A Novel Multi-Tube Photoreactor with UV Light and Immobilized TiO_2 Thin Film for Water Treatment

A novel multi-tube photoreactor with 0.0188m3 valid reaction volume was constructed in pilot-scale. This rectangular reactor consisted of 13 regularly distributed silica glass tubes coating with TiO2 thin film photo-catalyst. Total active area of TiO2 thin film is 0.3916m2. The ratio of surface area to volume achieves 20.8m-1. Photocatalytic experiment of phenol red demonstrates that the apparent reaction rate constant (k) is 0.074 65 h-1 and 0.16502h-1 for reaction system with and without micro-bubbles mixing. The corresponding apparent quantum efficiency (a) is 8.1771 X 10-7g.J-1 and 4.9036 x 10-7g-J-1, respectively. COD value of reactant could decrease to 17mg.L-1 and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) only shows two absorption peaks in 24 h pho-tocatalytic process time, so this photoreactor has good photomineralization effect. Experimental results reveal that photocatalytic destruction of organics is possible by using the multi-tube photoreactor.

Nanohybrid membrane in algal-membrane photoreactor: Microalgae cultivation and wastewater polishing

Microalgae cultivation has gained tremendous attention in recent years due to its great potential in green biofuel production and wastewater treatment application. Membrane technology is a great solution in separating the microalgae biomass while producing high quality of permeate for recycling. The main objective of this study was to investigate the filtration performance of Ag/GO-PVDF(silver/graphene oxide-polyvinylidene fluoride) membrane in an algalmembrane photoreactor(A-MPR) by benchmarking with a commercial PVDF(com-PVDF) membrane. In this study, Chlorella vulgaris microalgae was cultivated in synthetic wastewater in an A-MPR for ammoniacal-nitrogen and phosphorus recovery and the wastewater was further filtered using Ag/GO-PVDF and com-PVDF membranes to obtain high quality water. Spectrophotometer was used to analyze the chemical oxidation demand(COD), ammoniacal nitrogen(NH3-N) and phosphate(PO43-). The concentration of proteins and carbohydrates was measured using Bradford method and phenol-sulfuric acid method, respectively. The COD of the synthetic wastewater was reduced from(180.5 ± 5.6) ppm to(82 ± 2.6) ppm due to nutrient uptake by microalgae. Then, the Ag/GO-PVDF membrane was used to further purify the microalgae cultivated wastewater, resulting in a low COD permeate of(31 ± 4.6) ppm. The high removal rate of proteins(100%) and carbohydrates(86.6%) as the major foulant in microalgae filtration, with low membrane fouling propensity of Ag/GO-PVDF membrane is advantageous for the sustainable development of the microalgae production. Hence, the integrated A-MPR system is highly recommended as a promising approach for microalgae cultivation and wastewater polishing treatment.

Comparative study of performance efficiency for three kinds of photoreactors

This paper generalized the structure characteristics of three different configuration photoreactors: annular type irradiated by lamp, solar shallow pond and solar flat plate and compared their performance efficiency at the same reaction condition level which was determined by the first order rate constant in photocatalytic decolorization of methyl orange in TiO 2 suspension. It was demonstrated that solar could be considered as an alternative light source in photoreactors not only for low running and construction cost but also for their successful performance. The evidence has proved the feasibility of solar photocatalytic oxidation as an additional or alternative advantage stage of wastewater treatment process.

Solar Oxidation and Removal of Arsenic from Groundwater Utilizing a Semicircular Section Tubular Photoreactor

