Adaptive split-step Fourier method for simulating ultrashort laser pulse propagation in photonic crystal fibres

In this paper, the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation （GNLSE） is solved by an adaptive split-step Fourier method （ASSFM）. It is found that ASSFM must be used to solve GNLSE to ensure precision when the soliton selffrequency shift is remarkable and the photonic crystal fibre （PCF） parameters vary with the frequency considerably. The precision of numerical simulation by using ASSFM is higher than that by using split-step Fourier method in the process of laser pulse propagation in PCFs due to the fact that the variation of fibre parameters with the peak frequency in the pulse spectrum can be taken into account fully.

Photonic crystal fibre Brillouin laser based on Bragg grating Fabry-Perot cavity

A photonic crystal fibre Brillouin laser based on fibre Bragg grating Fabr-Perot cavity is presented. A highly nonlinear photonic crystal fibre 25 m in length is used as Brillouin gain medium and fibre Bragg grating Fabry-Perot cavity is chosen in order to enhance the laser conversion efficiency and suppress the higher-order Stokes waves. The laser reaches the threshold at input power of 35 mW, and the experimental laser conversion efficiency achieves 18% of the input power of 140 mW and does not show higher-order Stokes waves. A photonic crystal fibre Brillouin laser with shorter fibre length and lower threshold is experimentally realized.

The single-longitudinal-mode operation of a ridge waveguide laser based on two-dimensional photonic crystals

An electrically driven, single-longitudinal-mode GaAs based photonic crystal （PC） ridge waveguide （RWG） laser emitting at around 850 nm is demonstrated. The single-longitudinal-mode lasing characteristic is achieved by introducing the PC to the RWG laser. The triangle PC is etched on both sides of the ridge by photolithography and inductive coupled plasma （ICP） etching. The lasing spectra of the RWG lasers with and without the PC are studied, and the result shows that the PC purifies the longitudinal mode. The power per facet versus current and current-voltage characteristics have also been studied and compared.

Efficient frequency upshift of 10 fs laser pulses propagating in a 5-cm length birefringent photonic crystal fibre

This paper reports that a 5-cm length birefringent photonic crystal fibre is used to tune the output frequency of unamplified 10-fs Ti：sapphire pulses. The zero dispersion of the fibre is at 823 nm and 800 nm for slow and fast fundamental modes, respectively. It is demonstrated that efficient upshift of the output frequency can be achieved when the pumped radiation is polarized along the slow axis of the fibre. When the average input power reaches 320 mW, about 60% of the output energy is located in one peak at 600 nm and is accompanied by depletion of the pulse inside the anomalous dispersion region.

Static and Dynamic Analysis of Lasing Action from Single and Coupled Photonic Crystal Nanocavity Lasers

The single and coupled photonic crystal nanocavity lasers are fabricated in the InGaAsP material system and their static and dynamic features are compared. The coupled-cavity lasers show a larger lasing e^ciency and generate an output power higher than the single-cavity lasers, results that are consistent with the theoretical results obtained by rate equations. In dynamic regime, the single-cavity lasers produce pulses as short as 113 ps, while the coupled-cavity lasers show a significantly longer lasing duration. These results indicate that the photonic crystal laser is a promising candidate for the light source in high-speed photonic integrated circuit.

Photonic crystal fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer with microholes ablated by a femtosecond laser for refractive index sensing

A new structure of the photonic crystal fiber（PCF）based Mach-Zednder interferometer（MZI）is fabricated and presented.The structure has microholes ablated by a femtosecond laser.The fringe visibility can be enhanced more than 10 dB compared with the interferometer without a microhole.The interferometer is characterized by sodium chloride solutions for refractive index（RI）sensing.The RI sensitivities are greatly increased by the hole fabrication since it directly changes the cladding modes of the PCF.For the interferometer sensor with two holes,the RI sensitivity is 157.74 nm/RIU,which is 5 times than that of the sensor without a microhole.Microholes ablation with a femtosecond laser on PCF can increase the sensor＇s sensitivity dramatically.Femtosecond laser has a wide application prospect in the field of performance improvement of the sensors.

Fiber optical parametric oscillator based on photonic crystal fiber pumped with all-normal-dispersion mode-locked Yb:fiber laser

We demonstrate a cost effective, linearly tunable fiber optical parametric oscillator based on a home-made photonic crystal fiber pumped with a mode-locked ytterbium-doped fiber laser, providing linely tuning ranges from 1018 nm to 1038 nm for the idler wavelength and from 1097 nm to 1117 nm for the signal wavelength by tuning the pump wavelength and the cavity length. In order to obtain the desired fiber with a zero dispersion wavelength around 1060 rim, eight sam- ples of photonic crystal fibers with gradually changed structural parameters are fabricated for the reason that it is difficult to accurately customize the structural dimensions during fabrication. We verify the usability of the fabricated fiber experimen- tally via optical parametric generation and conclude a successful procedure of design, fabirication, and verification. A seed source of home-made all-normal-dispersion mode-locked ytterbium-doped fiber laser with 38.57 ps pulsewidth around the 1064 nm wavelength is used to pump the fiber optical parametric oscillator. The wide picosecond pulse pump laser enables a larger walk-off tolerance between the pump light and the oscillating light as well as a longer photonic crystal fiber of 20 m superior to the femtosecond pulse lasers, resulting in a larger parametric amplification and a lower threshold pump power of 15.8 dBm of the fiber optical parametric oscillator.

