Some of the Chemical and Physical Characteristics of the Graff River in Kut City, Iraq

Some of the chemical and physical water qualities of the Graff River in the city of Kut were studied, and for two sites of the river, One was at the Crimea site, the other in the Jihad district, and for the period from October/2018 to March/2019, Seven variables of river water have been analyzed: temperature PH, electrical conductivity, TDS, turbidity, alkaline, and chloride. The results showed that most of the chemical and physical water properties of the river were in normal proportions and did not rise, except for the turbidity, which was at a very high level, and that the pH values were close to the basal side. The results of the statistical analysis revealed positive significant relationships between the pH and (chloride and TDS). On the other hand, between electrical conductivity and both previous variables as well. And a negative significant connection between temperature and alkaline.

Assessment of the Variations in Soil Physicochemical Parameters of the Natural Forest and Plantations in Orumba North Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria

Soil physicochemical parameters are the physical and chemical characteristics of soil such as pH, bulk density, organic carbon, nitrogen content, and nutrient levels at different soil depths. These parameters vary from one vegetation to the other and from one soil to the other. The study assessed the variations in soil physicochemical parameters of the natural forest and plantations in Agu Eke (Eke bush) in Etti village, Nanka and Umunnebo village, Ufuma both located in Orumba North Local Government Area, Anambra State. The experimental research design and stratified random sampling methods were used for the study and a total of 12 soil samples were collected at 30 cm depth from the selected locations of natural forest, cashew and palm plantations. The samples were analyzed using laboratory Varian AA240 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, after which the result was subjected to statistical analysis—Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The study found that there was no significant difference (variation) between the moisture contents of natural forests and the plantations;that is, the moisture contents were the same. It was also found that there was no significant variation between the bulk densities of the natural forest, oil plantation, and cashew plantation, meaning that the bulk densities were significantly the same. However, there were significant variations in nitrogen, potassium and phosphates, with p-values: sig = .000 < .05, sig = .010 < .05 and sig = .000 < .05, respectively. That is, the nitrogen and phosphate contents of the natural forest significantly vary more than those of the oil palm and cashew plantations, which probably means that by reducing natural forest to plantation, the nitrogen and phosphate contents of the natural forest reduced from what it used to be when the lands were mere forests. This shows that plantations do not have the same function of maintaining or improving soil quality as natural forests. The study recommended adopting a sustainable plantation agricultural system, such as using diverse nutrient sources (manure and compost), in order to maintain the desired soil quality.

Chemical and physical characteristics of quartz from gold deposits in the North China platform: relationship to gold mineralization

This paper seeks to identify macroscopic metallogenic mechanisms of various mineral deposits by studying microscopic typomorphic characteristics of typical minerals associated with the deposits and to reveal the mechanism of lattice gold in detail by studying both physical and chemical characteristics of quartz from representative gold deposits in the North China Platform.As part of their extensive research,the authors examine the relationship between trace elements with wall rock,the ore-forming media,and gold immigration of various types of gold deposits,including their salinity,type,temperature.These are key factors to revealing the mineralization mechanism,and indicators for mineral prospecting,exploration,mining,and metallurgical technology.In order to address the questions posed,the following methods were used:field investigations of geology and sampling of the representative gold deposits,physical study and chemical analysis of quartz including,but not limited to,fluid inclusions as well as their compositions and trace elements in quartz,the unit cell parameters,electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum(EPR),and infrared spectroscopic analysis(ISA).As a result of this study,the authors observe the following key findings:unit cell parameters of quartz vary with their contents of foreign elements including gold,paragenetic stage,wall rock type,and other factors;the higher the forming temperature and the lower the gold content in quartz,the smaller the unit cell parameters,and vice versa.Additionally,the EPR absorption lines resulted from the O–Al defect center.The density of these types of hole centers increases and the EPR signal strengthens when the temperature decreases.Based on the findings,the authors conclude that lattice gold exists in quartz.Gold,in the form of Au^(+)and/or Au^(3+),entering quartz and producing an electron–hole center,namely,the O-Au hole center,makes the center produce spin resonance absorption and results in the EPR absorption peak#I.Both unit cell parameters and EPR of quartz can potentially be used in mineral prospecting,relative ore-forming temperature determination,and grade control during mining.

