyte and diazepam as internal standard （IS） were extracted from plasma using 10% trichloroacetic acid. The assay was linear over the therapeutic concentration range of 20-2,500 ng/mL for metformin HCI with correlation coefficient of r = 0.9999. Limit of quantitation was 20 ng/mL. The results obtained for intraJinter day accuracy and precision complied very well with the generally accepted criteria for bio-analytical assay. The method was applied to bioequivalence （BE） study of metformin HCI in healthy Indonesian volunteers after treatment with 750 mg XR metformin HCI. This BE study shows that the two formulations are equivalent so that they were therapeutically interchangeable for each other.

Monolithically Fabricated OEICs Using RTD and MSM

Two kinds of monolithically fabricated circuits are demonstrated in GaAs-based material systems using resonant tunneling diodes（RTD） and metal-semiconductor-metal photo detectors（MSM PD）. The electronic characteristics of these fabricated RTD devices,MSM devices,and integrated circuits are tested at room temperature. The results show that the current peak-to-valley ratio is 4,and the photocurrent at 5V is enhanced by a factor of nearly 9,from 2 to about 18μA by use of recessed electrodes. The working theory and logical functions of the circuits are validated.

Selected area growth integrated wavelength converter based on PD-EAM optical logic gate

A selected area growth wavelength converter based on a PD-EAM optical logic gate for WDM application is presented, integrating an EML transmitter and a SOA-PD receiver. The design, fabrication, and DC characters were analyzed. A 2 Gb/s NRZ signal based on the C-band wavelength converted to 1555 nm with the highest extinction ratio of 7 dB was achieved and wavelength converted eye diagrams with eyes opened were presented.