A semicircular section tubular photoreactor has been constructed, characterized and applied to the treatment of groundwater contaminated with As（V） by means of the SORAS （solar oxidation and removal of arsenic） technique, using ferrous and citrate salts. The solar concentrator was built with recyclable waste materials： glass tubes from fluorescent lamps and 6-inch diameter PVC pipes cut in half and covered by aluminum foil. The reactor concentrates solar radiation up to 2.8 times its natural intensity. Batch irradiation experiments followed by controlled agitation （shear rate = 30-33 s^-1; 20 min agitation period） showed that the photoreactor accelerates the formation of settleable floccules （Dp 〉 0.5mm）, compared with a fluorescent lamp glass tube alone and a 2 L PET （polyethylene terephthalate） bottle. Irradiation times necessary for floccule formation in the photoreactor, the fluorescent lamp tube and the PET bottle were 15 min, 25 min and 60 min, respectively. Continuous flow experiments using a photoreactor with a photo-collection area of 0.9 m^2 and a hydraulic retention time （equal to the irradiation time） of 15 rain showed that immediate formation of floccules of good settleability occurs when the solution is subjected to moderate agitation （33 s^-1）. An efficiency of 98.36% for As（V） removal was obtained with a final concentration of 16.5 ktg/L in decanted waters. In accordance to these results, the photoreactor is able to treat approximately 130 L/m^2 within a 5-h period with UVA irradiation intensities of 50-70 W/mE.

Photodegradation of Methylene Blue in a Batch Fixed Bed Photoreactor Using Activated Carbon Fibers Supported TiO2 Photocatalyst

A batch fixed bed photoreactor,using felt-form activated carbon fibers(ACF)supported TiO2 photocatalyst(TiO2/ACF),was developed to carry out photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue(MB)solution.The effects of TiO2 particle size,loaded TiO2 amount,initial MB concentration,airflow rate and successive run on the decomposition rate were investigated.The results showed that photodegradation process followed a pseudo-first-order reaction kinetic law.The apparent first-order reaction constant kapp was larger than 0.047 min- 1 with half reaction time t1/2 shorter than 15 min,which was comparable to reported data using suspended Degussa P-25 TiO2 particles.The high degradation rate was mainly attributed to adsorption of MB molecules onto the surface of TiO2/ACF.The photocatalytic efficiency still remained nearly 90%after 12 successive runs,showing that successive usage of the designed photoreactor was possible.The synergic enhancement effect in combination of adsorption with ACF and photodegradation with TiO2 was proved by comparing MB removal rates in the successive degradation and adsorption runs,respectively.

Progress on gas-solid phase photoreactor and its application in CO_(2) reduction

The burgeoning field of photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2)has emerged as a remarkable promising solution to address some of the most pressing global energy and environmental issues which we face today.Researchers around the global have been striving to augment the efficiency of CO_(2)photocatalytic reduction,employing strategies that range from modifying the fundamental properties of photocatalysts to suppress the electron-hole recombination,optimizing reaction conditions to achieve the highest yield,and conceptualizing and constructing photoreactors to improve the adsorption process.Among these factors,the photoreactor plays a critical role in enhancing the overall photocatalytic efficiency.Understanding the various types of photoreactors and their operational dynamic can significantly influence the experimental design,thus guiding the data collecting and analysis.Compared to the solid-liquid phase,gas-solid phase photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2)is gaining recognition for its potential advantages,such as rapid molecular diffusion rates,adjustable CO_(2)concentrations,and uniform and sufficient light exposure.Nonetheless,the currently reported gas-solid phase photoreactors are still in their infancy.In this review,we dissect the underlying mechanism of photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction and the performance evaluation criteria of photoreactors,and review the development process of gas-solid phase photoreactors.Furthermore,we explore the evolution of gas-solid phase photoreactors,elucidating their growth trajectory and future possibilities.We present a comprehensive classification of gas-solid phase photoreactors,offering a new insight into their design and functionality,summarizing their strengths and inevitable limitations.Finally,we provide a forward-looking perspective on the future developmental prospects of carbon neutrality.

