A 60-day pot experiment was carried out using di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as a typical organic pollutant phthalic ester and cowpea (Vigna sinensis) as the host plant to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorr...A 60-day pot experiment was carried out using di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as a typical organic pollutant phthalic ester and cowpea (Vigna sinensis) as the host plant to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth and degradation of DEHP in two contaminated soils, a yellow-brown soil and a red soil. The air-dried soils were uniformly sprayed with different concentrations of DEHP, inoculated or left uninoculated with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, and planted with…展开更多
Humic acid is rich in highly electronegative oxygen-containing organic functional groups,so it has high reactivity and can adsorb phthalic acid ester(PAEs)in the environment to reduce the risk of environmental polluti...Humic acid is rich in highly electronegative oxygen-containing organic functional groups,so it has high reactivity and can adsorb phthalic acid ester(PAEs)in the environment to reduce the risk of environmental pollution from PAEs.In this paper,the extraction,characterization and adsorption models of humic acid were reviewed,and the research status of adsorption of PAEs by humic acid was further summarized.Based on these,the feasibility and observable application prospect of humic acid as a cheap adsorbent were analyzed.展开更多
Abiotic degradability of four phthalic acid esters （PAEs） in the aquatic phase was evaluated over a wide pH range 5-9. The PAE solutions in glass test tubes were placed either in the dark and under the natural sunli...Abiotic degradability of four phthalic acid esters （PAEs） in the aquatic phase was evaluated over a wide pH range 5-9. The PAE solutions in glass test tubes were placed either in the dark and under the natural sunlight irradiation for evaluating the degradation rate via hydrolysis or photolysis plus hydrolysis, respectively, at ambient temperature for 140 d from autumn to winter in Osaka, Japan. The efficiency of abiotic degradation of the PAEs with relatively short alkyl chains, such as butylbenzyl phthalate （BBP） and di-nbutyl phthalate （DBP）, at neutral pH was significantly lower than that in the acidic or alkaline condition. Photolysis was considered to contribute mainly to the total abiotic degradation at all pH. Neither hydrolysis nor photolysis of di-ethylhexyl phthalate （DEHP） proceeded significantly at any pH, especially hydrolysis at neutral pH was negligible. On the other hand, the degradation rate of di- isononyl phthalate （DINP） catalyzed mainly by photolysis was much higher than those of the other PAEs, and was almost completely removed during the experimental period at pH 5 and 9. As a whole, according to the half-life （t1/2） obtained in the experiments, the abiotic degradability of the PAEs was in the sequence： DINP （32-140 d） 〉 DBP （50-360 d）, BBP （58-480 d） 〉 DEHP （390-1600 d） under sunlight irradiation （via photolysis plus hydrolysis）. Although the abiotic degradation rates for BBP, DBP, and DEHP are much lower than the biodegradation rates reported, the photolysis rate for DINP is comparable to its biodegradation rate in the acidic or alkaline condition.展开更多
Biodegradability of di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP）, butylbenzyl phthalate （BBP）, di-ethylhexyl phthalate （DEHP）, and di-isononyl phthalate （DINP） under an anaerobic condition was evaluated using three natural sedi...Biodegradability of di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP）, butylbenzyl phthalate （BBP）, di-ethylhexyl phthalate （DEHP）, and di-isononyl phthalate （DINP） under an anaerobic condition was evaluated using three natural sediment microcosms obtained from ponds in Osaka, which had not been significantly polluted by the chemicals. The degradabilities of the four phthalic acid esters（PAEs） were analyzed by a first-order kinetic model with a lag phase and ranked as DBP〉BBP〉〉DEHP〉DINP. The PAEs with shorter alkyl-chains, DBP and BBP, were degraded with quite short lag phases near to zero and short half-lives of a few days. The PAEs with longer alkyl-chains, DEHP and DINP, were degraded with lag phases of 5-30 d and the quite long half-lives of a couple of hundred days. Although no data was available on the anaerobic biodegradability of D1NP before this study, it was clarified that DINP can be degraded with slow degradation rates. The fact that all the three intact sediments were capable of biodegradation of the PAEs suggests that potential of anaerobic biodegradation of PAEs is widespread in the aquatic environment.展开更多
