Improved mammalian family phylogeny using gap-rare multiple sequence alignment:A timetree of extant placentals and marsupials

The timing of mammalian diversification in relation to the Cretaceous-Paleogene(KPg)mass extinction continues to be a subject of substantial debate.Previous studies have either focused on limited taxonomic samples with available whole-genome data or relied on short sequence alignments coupled with extensive species samples.In the present study,we improved an existing dataset from the landmark study of Meredith et al.(2011)by filling in missing fragments and further generated another dataset containing 120 taxa and 98 exonic markers.Using these two datasets,we then constructed phylogenies for extant mammalian families,providing improved resolution of many conflicting relationships.Moreover,the timetrees generated,which were calibrated using appropriate molecular clock models and multiple fossil records,indicated that the interordinal diversification of placental mammals initiated before the Late Cretaceous period.Additionally,intraordinal diversification of both extant placental and marsupial lineages accelerated after the KPg boundary,supporting the hypothesis that the availability of numerous vacant ecological niches subsequent to the mass extinction event facilitated rapid diversification.Thus,our results support a scenario of placental radiation characterized by both basal cladogenesis and active interordinal divergences spanning from the Late Cretaceous into the Paleogene.

Phylogeny and Geographical Derivation of Genus Hildenbrandia Based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence

The marine and freshwater Hildenbrandia samples were collected from diverse locations of China and Japan,and mor-phological characterization and molecular phylogenetic analysis were conducted on these samples.Morphological measurements of freshwater specimens were consistent with the results of H.jigongshanensis,whereas cell dimensions of marine specimens were slightly larger than those of widely distributed H.rubra and H.crouanii.Phylogenetic trees based on rbcL,psbA and UPA sequences were consistent.Freshwater specimens collected in this study formed an independent clade with H.jigongshanensis supported by high values.Species attribution was confirmed further by the similar ITS2 secondary structures among the samples of H.jigongshan-ensis.It was found that the intraspecific divergence of rbcL gene in H.jigongshanensis was smaller than other two freshwater species H.rivularis and H.angolensis.Phylogenetic trees showed that marine specimens in this study grouped together with H.rubra samples of North America,and were different with the H.rubra samples of Europe.Combining the comparison results of CBC numbers in ITS2 secondary structure,we propose the marine samples collected in this study to be a new species Hildenbrandia qingdaoensis sp.nov.The separation of the marine and freshwater specimens was supported by the rbcL,UPA and psbA phylogeny as well as ITS2 se-condary structure inference.Biogeographical reconstruction showed the ancestor of freshwater Hildenbrandia might derive from South America and dispersed from North America to Europe and then to Asian countries,which needs to be verified further with more sam-ples and molecular evidences from South America.

Phylogeny,character evolution,and classification of Selaginellaceae(lycophytes)

Selaginella is the largest and most taxonomically complex genus in lycophytes.The fact that over 750 species are currently treated in a single genus makes Selaginellales/Selaginellaceae unique in pteridophytes.Here we assembled a dataset of six existing and newly sampled plastid and nuclear loci with a total of 684 accessions(74%increase of the earlier largest sampling)representing ca.300 species to infer a new phylogeny.The evolution of 10 morphological characters is studied in the new phylogenetic context.Our major results include:(1)the nuclear and plastid phylogenies are congruent with each other and combined analysis well resolved and strongly supported the relationships of all but two major clades;(2)the Sinensis group is resolved as sister to S.subg.Pulviniella with strong support in two of the three analyses;(3)most morphological characters are highly homoplasious but some characters alone or combinations of characters well define the major clades in the family;and(4)an infrafamilial classification of Selaginellaceae is proposed and the currently defined Selaginella s.l.is split into seven subfamilies(corresponding to the current six subgenera t the Sinensis group)and 19 genera(the major diagnosable clades)with nine new species-poor genera.We support the conservation of Selaginella with a new type,S.flabellata,to minimize nomenclatural instability.We provide a key to subfamilies and genera,images illustrating their morphology,their morphological and geographical synopses,a list of constituent species,and necessary new combinations.This new classification will hopefully facilitate communication,promote further studies,and help conservation.