Photocatalytic degradation of 4-tert-octylphenol in a spiral photoreactor system

A spiral photoreactor system （SPS） was developed for the degradation of 4-tert-octylphenol （4-t-OP） in aqueous phase. 4-t-OP was previously considered as a endocrine disrupting compound frequently present in water. The direct photodegradation reaction caused by the SPS was found to accord with the characteristic of apparent first-order reaction with reaction rate constant k = 4.8 x 10-2 min-1. However, the direct photodegradation reaction could not make the 4-t-OP mineralized. The photodegradation efficiency increased from 88% to 91.2% in 45 min irradiation period after the internal surface of SPS was sintered with TiO2 thin film as catalyst. Catalyst concentration, number of catalyst coating layers and initial concentration of 4-t-OP were proven to be the factors affecting the photocatalytic degradation performance of the SPS on aqueous 4-t-OP. The degradation mechanism was investigated and the byproducts were analyzed using total organic carbon analyzer （TOC） and LC-MS. The possible chemical structures of the products were suggested. SPS with single layer of TiO2 prepared by sintering 13.6% of TiO2 precursor was proven to be more efficient than most of previous systems for removal of 4-t-OP from aqueous phase. 28.3% of the 4-t-OP was mineralized in 45 min according to the decreased amount of TOC value.

Constructing S-scheme 2D/0D g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2) NPs/MPs heterojunction with 2D-Ti3AlC2 MAX cocatalyst for photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction to CO/CH_(4) in fixed-bed and monolith photoreactors

Exfoliated 2D MAX Ti_(3) AlC_(2) conductive cocatalyst anchored with g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2) to construct 2D/0D/2D het-erojunction has been explored for enhanced CO_(2) photoreduction in a fixed-bed and monolith photoreac-tor.The TiO_(2) particle sizes(NPs and MPs)were systematically investigated to determine effective metal-support interaction with faster charge carrier separation among the composite materials.When TiO_(2) NPs were anchored with 2D Ti_(3) AlC_(2) MAX structure,10.44 folds higher CH_(4) production was observed com-pared to anchoring TiO_(2) MPs.Maximum CH_(4) yield rate of 2103.5μmol g^(−1) h^(−1) achieved at selectivity 96.59%using ternary g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2)/Ti_(3) AlC_(2)2D/0D/2D composite which is 2.73 and 7.45 folds higher than using binary g-C_(3)N_(4)/Ti_(3) AlC_(2) MAX and TiO_(2) NPs/Ti_(3)AlC_(2) samples,respectively.A step-scheme(S-scheme)photocatalytic mechanism operates in this composite,suppressed the recombination of useful electron and holes and provides higher reduction potential for efficient CO_(2) conversion to CO and CH_(4).More im-portantly,when light intensity was increased by 5 folds,CH_(4) production rate was increased by 3.59 folds under visible light.The performance of composite catalyst was further investigated in a fixed-bed and monolith photoreactor and found monolithic support increased CO production by 2.64 folds,whereas,53.99 times lower CH_(4) production was noticed.The lower photocatalytic activity in a monolith photore-actor was due to lower visible light penetration into the microchannels.Thus,2D MAX Ti_(3) AlC_(2) composite catalyst can be constructed for selective photocatalytic CO_(2) methanation under visible light in a fixed-bed photoreactor.

Mercury removal performance over a Ce-doped V-W/TiO_(2) catalyst in an internally illuminated honeycomb photoreactor

A new type of internally illuminated honeycomb photoreactor was designed. The honeycomb catalyst prepared by using Cedoped TiO2 with 1%–2% vanadium and tungsten was employed for mercury removal from simulated industrial flue gas. The adsorption kinetics in the reaction process were studied. The results showed that the internally illuminated honeycomb photoreactor had good mercury removal performance. When the temperature was 25℃ and the ultraviolet(UV) light intensity reached 80 μW/cm2, the mercury removal efficiency reached 92.5%. The mercury removal efficiency increased significantly with the doping ratio of Ce. XPS analysis showed that the oxidation state of Ce changed from 4 to 3 in the mercury removal reaction and produced lattice oxygen, which acts as an oxidant. O2 can promote mercury removal by honeycomb catalysts;SO2 and HCl also had positive effects, while NO had an inhibitory effect on mercury removal. Kinetic research in the reaction process showed that the quasi-first-order dynamic model had good fitting results, and the correlation coefficients of the fitting results for multiple sets of experimental data were more than 0.999.