Effect of Garlic Straw on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Continuous Cropping Soil and Root Activity of Tomato in Solar Greenhouse

Taking tomato ＂Kate two＂ as the experimental material, the effects of different dosage of garlic straw on physical and chemical characteristics of continuous cropping soil and root activity of tomato in solar greenhouse were studied. The results showed that after applying with garlic straw, maximal and minimal temperatures in 0-15 cm soil layers were directly proportional to the amount of returned garlic straw, which were 2.39 ℃ and 1℃ higher than that of the control respectively. The unit weight was decreasing upon the amount of applied garlic straws of soils in different depths, but the porosity of soil was increasing. For example, unit weight and porosity changed the most significantly in soils in the depths of 0-10 cm, which went down by 6.71% and 6.18%, respectively. Besides, garlic straw returning to field improved soil pH, reduced soil conductivity and soil acidification and relieved soil secondary salinization, especially in 0-20 cm soil layers. In addition to that, the application of garlic straw increased the root activity of tomato （max 31.45%）, and delayed root system senescence in late stage. Therefore, garlic straw returning could improve the physical and chemical characteristics of soil by succession planting and root activity of tomato in solar greenhouse.

Effects of Varieties and Cooking Methods on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Cooked Rice

To analyze the effect of different lowland rice varieties and different cooking methods on physical and chemical characteristics of cooked rice. A factorial randomized block design with two factors was used and each combination of the factors was repeated three times. The first factor was rice variety（Ciherang and Ciliwung） and the second factor was the cooking method（stovetop, boiling and steaming, and rice cooker）. Results showed that Ciherang and Ciliwung varieties were classified into slender grain rice type with yellowred color. The amylose content of Ciherang was classified as moderate, while the amylose content of Ciliwung classified as low. The most abundant amino acid contained in Ciherang and Ciliwung varieties was glutamic acid. Statistical analysis showed that cooking method had significant effects on texture, lightness, chroma, hue and moisture content of cooked rice. Rice cooked with liwet method had the lowest texture value, lowest lightness value, highest chroma value, and highest moisture content.

Contribution to Comparative Study of Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Diack Basalt and Bandia Limestone for Use in Railway Engineering

This paper presents a comparative study of Physical-Chemical characteristics of Limestone and Basalt (from Senegalese quarries). First, chemical tests show that Basalt is richer in silica 51.59% versus 2.84% for Limestone. Basalt is made up of silica minerals and essentially carbonated minerals with a CaO percentage of 50.05%. Chemical results also show that Basalt is richer in iron 12.71% versus 0.44% for Limestone. Finally, they revealed a fire loss of 40.91% for Limestone and 2.44% for Basalt. Second, physical analysis results show that Diack Basalt has the best characteristics with a flattening coefficient of 5% between 5% and 20%;the percentage of pollutants is 0.36% less than 1%;the Los Angeles coefficient is 12.21% below 15, while Bandia Limestone gives a flattening coefficient of 3%;the Los Angeles coefficient of 40.17% and the percentage of pollutant (2.4%) well above 2%. It is noted that the percentage of Limestone pollutant is too high. These important results show the net advantage of Basalt compared to Limestone in terms of physical-chemical characteristics.

Studies on Dynamic of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Water in GaoBaZhou Reservoir after Filter-feeding Fish's Multiplication and Stocking