Antibiogram, Genomic and Phylogeny of Stool and Seafood Isolates from Some Cholera-Prone Coastal Communities in Rivers State, Nigeria

Cholera is a significant public health threat across the globe, especially in coastal regions with poor water supply. This study was carried out to determine the antibiogram, genomic, and phylogeny of stool and seafood isolates from some cholera-prone coastal communities in Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 400 stool samples and 42 different seafood were aseptically collected and examined using standard microbiology and molecular techniques. An antibiogram of isolates from seafood and stool samples was assayed. Genes for virulence, resistance, and relatedness of bacteria identified were also determined. The isolates from the stool and seafood were examined for susceptibility to some selected antibiotics. The findings showed the prevalence rate of cholera in the communities as follows: 16% in Kaa, 30% in Andoni, 4% in Ogu/Bolo, and 10% in Abua/Odual. The isolates from stool were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin with a susceptibility rate of 94.12% each while 100% resistance was recorded against Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 94.12% against Amikacin and 88.24% against Colistin. For the sea foods, the isolates were susceptible to gentamycin and ciprofloxacin with a susceptibility rate of 91.43% and 82.86% respectively. Resistance was also recorded against Colistin (88.57%) and Azithromycin (82.86%). Testing the isolates for the presence of 16SrRNA genes showed that all were positive with 1500 bp 16SrRNA gene band size. TEM, OXA, SHV, and CTX-M resistant genes were detected whereas the virulence genes were TDH and AcrB. The phylogenetic analysis revealed isolates from seafood to be Aeromonas dhakensis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio azureus, and Providencia rettgeri, while in stool samples they were Enterobacter sichuanensis, Enterobacter hormaechei, Providencia sneebia, and Proteus vulgaris. Providencia stuartii, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were common isolates from both seafood and stool samples. This study has shown that not all reported cases of cholera are caused by Vibrio cholerae. Therefore, attention should be paid to other water-borne bacteria in every outbreak, especially in coastal communities.

石仙桃与细叶石仙桃叶绿体基因组解析及其系统发育

石仙桃和细叶石仙桃均为珍稀濒危的附生兰,两者叶绿体基因组特征及其系统发育报道较少,本研究旨在揭示石仙桃和细叶石仙桃叶绿体基因组特征及其系统发育。2022年5月取驯化栽培的石仙桃和细叶石仙桃幼嫩叶片,基于Illumina测序平台分别获得石仙桃和细叶石仙桃叶绿体序列,用GetOrganelle组装、CPGAVAS2注释,利用生物信息学方法开展重复序列、密码子偏好性、四分体边界等叶绿体特征分析,并从NCBI上下载相关的序列开展基因组比较与系统发育分析。石仙桃叶绿体基因组大小为159122 bp(GC含量为37.41%),细叶石仙桃叶绿体基因组大小为158798 bp(GC含量为37.47%),两者均包括大单拷贝区(LSC)、小单拷贝区(SSC)和反向重复序列(IRa/IRb)。石仙桃与细叶石仙桃均注释了113个基因,其中编码蛋白质的基因79个,石仙桃中编码79个蛋白质基因使用22968个密码子,编码亮氨酸的UUA相对同义密码子使用频次(RSCU)达到1.90;细叶石仙桃中编码79个蛋白质的基因使用22923个密码子,编码亮氨酸UUA的RSCU达到1.91。石仙桃叶绿体基因组中共有44个简单序列重复(SSR)、47个散在重复、26个串联重复;细叶石仙桃有32个SSR、25个散在重复、30个串联重复。石仙桃属6个物种的四分体边界及共线性无大片段变化,但存在核苷酸多态性,trn K-UUU、trn Q-UUG、rpl16等基因可作为物种的分子标记候选基因。系统分析明确了石仙桃和细叶石仙桃等石仙桃属物种与蜂腰兰和流苏贝母亲缘关系较近,并同处于附生兰的分支中,叶绿体基因组大片段倒置等可能是兰科适应生活习性改变的原因之一。本研究明确了石仙桃和细叶石仙桃叶绿体基因组特征,探讨了其系统发育及兰科生活习性与叶绿体基因组之间的关系,为进一步分类和分子标记开发等相关研究奠定了基础。