Solar photocatalytic pathogenic disinfection:Fundamentals to state-of-the-art

It is necessary to treat pathogen-infected water before its utilisation.Of conventionally used treatment methods,solar photocatalysis has gained considerable momentum owing to its operational simplicity and capacity to use freely and abundantly available solar energy.This article systematically reviewed the disinfection of water with photocatalysis.It addressed the concerns of microbial infection of water and the fundamentals behind its treatment with photocatalysis.It presented an in-depth description of pathogenic deactivation with powerful reactive oxygen species.Special emphasis was given to process intensification as it is an attractive technique that provides multifunctionality and/or equipment miniaturisation.Solar reactor design regarding mobilised/immobilised photocatalysts and compound parabolic concentrators were elucidated.Finally,key parameters governing photoperformance,corresponding trade-offs,and the need for their optimisation were discussed.Overall,this article is a single point of reference for researchers,environmentalists,and industrialists who address the ever-severing challenge of providing clean water whilst also maintaining energy sustainability.

SPR增强贵金属M嵌入空盒TiO_(2)纳米反应器制备及其可见光降解RhB

为寻求更高效、对可见光强响应的光催化材料,制定出一项嵌入型纳米空盒光反应器的合成新技术,先采用拓扑相变法和空氛烧结法合成空盒状TiO_(2)(TiO_(2)-HNBs),然后将贵金属M以肖特基结嵌入TiO_(2)-HNBs制备纳米反应器,再对持久性有机污染物(Persistent Organic Pollutant,POPs)(模型染料为罗丹明B)进行可见光降解测试。结果显示,这种嵌入型纳米空盒光反应器表现出非常优异的光催化性能。与P25相比,光降解效率提高4至5倍,尤其是嵌入Au纳米棒的纳米空盒光反应器(Au-NRs/TiO_(2)-HNBs,TR),150min对RhB的降解效率可达98.5%。这得益于TiO_(2)空盒形貌优化以及贵金属M的表面等离子体共振效应(Surface Plasmon Resonance,SPR),在可见光响应下,金属产生的热电子能量高,易克服肖特基势垒从金属纳米颗粒转移到TiO_(2)导带上,有效转移和分离光生电子-空穴对。同时光催化活性与金属粒子的形貌密切相关,TR嵌入型纳米空盒光反应器表现出最高的催化活性。

高转化率气固相CO_(2)还原光反应器设计与应用研究

近年来,全球能源危机和环境问题已经成为重大挑战,而过度使用化石燃料是导致这些问题的主要原因之一。为了解决能源短缺和过量CO_(2)排放问题,太阳能驱动下的光催化CO_(2)还原被认为是有效的策略之一。为了提高二氧化碳光催化还原的效率,文章通过回顾气固相光反应器的发展过程,对光催化CO_(2)还原的基本机制和光反应器设计进行了分析,并总结了其优势和不可避免的局限性。通过剖析不同类型的光反应器结构及其操作动态,可以对数据收集和分析提供指导,以便探索其增长轨迹和未来可能性,为实现碳中和目标提供启示。光催化CO_(2)还原技术作为一种可持续且具有潜力的解决方案,将在实现这一目标的过程中发挥关键作用。

三相流化床中光催化降解反应特性的研究

在设计并建立的流态化光催化反应器中,采用负载型光催化剂对甲基橙水溶液进行了光催化降解实验研究。优化了三相流化状态下光催化反应器的操作条件, 其结果为:气体流量200-250Lh-1,液体流量30 Lh-1,催化剂用量为1.5gkg-1处理液;考察了该反应器中催化剂的使用寿命,为光催化降解技术的工业应用研究提供了参考。

不同酸碱条件下胶体迁移对含水介质渗透性的影响

文章通过室内土柱实验,研究胶体在迁移过程中对含水介质渗透性的影响以及不同酸碱条件下含水介质渗透性变化的特征,并从胶体的动电性质、粒径分布以及胶体与含水介质的空间排斥效应等方面对含水介质渗透性变化的微观机理进行探讨。研究结果表明,胶体溶液的酸碱度对含水介质的渗透性影响很大,中性和碱性条件下,胶体容易迁移,含水介质渗透性变化小。不同酸碱度条件下胶体粒度、表面动电性质不同:在酸性环境下出水胶体表面zeta电势和淌度为正,由于胶体带正电荷与含水介质表面所带负电荷的电性相反,电荷之间的吸引作用使胶体沉积作用加大,随着胶体聚沉在含水介质表面上渗透性急剧降低;在碱性环境中出水胶体表面zeta电势和淌度为负,电荷间的排斥作用将极大地促进胶体在含水介质中的迁移。