[ Objective] The aim was to provide scientific basis for purifying water quality, ecological restoration and fishery breeding of GaoBaZhou reservoir multiplication and stocking. [ Method] Monitoring of normal water physical, chemical characteristics and different number of data of GaoBaZhou reservoir was conducted in 2010 and 2011 after different amount of filter-feeding fishes stocking in this reservoir. [ Result] The water physical and chemical factors TN, NO2, NO3-N-N, TP and COD, Chl. a in 2011 were significantly less than 2010, 2011 month average 1.389 mg/L, 0.039 6 rng/L, 1.211 7 mg/L, 0.137 3 mg/L, 16.191 mg/L, 10.226 8 mg/m3, 2010 month average 1.659 mg/L, 0.066 2 mg/L, 1.472 9 mg/L, 0.099 9 rag/L, 18.314 8 mg/L, 14.917 8 mg/L. The calculation results of TSIM showed that 2011 reservoir eutrophication TSIM were less than 2010, up to 53.78 and 57.36. E Coaclusion： The whole reservoir area revealed mild eutrophication （the TSIM 〉 53）, and it suggested that the filterfeeding fishes amount could be increased in the reservoir.

Physical and chemical characteristics and research of total suspended particles in Xi＇an and Nanjing

The paper calculates and analyzes physical and chemical characteristics of total suspended particles （TSP）, including mass concentration, absorption coefficient, optical refraction index imaginary unit and chemical composition based on observational data of atmosphere aerosol in Xi＇an and Nanjing from 1997 to 1999. Enrichment characteristic of TSP elements and sources of pollution are discussed via statistical treatment of enrichment factor of elements and correlation analysis. The result shows that aerosol particles exist remarkable differences in physical and chemical. The highest enrichment in TSP is Pb, Zn, S and As, which comes from different kinds of pollution.

Functional Optical Fiber Sensors Detecting Imperceptible Physical/Chemical Changes for Smart Batteries

The battery technology progress has been a contradictory process in which performance improvement and hidden risks coexist.Now the battery is still a“black box”,thus requiring a deep understanding of its internal state.The battery should“sense its internal physical/chemical conditions”,which puts strict requirements on embedded sensing parts.This paper summarizes the application of advanced optical fiber sensors in lithium-ion batteries and energy storage technologies that may be mass deployed,focuses on the insights of advanced optical fiber sensors into the processes of one-dimensional nano-micro-level battery material structural phase transition,electrolyte degradation,electrode-electrolyte interface dynamics to three-dimensional macro-safety evolution.The paper contributes to understanding how to use optical fiber sensors to achieve“real”and“embedded”monitoring.Through the inherent advantages of the advanced optical fiber sensor,it helps clarify the battery internal state and reaction mechanism,aiding in the establishment of more detailed models.These advancements can promote the development of smart batteries,with significant importance lying in essentially promoting the improvement of system consistency.Furthermore,with the help of smart batteries in the future,the importance of consistency can be weakened or even eliminated.The application of advanced optical fiber sensors helps comprehensively improve the battery quality,reliability,and life.

Research on Physical and Chemical Properties of Corynebacterium glutamicum in Fermentation Process of the Glucose of Wheat Starch

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the physical and chemical char- acteristic of Corynebacterium glutamicum in fermentation process of the glucose of wheat starch. [Method] The purity of glutamic acid in fermentation period, optical density and cell viability of bacteria were detected as indicators for regression com- parison and analysis. [Result] The relative error d=-3.316 6% within the experimental range of Warburg trace breathing apparatus and double function analyzer. The linear relationship was s1=（1-d）s2. During the fermentation process of the glucose of wheat starch, the average cell activity was 6.24 μA and the maximum cell activity was 6.61 μA. [Conclusion] Compared with optical density, cell viability can more accurate- ly reflect the physical and chemical properties of Corynebacterium glutamicum in fermentation process of the glucose of wheat starch. There was certain correlation between cell membrane phospholipids and cell viability.

Physico-Chemical and Bacterial Characteristics of Groundwater and Surface Water Quality in the Lagbe Town: Treatment Essays with <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Seeds

The river water and groundwater from Lagbe town in Benin Republic were collected and analyzed for physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. The surface water samples were treated with alum, Moringa oleifera seeds powder and the combination of alum and Moringa oleifera seeds. The jar-test essays were carried out with two water samples at initial turbidities 7.2 NTU and 14.4 NTU. The water samples analyzed are fairly mineralized (conductivity varies between 166 and 687 μS/cm), enough soft and contain the nitrate (104 mg/L for W4 sample). They are greatly polluted by pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterococcus, Vibrio, Serratia. The optimal dosages of Moringa are 96 mg/L and 80 mg/L respectively. We have observed a reduction of 60% of turbidity and a substantial remove of all pathogenic microorganisms after water treatment with Moringa oleifera seeds. For the combination treatment, 93% of initial turbidity and 92% of initial concentration of organic matter in the sample E2 were eliminated. The pH remained almost constant during the treatment.