雅鲁藏布江下游鮡科鱼类分类整理及三新种和中国一新记录种

基于形态学和分子系统学方法,对1974、2019—2023年间采自雅鲁藏布江下游(我国实际控制区内,下同)的403尾鮡科鱼类标本进行分类整理。标本检视结果及结合历史记录表明,雅鲁藏布江下游共分布有鮡科鱼类6属10种,即黑斑原鮡Glyptosternon maculatum(Regan 1905)、穴形纹胸鮡Glyptothorax cavia(Hamilton1822)、墨脱纹胸鮡G.medogensis Chen&He sp.nov.、疑似细体纹胸鮡G.cf.gracilis(Günther 1864)、稀有纹胸鮡G.rara Chen&He sp.nov.、西仁褶鮡Pseudecheneis sirenica Vishwanath&Darshan 2007、扁头异鮡Creteuchiloglanis kamengensis(Jayaram 1966)、细尾鰋Exostoma tenuicaudatum Tamang,Sinha&Gurumayun2015、西藏鰋E.tibetanum Gong,Lin,Liu&Liu 2018和无斑平唇鮡Parachiloglanis immaculata Chen&He sp.nov.。新种墨脱纹胸鮡是安氏纹胸鮡G.annandalei Hora 1923种名的修订,其偶鳍具羽状皮褶,项背骨前突与上枕骨棘相离,腹鳍起点位于背鳍基后缘垂直下方之后,腹鳍末端远离臀鳍起点,更细的尾柄,以及更长的头长等联合特征区别于同属其他物种。新种稀有纹胸鮡其偶鳍腹面光滑,无羽状皮褶;胸部吸着器心形,皮纹向前延伸至咽部,附着器后缘中部微陷、开放,皮纹不明显;臀鳍不分枝鳍条11根;项背骨前突与上枕骨棘间隔距离远;上颌须延伸超过胸鳍基末端,达胸鳍长的1/2处,其长为头长的134.2%等特征区别于同属其他种。新种无斑平唇鮡是霍氏平唇鮡P.hodgarti(Hora 1923)种名修订,其上颌齿带两侧向后延伸,内侧内凹,呈弯月形,横向宽约为纵向深的2倍;下颌齿带前缘和后缘中部微凹,左右两块紧靠,无明显间隔;鳃孔下角限于胸鳍基前1/3处;脂鳍末端游离,与尾鳍起点有一缺刻;胸鳍分枝鳍条16—17根;尾鳍末端明显内凹;侧线明显,侧线孔周围具白色稀疏圆点,体表和各鳍无明显的斑纹等特征有别于同属其他物种。穴形纹胸鮡为我国新记录种。西仁褶鮡为黄斑褶鮡P.sulcata(McClelland 1842)种名的修订。文章对10种鮡科鱼类的主要鉴别特征进行了描述,并编制了属种分类检索表。

无籽刺梨及其近缘种叶绿体基因组序列比较分析

【目的】探讨无籽刺梨及其近缘种之间的系统发育关系,为蔷薇属植物后期分子鉴定和群体遗传研究奠定基础。【方法】从NCBI数据库下载了6种植物的叶绿体基因组序列,包括无籽刺梨和其近缘种。利用生物信息学方法对这些基因组序列进行了研究,包括基因组结构、重复序列、高变区序列以及基于叶绿体全基因组序列的系统发育关系。【结果】6种植物的叶绿体基因组呈环状四分体结构,其长度为156561~156749 bp,平均GC含量均为37.2%,且6种植物基因组的反向重复(inverted repeat,IR)区未表现出明显的扩张和收缩。在对蔷薇属植物叶绿体基因组序列进行比较分析时,筛选出了7个高变区序列,包括trnK-trnQ、psbM-trnY、ycf3-rps4、rps4-trnL、psbE-petG、rpl16 intron和ycf1。这些序列可作为候选标记,用于进一步研究蔷薇属植物的系统发育。同时,利用叶绿体全基因组序列重建了蔷薇属植物的系统发育树。结果表明,无籽刺梨和刺梨是独立的2个种类,其中无籽刺梨与贵州缫丝花有较近的亲缘关系,而刺梨与单瓣缫丝花有较近的亲缘关系。【结论】无籽刺梨及其近缘种之间叶绿体基因组结构高度相似,单拷贝区核苷酸多样性高于重复区。