平板构型太阳光催化反应系统中甲基橙降解脱色研究

利用太阳光作为光源，采用自制的非聚焦开放式平板构型光催化反应装置和二氧化钛悬浆体系，以甲基橙溶液光催化脱色为依据，考虑了不同催化剂投加量、溶液初始浓度、ＵＶ辐射强度及体系流量等因素条件下，反应系统的运行情况．实验结果表明，自制的平板式太阳光反应系统能够很好的利用太阳光，在较广泛的运行条件下均能达到较高的去污效果．本实验的最佳运行条件为：平均ＵＶ光照强度２６９３Ｗ／ｍ２的晴天，ＴｉＯ２催化剂投加量１ｇ／Ｌ，系统循环流量１６００Ｌ／ｈ，初始浓度为２０ｍｇ／Ｌ的甲基橙溶液１５Ｌ，光照１ｈ色度去除率达８３６％以上，光照２ｈ达９７９％．

半导体光催化氧化技术的研究进展

作为一种高级氧化工艺,半导体光催化氧化技术能有效降解多种对环境有害的污染物,使污染物矿化为CO2、H2O及其他无机小分子物质 在诸多半导体光催化剂中,TiO2由于无毒、催化活性高、氧化能力强、稳定性好、成本低,成为最常用、也是最具潜力的一种光催化剂 阐述了TiO2光催化氧化的反应机理,介绍了决定TiO2光催化性能的因素及提高其活性的方法,总结了光催化反应器的发展及影响光催化反应效率的因素,并展望了半导体光催化氧化技术的前景。

连续循环固定床光催化反应器动力学研究(1)操作参数对光催化效率的影响

本工作对连续循环固定床光催化氧化水处理系统 ,系统地考察了操作参数对光催化氧化效率的影响 ,结果表明 ,流体流速显著地影响光催化效率 ,液相、气相流速分别达到 2 80 L/h和1 0 0 L/h时 ,模拟反应物达到最好的降解率 ;在一定条件下反应体系的光催化效率存在饱和行为 ;增加光强度明显提高反应速度 ;溶液 p H值影响很大 ,大于 1 0或小于 4,光催化效率都较高 ;添加H2 O2

半导体气固相光催化氧化反应介绍

介绍了气固相光催化氧化过程的基本原理、反应动力学 ,探讨了反应器模拟和设计计算以及反应器的型式 ,综述了多相光催化反应半导体光催化剂的制备、使用和失活 ,以及大量的光催化制品。

负载化纳米TiO_2光催化降解气相甲苯

使用高比表面积的玻璃弹簧为载体,水热合成法制备了TiO2膜光催化剂,并在密闭循环式反应系统中进行甲苯的气相光催化降解实验。考察了气体流速、空气相对湿度、污染物初始浓度和催化剂用量对甲苯降解效率的影响,并采用GC/MS测定光催化降解过程中的气体组分及其含量,没有发现除甲苯以外的其它气相组分,最后测试了催化剂在高污染物浓度时的使用寿命。

苯在TiO_2上的气相光催化反应性能

在一个循环式光反应系统中进行了苯的气相光催化实验.考察了催化剂与反应物的接触面积,催化剂用量和苯的初始浓度对苯光催化氧化反应的影响.结果表明,催化剂与反应物的接触面积和光强度的共同作用是影响苯光催化降解速度的主要因素.实验条件下,催化剂接触面积增加2倍,反应时间缩短260min.再将光强度提高1倍,反应时间缩短320min;催化剂用量对反应过程的影响主要是催化剂层吸附能力的影响,随着催化剂用量的增加这种影响逐渐减弱.当催化剂用量从0.1g增加到0.5g时,反应时间缩短100min,而从0.5g增加到1.5g时只缩短20min;当系统中苯的浓度较低时,随着初始浓度的增加反应中苯的浓度变化增大,但在高浓度系统中初始浓度的影响不明显.