Excitation of defect modes from the extended photonic band-gap structures of 1D photonic lattices

This paper stuides numerically the model equation in a one dimensional defective photonic lattice by modifying the potential function to a periodic function. It is found that defect modes （DMs） can be regarded as Bloch modes which are excited from the extended photonie band-gap structure at Bloch wave-numbers with kx = 0. The DMs for both positive and negative defects are considered in this method.

Spatial solitons in photonic lattices with large-scale defects

We address the existence, stability and propagation dynamics of solitons supported by large-scale defects surrounded by the harmonic photonic lattices imprinted in the defocusing saturable nonlinear medium. Several families of soliton solutions, including flat-topped, dipole-like, and multipole-like solitons, can be supported by the defected lattices with different heights of defects. The width of existence domain of solitons is determined solely by the saturable parameter. The existence domains of various types of solitons can be shifted by the variations of defect size, lattice depth and soliton order. Solitons in the model are stable in a wide parameter window, provided that the propagation constant exceeds a critical value, which is in sharp contrast to the case where the soliton trains is supported by periodic lattices imprinted in defocusing saturable nonlinear medium. We also find stable solitons in the semi-infinite gap which rarely occur in the defocusing media.

Beam control in tri-core photonic lattices

We report on theoretical investigations of beam control in one-dimensional tri-core photonic lattices （PLs）. Linear splitting is illustrated in tri-core PLs; the effect of defect strength on the splitting is discussed in depth for single-wavelength light. We reveal that splitting disappears when the defect strength trends to zero, while reoccurring under nonlinearity. Multi-color splitting and active control are also proposed in such photonic structures.

The interaction of in-band and in-gap lattice soliton trains in optically induced two-dimensional photonic lattices

We demonstrate the coherent interactions of lattice soliton trains, including in-band solitons （IBSs） and gap soliton trains （GSTs）, in optically induced two-dimensional photonic lattices with self-defocusing nonlinearity. It is revealed that the π-staggered phase structures of the lattice soliton trains will lead to anomalous interactions. Solely by changing their initial separations, the transition between attractive and repulsive interaction forces or reversion of the energy transfer can be obtained. The ‘negative refraction＇ effect of the soliton trains on the interaction is also discussed. Moreover, two interacting IBSs can merge into one GST when attraction or energy transfer happens.

Talbot effect in anti-PT symmetric synthetic photonic lattices

We investigated the Talbot effect in an anti-parity-time(PT)symmetric synthetic photonic lattice composed of two coupled fiber loops.We calculated the band structures and found that with an increase in the gain-loss parameter,the band transitions from a real spectrum to a complex spectrum.We study the influence of phase in the Hermitian operator on the Talbot effect,and the Talbot effect disappears when the period of the input field is N>8.Further study shows that the variation of Talbot distance can also be modulated by non-Hermitian coefficients of gain and loss.This work may find significant applications in pulse repetition-rate multiplication,temporal invisibility,and tunable intensity amplifiers.

Self-trapping and oscillation of quadruple beams in high band gap of 2D photonic lattices

through single-site excitation. By changing the initial to the lattices, periodic oscillations of the localized quadruple state becomes a rotating doubly charged undergo charge-flipping when the rotating direction is orientation of the incident quadruple beam related quadruple mode may be obtained. The localized optical vortex （DCV） during rotation and should reversed.

Observation of dipolar transport in one-dimensional photonic lattices

We experimentally study the transport properties of dipolar and fundamental modes on one dimensional(1D) coupled waveguide arrays. By carefully modulating a wide optical beam, we are able to effectively excite dipolar or fundamental modes to study discrete diffraction(single-site excitation) and gaussian beam propagation(multi-site excitation plus a phase gradient). We observe that dipolar modes experience a larger spreading area due to an effective larger coupling constant, which is found to be more than two times larger than the one for fundamental modes. Additionally, we study the effect of non-diagonal disorder and find that while fundamental modes are already trapped on a weakly disorder array, dipoles are still able to propagate across the system.

Simultaneous creation of multiple vortex-antivortex pairs in momentum space in photonic lattices

Engineering of the orbital angular momentum(OAM)of light due to interaction with photonic lattices reveals rich physics and motivates potential applications.We report the experimental creation of regularly distributed quantized vortex arrays in momentum space by probing the honeycomb and hexagonal photonic lattices with a single focused Gaussian beam.For the honeycomb lattice,the vortices are associated with Dirac points.However,we show that the resulting spatial patterns of vortices are strongly defined by the symmetry of the wave packet evolving in the photonic lattices and not by their topological properties.Our findings reveal the underlying physics by connecting the symmetry and OAM conversion and provide a simple and efficient method to create regularly distributed multiple vortices from unstructured light.