Vertical cavity surface emitting laser transverse mode and polarization control by elliptical hole photonic crystal

The polarization of traditional photonic crystal（PC） vertical cavity surface emitting laser（VCSEL） is uncontrollable,resulting in the bit error increasing easily.Elliptical hole photonic crystal can control the transverse mode and polarization of VCSEL efficiently.We analyze the far field divergence angle,and birefringence of elliptical hole PC VCSEL.When the ratio of minor axis to major axis b/a = 0.7,the PC VCSEL can obtain single mode and polarization.According to the simulation results,we fabricate the device successfully.The output power is 1.7 mW,the far field divergence angle is less than 10°,and the side mode suppression ratio is over 30 dB.The output power in the Y direction is 20 times that in the X direction.

Application of Photonic Crystals in Semiconductor Lasers

Photonic crystals(PCs) have attracted much considerable research attention in the past two decades. They are artificially fabricated periodic dielectric structures. The periodic dielectric structures have photonic band gap(PBG) and are referred to as photonic band gap materials. This paper mainly introduces one-dimensional (1-D) and 2D PCs applied in the semiconductor lasers.

Stable CW Single-Mode Photonic Crystal Fiber DFB Ring Laser

We demonstrate stable single-mode CW operation of a DFB ring laser based on Er3＋ doped photonics crystal fiber （PCF）. The incorporation of a ring cavity allows one single mode to lase and also suppresses the unwanted effect of self-pulsing. Such a narrow linewidth source in PCF has great potential in spectroscopy.

Simplified modeling of frequency behavior in photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting laser with tunnel injection quantum dot in active region

In this work, the characteristics of the photonic crystal tunneling injection quantum dot vertical cavity surface emitting lasers（Ph C-TIQD-VCSEL） are studied through analyzing a modified modulation transfer function. The function is based on the rate equations describing the carrier dynamics at different energy levels of dot and injector well. Although the frequency modulation response component associated with carrier dynamics in wetting layer（WL） and at excited state（ES） levels of dots limits the total bandwidth in conventional QD-VCSEL, our study shows that it can be compensated for by electron tunneling from the injector well into the dot in TIQD structure. Carrier back tunneling time is one of the most important parameters, and by increment of that, the bias current dependence of the total bandwidth will be insignificant. It is proved that at high bias current, the limitation of the WL-ES level plays an important role in reducing the total bandwidth and results in rollovers on 3-d B bandwidth-I curves. In such a way, for smaller air hole diameter of photonic crystal, the effect of this reduction is stronger.

Recent developments in high power near-infrared super-continuum generation based on photonic crystal fiber

High power supercontinuum generation has witnessed rapid developments during the past few years. The mecha- nism and the latest achievements in high power supercontinuum generation are reviewed both for the continuous wave pump regime and the pulsed pump regime. The challenges in scaling the average power of supereontinuum generation are analyzed. Some of our works on high power supercontinuum generation are summarized, and perspectives for the future development are discussed.

Generation of a compact high-power high-efficiency normal-dispersion pumping supercontinuum in silica photonic crystal fiber pumped with a 1064-nm picosecond pulse

Broadband normal dispersion pumping supercontinuum （SC） generation in silica photonic crystal fiber （PCF） is investigated in this paper. A 1064-nm picosecond fiber laser is used to pump silica PCF for the SC generation. The length of PCF is optimized for the most efficient stimulated Raman scattering process in the picosecond pump pulse region. The first stimulated Raman Stokes peak is located in the anomalous dispersion regime of the PCF and near the zero dispersion wavelength; thus the SC generation process can benefit from both a normal dispersion pumping scheme and an anomalous dispersion pumping scheme. The 51.7-W SC spanning from about 700 nm to beyond 1700 nm is generated with an all-fiber configuration, and the pump-to-SC conversion efficiency is up to 90%. In order to avoid the output fiber end face damage and increase the stability of the system, an improved output solution for the high power SC is proposed in our experiment. This high-efficiency near-infrared SC source is very suitable for applications in which average output power and spectral power density are firstly desirable.