三角鲤线粒体基因组全序列测定及分析

[目的]三角鲤(Cyprinus multitaeniata)是我国具有重要经济价值的鱼类之一,了解三角鲤线粒体基因的结构和特点,为三角鲤的种群遗传多样性研究提供基础资料。[方法]采用26对引物扩增三角鲤的线粒体全基因,通过生物软件识别和分析各基因和非编码序列的位置和特点,并通过与GeneBank数据库已发表鲤科鱼类序列进行比较和构建系统发育树进行分析。[结果]三角鲤线粒体全基因总长度为16 573 bp,碱基含量A为32.2%、T为24.9%、C为27.3%、G为15.6%;包括37个编码基因(编码蛋白基因13个、tRNA基因22个和rRNA基因2个)和2个非编码序列区(OL区和控制区)。13个蛋白编码基因中,COX1的起始密码子为GTG,其他均为ATG;终止密码子包括TAG(ATP8)、TA(COX3、ATP6)、T(ND2、COX2、ND3、ND4、Cty b)和TAA(ND1、COX1、ND4L、ND5、ND6)3种。22个tRNA基因中,除了tRNASer(AGC)外其余都能折叠成典型的三叶草结构;三角鲤控制区序列可以识别出3个典型保守区域;系统发育分析表明,三角鲤与大眼鲤(C.megalophthalmus)亲缘关系较近。[结论]三角鲤线粒体基因组成、长度和排列顺序与典型的脊椎动物相同,在亲缘关系上与大眼鲤最近;线粒体基因组序列适用于三角鲤的系统发育分析。

重瓣榆叶梅全叶绿体基因组遗传特征分析

【目的】对重瓣榆叶梅Prunus triloba‘Multiplex’全叶绿体基因组序列进行测序,探究其系统发育位置并分析其叶绿体基因组成特点。【方法】以重瓣榆叶梅叶片为材料,采用2×CTAB法提取叶绿体DNA,利用Illumina NovaSeq平台进行叶绿体基因组的测序,组装、注释并分析其叶绿体基因组遗传特征。联合美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)数据库数据,基于全叶绿体基因组序列构建了重瓣榆叶梅系统进化关系。【结果】重瓣榆叶梅叶绿体基因组全长为157827 bp,NCBI登录号MT937181,其结构为经典的四分体结构,由1个大单拷贝区域(LSC),1个小单拷贝区域(SSC)及反向重复区域(IRa/IRb)构成,其序列长度分别为86032、19023、26386 bp。GC和AT的总占比分别为36.80%和63.20%。重瓣榆叶梅的完整叶绿体基因组序列注释到132个基因,包括tRNA基因、编码蛋白基因、rRNA基因,分别为37、87、8个。重瓣榆叶梅叶绿体基因组共编码26678个密码子和236个符合条件的SSR位点。SSR位点中A/T碱基占优势,碱基偏好性十分明显。【结论】系统进化树分析表明,重瓣榆叶梅和榆叶梅P.triloba聚合成一分支结构,与同属植物长柄扁桃P.pedunculata亲缘关系较近。

2种楠属植物叶绿体基因组特征及系统发育

应用Illumina Novaseq 6000高通量测序平台进行测序,组装了完整的崖楠(Phoebe yaiensis)和红毛山楠(Phoebe hungmoensis)叶绿体基因组,并对其基因组特征、基因构成、序列重复、边界收缩、密码子偏好性及系统发育进行分析。结果表明:崖楠和红毛山楠叶绿体基因组呈现典型的四分结构,总长度分别为154144和152671 bp,2种植物叶绿体基因组注释了包含83个编码蛋白、36个tRNA和8个rRNA在内的共127条基因,均检测到118个SSR位点。密码子偏好性分析显示,均有31个高频密码子,且都偏好以A/T结尾;与近缘种叶绿体基因组对比分析发现2种植物叶绿体基因组序列都高度保守;楠属植物叶绿体基因的Ka/Ks值基本小于1,rpl16基因在所有楠属基因组相互对比组合中为正选择,可能与楠属植物对环境的适应性有关。系统发育关系显示,楠属分为3个聚类组,崖楠与粗柄楠、白楠聚为一类;红毛山楠与粉叶楠、大果楠聚为一类;竹叶楠与楠属亲缘关系比润楠属更近。