Experimental demonstration of optical Bloch oscillation in electromagnetically induced photonic lattices

The optical Bloch oscillation(OBO)is an optical-quantum analogy effect that is significant for light field manipulations,such as light beam localization,oscillation and tunneling.As an intra-band oscillation,OBO was important for optical investigations in photonic lattices and atomic vapors over an extended period of time.However,OBO in reconfigurable platforms is still an open topic,even though tunability is highly desired in developing modern photonic techniques.Here we theoretically establish and experimentally demonstrate OBO in an electromagnet-ically induced photonic lattice with a ramping refractive index,established in a coherently-prepared three-level 85 Rb atomic vapor under the electromagnetically induced transparency condition.This is achieved by interfering two coupling beams with Gaussian profiles and launching a probe beam that exhibits OBO within the resulting lattice.The induced reconfigurable photonic lattice possesses a transverse gradient,due to the innate edges of Gaussian beams,and sets a new stage for guiding the flow of light in periodic photonic environments.Our results should motivate better understanding of peculiar physical properties of an intriguing quantum-optical analogy in an atomic setting.

Observing the collapse of super-Bloch oscillations in strong-driving photonic temporal lattices

Super-Bloch oscillations(SBOs)are amplified versions of direct current(dc)-driving Bloch oscillations realized under the detuned dc-and alternating current(ac)-driving electric fields.A unique feature of SBOs is the coherent oscillation inhibition via the ac-driving renormalization effect,which is dubbed as the collapse of SBOs.However,previous experimental studies on SBOs have only been limited to the weak ac-driving regime,and the collapse of SBOs has not been observed.Here,by harnessing a synthetic temporal lattice in fiber-loop systems,we push the ac-field into a strong-driving regime and observe the collapse of SBOs,which manifests as the oscillation-trajectory localization at specific ac-driving amplitudes and oscillation-direction flip by crossing collapse points.By adopting arbitrary-wave ac-driving fields,we also realize generalized SBOs with engineered collapse conditions.Finally,we exploit the oscillation-direction flip features to design tunable temporal beam routers and splitters.We initiate and demonstrate the collapse of SBOs,which may feature applications in coherent wave localization control for optical communications and signal processing.

Vector Lattice Vortex Solitons

Two-dimensional vector vortex solitons in harmonic optical lattices are investigated. The stability properties of such solitons are closely connected to the lattice depth V0. For small V0, vector vortex solitons with the total zero-angular momentum are more stable than those with the total nonzero-angular momentum, while for large V0, this case is inversed. If V0 is large enough, both the types of such solitons are stable.

Asymmetrical surface soliton trains

We elucidate the existence, stability and propagation dynamics of multi-spot soliton packets in focusing saturable media. Such solitons are supported by an interface beside which two harmonically photonic lattices with different modulation depths are imprinted. We show that the surface model can support stable higher-order structures in the form of asymmetrical surface soliton trains, which is in sharp contrast to homogeneous media or uniform harmonic lattice modulations where stable asymmetrical multi-peaked solitons do not exist. Surface trains can be viewed as higher-order soliton states bound together by several different lowest order solitons with appropriate relative phases. Their existence as stable objects enriches the concept of compact manipulation of several different solitons as a single entity and offers additional freedom to control the shape of solitons by adjusting the modulation depths beside the interface.

Discrete solitons in azimuthally modulated Bessel lattices:An introduction to solitons in quasi-periodic structure

The investigation of discrete solitons in quasi-periodic structure,namely azimuthally modulated Bessel lattices imprinted in photorefractive crystal,is introduced.It is shown that the discrete solitons centralize more energy in the internal layers than the Bessel lattice and moreover,the effect of centralization of discrete solitons in focusing media is stronger than that in defocusing media.The discrete solitons are unstable in some propagation constant windows and they are absolutely stable when the propagation constant is large enough.The stable solitons perform long-distance and periodic oscillation of intensity and shape under the perturbation of intrinsic excitation.