A novel series of para-diiodobenzene derivatives, 3,6-diiodo-4,5-dialkyl-phthalic acid dimethyl esters, were prepared via cycloaddition of two TMS-substituted alkynes and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, which was med...A novel series of para-diiodobenzene derivatives, 3,6-diiodo-4,5-dialkyl-phthalic acid dimethyl esters, were prepared via cycloaddition of two TMS-substituted alkynes and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, which was mediated by zirconocene. After iodination, three new compounds of 3,6-diiodo-4,5-dimethyl（dipropyl, dibutyl）-phthalic acid dimethyl esters （3a, 3b, 3c） were synthesized in high region-selectivity and yields, and characterized by NMR. The crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal of 3a （C12H121204, Mr = 474.02） belongs to the triclinic system, space group Pi with a = 7.6238（10）, b = 9.4571（12）, c = 10.8221（14） A, a = 66.611（10）, fl = 88.511（12）, 7 ： 77.604（11）% V= 697.93（16） A3, Z= 2, F（000） = 444, Dc = 2.256 mg/m3, g = 4.509 mm-1, T=133（2） K, S = 1.014, R = 0.0229 and wR = 0.0547 for 2644 observed reflections with I 〉 20（/）; the crystal of 3b （C16H201204, Mr - 530.12） is of triclinic system, space group Pi with a = 9.4122（19）, b = 10.626（2）, c = 11.353（2） A, a = 97.90（3）, fl = 113.83（3）, y = 110.22（3）°, V= 922.6（3） A3, Z- 2, F（000） = 508, Dc - 1.908 mg/m3, g = 3.422 mm-1, T = 113（2） K, S = 1.115, R = 0.0428 and wR = 0.1072 for 3971 observed reflections with I〉 20（/）; the crystal of 3c （ClsH241204, Mr = 558.17） belongs to the monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 26.396（2）, b = 8.7560（8）, c = 25.7970（18） A, fl = 91.721（4）o, V= 5959.6（8） A3, Z = 12, F（000） = 3240, Dc = 1.866 mg/m3,/z = 3.184 mm-l, T= 113（2） K, S = 1.154, R = 0.0424 and wR = 0.0766 for 13056 observed reflections with I 〉 20（/）.展开更多
Based on quantitative structure-property relationship （QSPR） of organic compounds, the molecular connectivity indices of 21 phthalic acid ester compounds were extracted. Relationship between the physicochemical prop...Based on quantitative structure-property relationship （QSPR） of organic compounds, the molecular connectivity indices of 21 phthalic acid ester compounds were extracted. Relationship between the physicochemical properties （n-octanol/air partition coefficient, vapor pressure, water solubility） and the molecular connectivity indices of phthalic acid ester compounds have been established by multiple linear regression （MLR） method. The results showed that the zero-order valence connectivity index （0Xu） is the topology parameter which affects octanol/water partition coefficient and water solubility, and the topology parameter which affects vapor pressure is the first-order connectivity index （1X）. This indicated to a certain extent_that the molecular connectivity indices can be well used to express the quantitative relationship between the physicochemical properties and structure descriptions of phthalic acid ester compounds. The models constructed have good robustness and highly predictive capability.展开更多
A method is developed for detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs) in soil samples. Ultrasonic Wave Extraction under airtight circumstances is adopted to extract the analytes ...A method is developed for detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs) in soil samples. Ultrasonic Wave Extraction under airtight circumstances is adopted to extract the analytes in soil samples with n-hexane–acetone(V:V=1:1) as extraction solvent. This method has several advantages, including high extraction efficiency, short time, convenience and simplicity. It can be used to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs) in soil.展开更多
Monitoring water quality in an aquatic system is a crucial objective in pursuing sustainable development,despite the challenges posed by water scarcity and the impact of climate change.The objective of the present stu...Monitoring water quality in an aquatic system is a crucial objective in pursuing sustainable development,despite the challenges posed by water scarcity and the impact of climate change.The objective of the present study was to examine the water quality of the Tigris River along its course from the point of entry into Baghdad city to its exit,particularly in the presence of Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs).In both dry and wet seasons and from five sites of the river,nine environmental factors(Turbidity,Total dissolved solids,pH,dissolved oxygen,Chloride,nitrate,phosphate,sulfate,and Biological oxygen demand)and three PAEs(di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP),di-isononyl phthalate(DiNP),and di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate(DEHP))were investigated.Results revealed that the river has high levels of turbidity and Total dissolved solids,slightly alkaline,and well-aerated(dissolved