Optical parametric chirped pulse amplification based on photonic crystal fibre

A compact two-stage optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier based on photonic crystal fibre is demonstrated. A 1064-nm soliton pulse is obtained in a home-made photonic crystal fibre （PCF） with femtosecond pulse pumping and then amplified to 2 mJ in an Nd：YAG regenerative amplifier. After the amplified pulses pass through the LBO crystal, the 532-nm double-frequency light with an energy of 0.8 mJ and a duration of over 100 ps at 10-Hz repetition rate is generated as a pump source in the following two-stage optical parametric amplification （OPA）. The 850-nm chirped signal light gain from the stretcher is 1.5 × 10^4 in the first-stage OPA while it is 120 in the second-stage OPA. The total signal gain of optical parametric chirped pulse amplification （OPCPA） can reach 1.8 × 10^6.

Reseach Progress of Photonic Crystal Fibers in China

Photonic Crystal Fibers have attracted worldwideinterest within the last decade due to their uniqueoptical properties and because they exhibit a muchhigher degree of design freedom compared to conventionaloptical fibers.In this article, the fabricationtechnologies of photonic crystal fibers and theirapplications at home and abroad were formulated atlength, especially in the following fields, such aslarge mode area active photonic crystal fibers andfiber lasers, birefringence fibers and sensors, highnonlinear photonic crystal fibers and frequencytransformation, dispersion compensation PCFs anddispersion compensation for telecommunicationsystems, and photonic band-gap fibers. Finally, accordingto the above analysis, the prospects anddeveloping trends of photonic crystal fibers in thefuture were presented.

High-power ultraviolet 278-nm laser from fourth-harmonic generation of an Nd：YAG amplifier in CsB3O5 crystal

We report on the experimental investigation and theoretical analysis of a nanosecond pulse high power ultraviolet（UV） 278 nm laser by fourth-harmonic generation（FHG） of a 1112-nm Nd：YAG amplifier in LiB3O5（LBO） and CsB3O5（CBO） crystals. The UV laser delivers a maximum average power of 10.3 W at 278 nm with peak power of 36.8 k W under input pump power of 41 W at 556 nm. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest output power at the specific UV wavelength of 278 nm. We also performed the theoretical investigation on the FHG with a model in the Gaussian approximation of both spatial and temporal profiles, especially accounting for the two-photon absorption effect in CBO crystal for the first time. The average output power, pulse width, and beam spatial distribution of the UV laser were simulated. The theoretical calculations are in close agreement with the experimental results.

Mechanism and elimination of spectrum filtering in a high power mode-locked fibre laser with a free output coupler

The filtering mechanism of a free output coupler mode-locked laser based on large-mode-area photonic-crystal fibre is analysed. A filtering-soliton mode-locked laser with 495 fs pulse width and 21 nJ pulse energy is achieved. Another novel cavity configuration is established to eliminate the filtering effect. Pulses, each 457 fs in width and 16.5 nJ in energy, are obtained in a soliton-like regime. Pulses, each 387 fs in width and 15.8 nJ in energy, are also generated in a stretched pulse regime and could be dechirped to 119 fs externally to the cavity.

Development of Fiber Lasers and Their Applications

Development of fiber lasers, especially the latest progress in high power fiber lasers, and the problems of the commercialization of high power fiber lasers, are discussed. Research on other kinds of fiber lasers, such as microstructure fiber laser, ultrashort pulse fiber lasers, Raman fiber lasers are also involved.

高速光子晶体面发射激光器研究进展

光子晶体面发射激光器(PCSEL)利用二维光子晶体光栅的布拉格共振实现面发射激光,具有其独特的优势,包括单模性能、在片测试、高功率、低发散角等。相比垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL),PCSEL有将近两倍的有源区光限制因子,展现出高速运行的潜力。本文探讨了PCSEL的基本结构和工作原理,并详细分析了影响PCSEL激光器实现高速性能的关键因素。随后,文章系统地介绍了近年来研究者们为实现PCSEL高速性能所做的努力,重点聚焦于通过增强PCSEL的面内限制来缩小激光腔,并提供了相关的研究方向和指导。

微腔真空场对辐射过程的调控及应用(特邀)

真空电磁模式与辐射源之间的相互耦合决定了辐射源的辐射特性。光学微腔能够对真空光子态密度进行有效调控,进而影响辐射源的辐射过程。微腔内真空电磁场的局域分布可以通过微纳结构来改变,从而调节辐射源与光子的相互作用,为微纳激光、量子光源、片上光学网络等应用领域提供新颖的功能性器件。然而,真空场的静态调控方法存在其固有限制,即一旦完成制备无法更改其性能,因此微腔光子器件迫切需要动态或者准动态的调控技术来实现相应的功能。本文综述了基于材料性质、环境参数和耦合效应的多种调控手段,以期实现对器件真空场分布的后端调控。总结了国内外在半导体微腔真空场调控方面的研究进展,并提出了未来的研究展望。主动后端调控手段有望在集成微纳光学和量子信息处理等领域得到广泛的应用。