Gap-type dark localized modes in a Bose-Einstein condensate with optical lattices

Bose-Einstein condensate(BEC)exhibits a variety of fascinating and unexpected macroscopic phenomena,and has attracted sustained attention in recent years-particularly in the field of solitons and associated nonlinear phenomena.Meanwhile,optical lattices have emerged as a versatile toolbox for understanding the properties and controlling the dynamics of BEC,among which the realization of bright gap solitons is an iconic result.However,the dark gap solitons are still experimentally unproven,and their properties in more than one dimension remain unknown.In light of this,we describe,numerically and theoretically,the formation and stability properties of gap-type dark localized modes in the context of ultracold atoms trapped in optical lattices.Two kinds of stable dark localized modes-gap solitons and soliton clusters-are predicted in both the one-and two-dimensional geometries.The vortical counterparts of both modes are also constructed in two dimensions.A unique feature is the existence of a nonlinear Bloch-wave background on which all above gap modes are situated.By employing linear-stability analysis and direct simulations,stability regions of the predicted modes are obtained.Our results offer the possibility of observing dark gap localized structures with cutting-edge techniques in ultracold atoms experiments and beyond,including in optics with photonic crystals and lattices.

Photonic band gap of 2D complex lattice photonic crystal

It is of great significance to present a photonic crystal lattice structure with a wide photonic bandgap. A two-dimension complex lattice photonic crystal is proposed. The photonic crystal is composed of complex lattices with triangular structure, and each single cell is surrounded by six scatterers in an hexagon. The photonic band gaps are calculated based on the plane wave expansion (PWE) method. The results indicate that the photonic crystal has tunable large TM polarization band gap, and a gap-midgap ra...

Design and analysis of superlens based on complex two-dimensional square lattice photonic crystal

We theoretically demonstrate the imaging properties of a complex two-dimensional(2D) face-centered square lattice photonic crystal(PC) made from germanium cylinders in air background. The finitedifference time-domain(FDTD) method is employed to calculate the band structure and simulate image construction. The band diagram of the complex structure is significantly compressed. Negative refraction occurs in the second energy band with negative phase velocity at a frequency of 0.228(2πc/a), which is lower than results from previous studies. Lower negative refraction frequency leads to higher image resolution. Numerical results show that the spatial resolution of the system reaches 0.7296λ, which is lower than the incident wavelength.

Photonic bandgap structure and long-range periodicity of a cumulative Fibonacci lattice

In this work, we study the photonic band of cumulative Fibonacci lattices, of which the structure is composed of all generated units in a Fibonacci sequence. The results are compared with distributed Bragg reflector(DBR)structures with the same numbers of layers. Photonic bandgaps are found at two characteristic frequencies, symmetrically separated from the central bandgap in the DBR counterpart. Field amplitude and phase distribution in the Fibonacci lattice indicates an interferential origin of the bandgaps. Fourier transform on the refractive index profile is carried out, and the result confirms a determinate long-range periodicity that agrees well with the photonic band structure.

Deep-learning-empowered synthetic dimension dynamics:morphing of light into topological modes

Synthetic dimensions(SDs)opened the door for exploring previously inaccessible phenomena in high-dimensional space.However,construction of synthetic lattices with desired coupling properties is a challenging and unintuitive task.Here,we use deep learning artificial neural networks(ANNs)to construct lattices in real space with a predesigned spectrum of mode eigenvalues,and thus to validly design the dynamics in synthetic mode dimensions.By employing judiciously chosen perturbations(wiggling of waveguides at desired frequencies),we show resonant mode coupling and tailored dynamics in SDs.Two distinct examples are illustrated:one features uniform synthetic mode coupling,and the other showcases the edge defects that allow for tailored light transport and confinement.Furthermore,we demonstrate morphing of light into a topologically protected edge mode with modified Su-Schrieffer-Heeger photonic lattices.Such an ANN-assisted construction of SDs may advance toward“utopian networks,”opening new avenues for fundamental research beyond geometric limitations as well as for applications in mode lasing,optical switching,and communication technologies.

Ultrasonic generation via direct interaction between photons and phonons in anharmonic lattice of ionic crystals

A theory of ultrasonic generation via direct interaction of transverse optic (TO) phonons with photons in anharmonic lattice of ionic crystals is presented. There are two methods of supplying light energy for the excitation of TO lattice wave as a high frequency ultrasound: (A) incident light comes from the source outside the cavity? fulfilled with ionic crystal medium, (B) photon mode of the cavity possesses the gain of amplification by stimulated radiation of active atoms doping in the medium. More attention is drawn to the case (B). The working system of case (B), as a mixture of lasing action and ultrasonic generation, has the threshold phenomena like usual laser. And the linear stability analysis shows that the nonlineax phonon-photon coupling and the interaction among phonons themselves, both of which reflect the anharmonicity of lattice vibration, are necessary to the stable ultrasonic output. So this laser-ultrasonic generation mixture would be also a measure to investigate the lattice-dynamic nonlinearity and correlated electromagnetic properties of ionic crystals.