oxygen>7 mg/L).Chloride,nitrate,phosphate,and sulfate values varied between seasons,as high values were recorded in the wet season.Biochemical oxygen demand levels were higher during the dry season.The highest value of total PAEs(2.20μg/L)was observed during the dry season,and the lowest value was in the wet season(1.16μg/L).The HQ results revealed that the river was ranked as a moderate risk area.However the water quality index and environmental risk index classified the water quality as a poor category,with a high-risk score in the study sites within Baghdad city.Therefore,despite the acceptable limit of PAEs in the river's water(<3μg/L),its presence is an early alarm to withdraw attention to its environmental risk.These findings highlight the need for appropriate measures to control and remove pollutants to ensure a safe and healthy water supply in the Tigris River.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40101015) the National Key Basic Research Support foundation of China (No. G1999011806)
文摘A 60-day pot experiment was carried out using di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as a typical organic pollutant phthalic ester and cowpea (Vigna sinensis) as the host plant to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth and degradation of DEHP in two contaminated soils, a yellow-brown soil and a red soil. The air-dried soils were uniformly sprayed with different concentrations of DEHP, inoculated or left uninoculated with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, and planted with…
文摘Humic acid is rich in highly electronegative oxygen-containing organic functional groups,so it has high reactivity and can adsorb phthalic acid ester(PAEs)in the environment to reduce the risk of environmental pollution from PAEs.In this paper,the extraction,characterization and adsorption models of humic acid were reviewed,and the research status of adsorption of PAEs by humic acid was further summarized.Based on these,the feasibility and observable application prospect of humic acid as a cheap adsorbent were analyzed.
文摘Abiotic degradability of four phthalic acid esters （PAEs） in the aquatic phase was evaluated over a wide pH range 5-9. The PAE solutions in glass test tubes were placed either in the dark and under the natural sunlight irradiation for evaluating the degradation rate via hydrolysis or photolysis plus hydrolysis, respectively, at ambient temperature for 140 d from autumn to winter in Osaka, Japan. The efficiency of abiotic degradation of the PAEs with relatively short alkyl chains, such as butylbenzyl phthalate （BBP） and di-nbutyl phthalate （DBP）, at neutral pH was significantly lower than that in the acidic or alkaline condition. Photolysis was considered to contribute mainly to the total abiotic degradation at all pH. Neither hydrolysis nor photolysis of di-ethylhexyl phthalate （DEHP） proceeded significantly at any pH, especially hydrolysis at neutral pH was negligible. On the other hand, the degradation rate of di- isononyl phthalate （DINP） catalyzed mainly by photolysis was much higher than those of the other PAEs, and was almost completely removed during the experimental period at pH 5 and 9. As a whole, according to the half-life （t1/2） obtained in the experiments, the abiotic degradability of the PAEs was in the sequence： DINP （32-140 d） 〉 DBP （50-360 d）, BBP （58-480 d） 〉 DEHP （390-1600 d） under sunlight irradiation （via photolysis plus hydrolysis）. Although the abiotic degradation rates for BBP, DBP, and DEHP are much lower than the biodegradation rates reported, the photolysis rate for DINP is comparable to its biodegradation rate in the acidic or alkaline condition.
文摘Biodegradability of di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP）, butylbenzyl phthalate （BBP）, di-ethylhexyl phthalate （DEHP）, and di-isononyl phthalate （DINP） under an anaerobic condition was evaluated using three natural sediment microcosms obtained from ponds in Osaka, which had not been significantly polluted by the chemicals. The degradabilities of the four phthalic acid esters（PAEs） were analyzed by a first-order kinetic model with a lag phase and ranked as DBP〉BBP〉〉DEHP〉DINP. The PAEs with shorter alkyl-chains, DBP and BBP, were degraded with quite short lag phases near to zero and short half-lives of a few days. The PAEs with longer alkyl-chains, DEHP and DINP, were degraded with lag phases of 5-30 d and the quite long half-lives of a couple of hundred days. Although no data was available on the anaerobic biodegradability of D1NP before this study, it was clarified that DINP can be degraded with slow degradation rates. The fact that all the three intact sediments were capable of biodegradation of the PAEs suggests that potential of anaerobic biodegradation of PAEs is widespread in the aquatic environment.