基于3个基因16种胡椒鲷分子系统进化关系

为从分子水平分析胡椒鲷属鱼类分子系统分类关系,澄清物种分类争议,采集印度-西太平洋分布的胡椒鲷鱼类16种,利用PCR扩增及测序方法获得这16种鱼类线粒体Cyt b及核RAG2、S7标记序列,基于最大似然法与贝叶斯法构建分子系统进化关系。结果显示:16种鱼类Cyt b同源序列为657 bp,编码219个氨基酸;RAG2同源序列为726 bp,编码243个氨基酸;S7基因同源序列为729 bp,序列存在大量碱基插入与缺失。以大斑石鲈及断斑石鲈为外类群构建分子系统进化树,进化树上胡椒鲷鱼类主要分为3个分支,分支Ⅰ胡椒鲷具鲜艳的体色与斑纹,分支Ⅱ与分支Ⅲ胡椒鲷色彩单一,无鲜艳斑纹,与形态分类结果相似。少棘胡椒鲷属在进化树上并未形成独立的分支,而是位于胡椒鲷属内部。比较分析少棘胡椒鲷属、胡椒鲷属鱼类鳍棘数目与各物种在进化树上的分类关系,并未发现鳍棘数目与物种亲缘关系存在相关性。研究结果表明,在胡椒鲷类群中,背鳍鳍棘数可作为形态上区分不同胡椒鲷种类的指标,但未必能作为胡椒鲷鱼类亲缘关系远近的划分依据。结果支持目前大多数分子分类研究结果,少棘胡椒鲷鱼类应归为胡椒鲷属。

松瘤小蠹线粒体基因组测序及分析

松瘤小蠹广泛分布于欧亚大陆多国以及我国危害松科植物,但尚缺乏其分子鉴定和种群遗传结构方面的研究。鉴于此,本研究基于高通量测序技术测定了该害虫的线粒体基因组序列,使用GetOrganelle软件组装得到了其完整线粒体基因组。结果表明:松瘤小蠹的线粒体基因组长17451 bp,包含13个蛋白编码基因,22个tRNA和2个r RNA,A、T、C、G所占的比例分别为37.4%、33.45%、18.40%和10.75%。基于松瘤小蠹以及其他象甲科物种线粒体基因组序列构建系统发育树分析发现,松瘤小蠹与边瘤小蠹的亲缘关系较近,处于同一分支上,与传统的形态学分类相一致。该研究结果为今后筛选线粒体分子标记来开展松瘤小蠹分子鉴定和种群遗传结构研究奠定了基础。

暖湿化气候情景下喀斯特木本植物群落构建机制

云南喀斯特区域是滇桂黔岩溶石漠化重点治理区之一,探讨气候暖湿化下植物群落演替阶段的构建特征是生态恢复和森林管理可持续的关键。以气候暖湿化为背景,将喀斯特天坑作为天然“开顶式气室”,天坑南坡地下森林为群落演替顶极。联合系统发育和功能性状探讨演替序列(坑外针阔混交林,坑外常绿阔叶林,坑内常绿阔叶林)的群落构建机制。结果发现:(1)演替前期植物性状的系统发育信号较弱,叶长宽比、叶面积、叶厚度和比叶面积的系统发育信号显著,但功能性状的保守性较弱;演替后期植物性状转为趋同进化,系统发育信号均不显著。(2)演替阶段植物群落的系统发育多样性逐渐降低,并与物种丰富度显著正相关。(3)系统发育指数NRI(净亲缘指数)和NTI(最近种间亲缘指数)由小于0转为大于0,功能性状结构指数TraitSESMPD(标准化平均配对性状距离指数)和TraitSESMNTD(标准化平均最近相邻性状距离指数)均大于0。演替阶段的群落构建过程由生境过滤和物种间相互作用所主导。(4)系统发育和功能性状结构指数主要与土壤含水量、全磷和速效钾含量显著负相关。演替阶段下土壤水分和养分受限时群落趋于聚集,群落构建过程支持生态位假说。研究可为喀斯特植物群落构建机制提供新思路,可为群落结构优化提供科学参考。

AdvancesinB0tryosphaeriaceae：identification，phylogenyandmolecularecology

葡萄座腔菌科（Botryosphaeriaceae）真菌是农业和林业上重要的病原菌、内生真菌或潜在的致病菌，主要引起树木溃疡病。这类真菌种类繁多，寄主范围广，广泛分布于全球，在生态系统中占有重要的地位。综述了近年来国内外在葡萄座腔菌科的分子生态学研究方面取得的新进展。介绍了葡萄座腔菌科真菌物种鉴定及其研究方法方面的发展，并列出了2006年以来发现的6个新属和38个新种；概述了该科各个种、属之间的系统发育关系以及科内区分的18个群。在真菌种群遗传结构及其与寄主关系方面，已有研究表明葡萄座腔菌科真菌大体可分为寄主专化型和广谱寄生型两种类型，并已经揭示了无性型为Diplodia，Lasiodiplodia和Dothiorella等部分种群的遗传结构及它们与寄主之间的联系。在种内遗传多样性和基因流动研究方面，展示了利用ISSR、SSR等分子标记方法取得的一些重要结果，有些种群（如Lasiodiplodia theobromae）没有寄主专化性，它们在不同寄主间表现出很强的基因流动，但在不同区域内的基因交流却很有限。讨论了该科分子生态学研究有待进一步解决的问题。

