Improvements of marine clay slurries using chemicale-physical combined method(CPCM)

In this paper, the effectiveness, applicability and validity of chemicalephysical combined methods（CPCMs） for treatment of marine clay （MC） slurries were evaluated. The method CPCM1 combineschemical stabilization and vacuum preloading （VP）, while CPCM2 is similar to CPCM1 but includes boththe application of surcharge and use of geo-bags to provide confinement during surcharge preloading.The key advantage of CPCM2 using geo-bags is that the surcharge can be immediately applied on thechemically stabilized slurries. Two types of geo-bags were investigated under simulated land filling anddyke conditions, respectively. The test results show that the shear strength （cu） of treated slurry byCPCM2 is generally much higher than that by CPCM1. Besides, the use of CPCM2 can significantly reducethe treatment time due to the short drainage paths created by geo-bags. Overall, CPCM2 allows fasterconsolidation and higher preloading that help to achieve higher mechanical properties of the stabilizedslurry. There are consistent relationships between cU and water content of slurries treated by CPCM2.Several important observations were also made based on comparisons of experimental data. 2015 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of Varieties and Cooking Methods on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Cooked Rice

To analyze the effect of different lowland rice varieties and different cooking methods on physical and chemical characteristics of cooked rice. A factorial randomized block design with two factors was used and each combination of the factors was repeated three times. The first factor was rice variety（Ciherang and Ciliwung） and the second factor was the cooking method（stovetop, boiling and steaming, and rice cooker）. Results showed that Ciherang and Ciliwung varieties were classified into slender grain rice type with yellowred color. The amylose content of Ciherang was classified as moderate, while the amylose content of Ciliwung classified as low. The most abundant amino acid contained in Ciherang and Ciliwung varieties was glutamic acid. Statistical analysis showed that cooking method had significant effects on texture, lightness, chroma, hue and moisture content of cooked rice. Rice cooked with liwet method had the lowest texture value, lowest lightness value, highest chroma value, and highest moisture content.

Different Methods of Analysis for the Identification of Materials Dated to Different Periods in Egypt

Different questions may be raised during the course of analysis concerning in particular the characterization of materials used, their preparation and application techniques. The different methods used to identify the materials of mud brick, limestone, plaster, mortar and pigments, collected from different sites and periods from Egypt, in order to identify and characterize the materials, their structure, composition and their mineralogical compounds were： （Op） optical microscopy, which was used to examine and to identify the materials structures. Methods used in initial examination were： （1） （MCA）： Micro-chemical analysis, to identify the nature of the materials and for water-soluble salts, to identify sulphates, chlorides, carbonates, nitrites and nitrates; （2） （SM）： Standard methods of wet chemical analysis were used to identify the quantitative and qualitative nature of the, mud building, mortars and their mixtures; （3） （SEM ＆ EDS）： Analytical scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray analysis system was used to examine the micro-morphology and determine the chemical composition of the different materials; （4） （XRD ＆ XRPD）： X-ray diffraction to identify the mineralogical compound of the plaster, limestone, mortars and pigments used. From all the results obtained, it was possible to establish the nature of the mortars and their binders as well as some other inclusion. In addition to the identification of the stratigraphy of the layers applied in some samples, the examination and analysis gave details of the materials and the approximate ratio of the amount of additives used. Furthermore, the mineralogical analysis provided information on the main mineralogical phases present in the materials analyzed from the different periods.

Binding Media： Methods of Identification： Part 1, Theoretical Work

The identification of binding media presents a major difficulty in the investigation of painting techniques. The materials used in ancient times as a media for the pigments were varied, such as glues, gums and egg white. These adhesives were mixed with the pigments to adhere to the surface or to prepare the ground. This medium serves to protect the pigments more or less perfectly, from chemical and mechanical injury. Binding media determines the technique of painting. Artists＇ techniques used through the centuries differ more in the binding media than in the pigments used. They are all organic substances containing the same common elements, and in the small samples which can be removed from paintings, occur only in micro quantities, moreover, binding media undergo considerable degradation over long periods of time. In the examination of works of art, only very small specimens can be taken and, the proportion of binding medium to pigment being small, sensitive methods of analysis have to be adopted in an attempt to detect and identify the medium that may have been used. On the other hand, the use of such methods possesses the disadvantage that impurities present in the painting materials may also be detected and may lead to erroneous conclusions. There is no general microanalysis technique existed in the identification of binding media, and the materials commonly used as media are highly complex compared with the simple inorganic compounds employed as pigments. However, several methods can be used in the identification of binding media such as micro-chemical, chemical and physical methods.