文摘A novel series of para-diiodobenzene derivatives, 3,6-diiodo-4,5-dialkyl-phthalic acid dimethyl esters, were prepared via cycloaddition of two TMS-substituted alkynes and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, which was mediated by zirconocene. After iodination, three new compounds of 3,6-diiodo-4,5-dimethyl（dipropyl, dibutyl）-phthalic acid dimethyl esters （3a, 3b, 3c） were synthesized in high region-selectivity and yields, and characterized by NMR. The crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal of 3a （C12H121204, Mr = 474.02） belongs to the triclinic system, space group Pi with a = 7.6238（10）, b = 9.4571（12）, c = 10.8221（14） A, a = 66.611（10）, fl = 88.511（12）, 7 ： 77.604（11）% V= 697.93（16） A3, Z= 2, F（000） = 444, Dc = 2.256 mg/m3, g = 4.509 mm-1, T=133（2） K, S = 1.014, R = 0.0229 and wR = 0.0547 for 2644 observed reflections with I 〉 20（/）; the crystal of 3b （C16H201204, Mr - 530.12） is of triclinic system, space group Pi with a = 9.4122（19）, b = 10.626（2）, c = 11.353（2） A, a = 97.90（3）, fl = 113.83（3）, y = 110.22（3）°, V= 922.6（3） A3, Z- 2, F（000） = 508, Dc - 1.908 mg/m3, g = 3.422 mm-1, T = 113（2） K, S = 1.115, R = 0.0428 and wR = 0.1072 for 3971 observed reflections with I〉 20（/）; the crystal of 3c （ClsH241204, Mr = 558.17） belongs to the monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 26.396（2）, b = 8.7560（8）, c = 25.7970（18） A, fl = 91.721（4）o, V= 5959.6（8） A3, Z = 12, F（000） = 3240, Dc = 1.866 mg/m3,/z = 3.184 mm-l, T= 113（2） K, S = 1.154, R = 0.0424 and wR = 0.0766 for 13056 observed reflections with I 〉 20（/）.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LY12B07013,LY12C03009)Public Technology Research Project(Analysis and Measurement)of Zhejiang Province(2013C37098)Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province(2009C33163)
文摘Based on quantitative structure-property relationship （QSPR） of organic compounds, the molecular connectivity indices of 21 phthalic acid ester compounds were extracted. Relationship between the physicochemical properties （n-octanol/air partition coefficient, vapor pressure, water solubility） and the molecular connectivity indices of phthalic acid ester compounds have been established by multiple linear regression （MLR） method. The results showed that the zero-order valence connectivity index （0Xu） is the topology parameter which affects octanol/water partition coefficient and water solubility, and the topology parameter which affects vapor pressure is the first-order connectivity index （1X）. This indicated to a certain extent_that the molecular connectivity indices can be well used to express the quantitative relationship between the physicochemical properties and structure descriptions of phthalic acid ester compounds. The models constructed have good robustness and highly predictive capability.
基金support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (SK201204)
文摘A method is developed for detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs) in soil samples. Ultrasonic Wave Extraction under airtight circumstances is adopted to extract the analytes in soil samples with n-hexane–acetone(V:V=1:1) as extraction solvent. This method has several advantages, including high extraction efficiency, short time, convenience and simplicity. It can be used to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs) in soil.
文摘Monitoring water quality in an aquatic system is a crucial objective in pursuing sustainable development,despite the challenges posed by water scarcity and the impact of climate change.The objective of the present study was to examine the water quality of the Tigris River along its course from the point of entry into Baghdad city to its exit,particularly in the presence of Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs).In both dry and wet seasons and from five sites of the river,nine environmental factors(Turbidity,Total dissolved solids,pH,dissolved oxygen,Chloride,nitrate,phosphate,sulfate,and Biological oxygen demand)and three PAEs(di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP),di-isononyl phthalate(DiNP),and di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate(DEHP))were investigated.Results revealed that the river has high levels of turbidity and Total dissolved solids,slightly alkaline,and well-aerated(dissolved oxygen>7 mg/L).Chloride,nitrate,phosphate,and sulfate values varied between seasons,as high values were recorded in the wet season.Biochemical oxygen demand levels were higher during the dry season.The highest value of total PAEs(2.20μg/L)was observed during the dry season,and the lowest value was in the wet season(1.16μg/L).The HQ results revealed that the river was ranked as a moderate risk area.However the water quality index and environmental risk index classified the water quality as a poor category,with a high-risk score in the study sites within Baghdad city.Therefore,despite the acceptable limit of PAEs in the river's water(<3μg/L),its presence is an early alarm to withdraw attention to its environmental risk.These findings highlight the need for appropriate measures to control and remove pollutants to ensure a safe and healthy water supply in the Tigris River.