两种珍稀白蝶兰属(兰科)叶绿体基因组比较分析

为理解珍稀濒危兰科植物龙头兰(Pecteilis susannae)和景洪白蝶兰(P.hawkesiana)的叶绿体基因组的基本特征,开发用于物种鉴定、保护遗传学和系统发育分析的分子标记,该研究利用二代测序技术对龙头兰和景洪白蝶兰进行浅层基因组测序,采用生物信息学分析方法进行叶绿体基因组的拼接、组装和注释,并与其他近缘物种进行比较基因组分析和系统发育分析。结果表明:(1)龙头兰和景洪白蝶兰的叶绿体基因组大小分别为154 407 bp和153 891 bp,由一对26 550 bp和26 523 bp的反向重复序列(IR)、84 204 bp和83 756 bp的大单拷贝区(LSC)、17 103 bp和17 089 bp的小单拷贝区(SSC)组成;均注释了111个唯一基因,包括77个蛋白质编码基因、30个tRNA基因和4个rRNA基因。(2)在叶绿体基因组中分别鉴定出94个和92个简单重复序列(SSRs)。(3)二者之间存在706个单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)位点和152个插入缺失(InDels)位点,其中cpInDel 067等可以区分2个物种。(4)观察到1个差异较大的基因(accD)和9个高变区(rps19-psbA、matK-trnQ-UUG、psbM-psbD、trnT-UGU-ndhJ、accD-psaI、ycf4-cemA、clpP-psbB、ndhF-trnL-UAG、rps15-ycf1)。(5)系统发育分析结果显示,龙头兰、景洪白蝶兰和鹅毛玉凤花(Habenaria dentata)的亲缘关系较近。在白蝶兰属2种叶绿体基因组研究中获得的SSR位点、InDels和高变区序列可为物种鉴定、开发利用及其资源保护提供有价值的遗传信息。

紫叶风箱果叶绿体基因组特征及绣线菊亚科系统发育分析

紫叶风箱果是我国近年来从北美引入的观赏性花灌木。为了明确紫叶风箱果叶绿体基因组结构特征,阐明紫叶风箱果在绣线菊亚科中的分类地位,使用Illumina NovaSeq 6000测序平台对其叶绿体基因组进行测序,并组装、注释到了其完整叶绿体基因组。结果表明:紫叶风箱果叶绿体基因组呈典型的双链环状四分体结构,全长为159131 bp,大单拷贝区(large single copy,LSC)长87582 bp、小单拷贝区(small single copy,SSC)长18829 bp、反向重复区a(inverted repeats a,IRa)和反向重复区b(inverted repeats b,IRb)长26360 bp;共注释到130个基因,包含83个蛋白编码基因,8个核糖体RNA(ribosomal RNA,rRNA)基因,37个转运RNA(transfer RNA,tRNA)基因和2个假基因。共确定12个最优密码子(UUG、AUU、GUU、GUA、UAA、AAA、UCU、UCC、CCU、ACU、GCU、GGU);密码子使用偏好性主要受自然选择影响,突变等因素对其影响较弱。共有27对长序列重复,87个简单重复序列标记(simple sequence repeat,SSR)位点;psbZ、trnG(UCC)、trnfM(CAU)、trnH(GUG)、psbA、rbcL、rpl20、rps12是紫叶风箱果叶绿体基因组中高核苷酸多态性的基因。系统发育结果表明,风箱果属和绣线梅属的物种亲缘关系较近。

Lineaperpetua gen.nov.:a new diatom genus in the Thalassiosirales supported by morphology and molecular data

Based on a combination of morphology and molecular data of ribosomal DNA genes,a new diatom genus Lineaperpetua gen.nov.Yu,You,Kociolek&Wang is described.The features that help define Lineaperpetua at the level of genus include:a tangentially undulated valve face;continuous cribra areolae on the valve interior consisting of pores arranged as strips;single rimoportula located inside the ring of marginal fultoportulae.Additionally,phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear small subunit(SSU)rDNA sequences and nuclear large subunit(LSU)rDNA gene placed the three strains of L.lacustris in a single,monophyletic clade at a considerable sequence distance from the other genera(Thalassiosira,Conticribra,Planktoniella,Shinodiscus,and other genera)belonging to Thalassiosirales.Despite the similarities with some species of Thalassiosira,Conticribra,and Spicaticribra,the suite of features found in Lineaperpetua differentiate it from these other genera.These molecular data and morphological characters suggest an affinity of the new genus to the Thalassiosiraceae.

黑肩绿盲蝽的线粒体基因组结构

为研究黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis的谱系地理和遗传结构,本文测定并分析了其线粒体基因组全序列。结果表明:黑肩绿盲蝽线粒体基因组全长16835 bp(GenBank登录号:OK149286),包括13个蛋白质编码基因(PCGs),22个tRNA基因,2个rRNA基因和1个非编码区,呈闭合双链环状DNA分子结构。线粒体基因组中A+T含量高达76.8%,G+C含量为23.2%,呈现明显的AT偏向性;13个蛋白质编码基因均以通用密码子ATN作为起始密码子;蛋白质编码基因中呈现出明显的氨基酸偏好性,异亮氨酸含量占比最高,为10.78%;22个tRNA基因中有21个tRNA形成典型的三叶草式二级结构;系统发育树显示,盲蝽科的11个种聚为两大分支,黑肩绿盲蝽以99%的自展支持率位于其中的一个分支内。本研究结果将为黑肩绿盲蝽作为天敌昆虫来防治水稻害虫提供帮助。

Taxonomy of Two New Peritrich Ciliates(Protozoa:Ciliophora)from Inland Saltwaters of China

The inland saltwater lakes harbor exceptional biodiversity.Here,two new species of solitary sessile peritrich ciliates were isolated from Qinghai Lake,the largest inland saltwater lake in China.Their morphology,ciliature,silverline system,and molecular phylogeny were investigated based on live observation,silver staining,and analysis of the small subunit ribosomal DNA(SSU rDNA).Vorticella paraglobosa sp.n.is characterized mainly by its obconical or elongate bell-shaped zooid,C-shaped macronucleus,single ventrally located contractile vacuole,two-rowed infundibular polykinety 3,and 28-38 silverlines between peristome and aboral tro-chal band and 10-15 between aboral trochal band and scopula.Vorticella cotyliformis sp.n.differs from its congeners mainly by its double-layered peristomial lip,cup-shaped zooid,J-shaped macronucleus,single ventrally positioned contractile vacuole,three-rowed infundibular polykinety 3,and 70-85 silverlines between peristome and aboral trochal band and 21-25 between aboral trochal band and scopula.The SSU rDNA sequences of the two new species were obtained,and the subsequent molecular phylogenetic analysis supported their taxonomic classification.

Evolutionary history shapes variation of wood density of tree species across the world

The effect of evolutionary history on wood density variation may play an important role in shaping variation in wood density,but this has largely not been tested.Using a comprehensive global dataset including 27,297 measurements of wood density from 2621 tree species worldwide,we test the hypothesis that the legacy of evolutionary history plays an important role in driving the variation of wood density among tree species.We assessed phylogenetic signal in different taxonomic(e.g.,angiosperms and gymnosperms)and ecological(e.g.,tropical,temperate,and boreal)groups of tree species,explored the biogeographical and phylogenetic patterns of wood density,and quantified the relative importance of current environmental factors(e.g.,climatic and soil variables)and evolutionary history(i.e.,phylogenetic relatedness among species and lineages)in driving global wood density variation.We found that wood density displayed a significant phylogenetic signal.Wood density differed among different biomes and climatic zones,with higher mean values of wood density in relatively drier regions(highest in subtropical desert).Our study revealed that at a global scale,for angiosperms and gymnosperms combined,phylogeny and species(representing the variance explained by taxonomy and not direct explained by long-term evolution process)explained 84.3%and 7.7%of total wood density variation,respectively,whereas current environment explained 2.7%of total wood density variation when phylogeny and species were taken into account.When angiosperms and gymnosperms were considered separately,the three proportions of explained variation are,respectively,84.2%,7.5%and 6.7%for angiosperms,and 45.7%,21.3%and 18.6%for gymnosperms.Our study shows that evolutionary history outpaced current environmental factors in shaping global variation in wood density.