Physical and Technological Parameters of Maize Varieties (Zea mays L.) Grown in the Southern Parts of Benin and the Influence of Chemical Composition

Objective: The study aims to investigate some physical and technological parameters of varieties of maize collected from the most representative areas of maize production in the southern part of Benin, and mainly used by the populations of those areas. Method: The chemical composition, physical and technological characteristics of the grains were determined using standard methods. Results: The results showed that the weight of 1000 grains ranges from 158.01 to 305.12 g, the length from 0.79 to 1.81 cm, the average width from 0.74 to 1.51 cm, thickness from 0.36 to 0.85 cm and density from 1.07 to 1.25. Regarding the technological parameters, the hardness of the grains before and after cooking was between 16.78 and 47.20 kgf, and 0.23 and 0.71 kgf respectively, while the cooking time varies from 71.00 and 158.33 mn. There was a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.405;p < 0.026) between the hardness after cooking and the weight of 1000 grains, between the hardness after cooking and grain width (r = 0.460;p < 0.011). A positive and highly significant correlation (r = 0.527, p < 0.003) was also observed between the hardness after cooking and the grain length, between the hardness after cooking and the thickness of grain (r = 0.476, p < 0.008), and between the grain density and the weight of 1000 grains (r = 0.481, p < 0.007). A positive and highly significant correlation (r = 0.923, p < 0.000) was also observed between maize grain length and width, and between grain length and grain thickness (r = 0.764, p < 0.000) and between the width and thickness (r = 0.764, p < 0.000). On the other hand, a significant negative correlation (r = -0.394, p < 0.031) was found between the hardness before cooking and the thickness and between the hardness before cooking and sphericity index (r = -0465*, p Conclusion: Through its chemical and technological characteristics the maize constitutes an important raw material for many culinary recipes in West African region.

Physical and Chemical Analysis of the Fruit of Stela and Burlat Cherry Varieties in Herzegovina

The goal of this paper, based on analysis of physical and chemical characteristics of fruit itself, is to determine to what extent the introduced varieties of cherry--stela and burlat have become adaptable to agro ecological conditions of Herzegovina region. Analysis showed that regarding fruit dimensions and fruit stone mass, there are recorded larger values of stela variety compared to burlat variety. However, statistically variety stela had shorter stalk compared to variety burlat. Variety burlat had significantly larger values of most important chemical characteristics （total soluble dry matter and total acids）. Both tested varieties have one or several positive characteristics and the author can recommend them for commercial production.

Assessment of Gross Chemical Composition, Mineral Composition, Vitamin Composition and Amino Acids Composition of Wheat Biscuits and Wheat Germ Fortified Biscuits

Wheat germ is reckoned valuable healthful functional food. The present investigation was performed to assess nutritional status of wheat biscuits and wheat germ fortified biscuits. Study included determination of gross chemical composition, caloric value, minerals (Mn, Ca, Fe, Cu, P, Na and K), vitamins (C, Folic acid, A, and E), and amino acid composition of wheat biscuits and 15%, 20% wheat germ fortified biscuits. Likewise physical and sensory characteristics of studied biscuits were assessed. The data revealed that 20% wheat germ fortified biscuits proved to be nutritious functional healthful food. It improved both physical, sensory characteristics and recorded the highest crude protein (12.20%), crude fiber (2%), and the least fat (9.63%), moisture (3.01%), and caloric value (436.31 Kcal/100g). While it recorded the highest Mn and Cu contents as well as increased vitamins C, Folic acid, A, and E. Besides, 20% wheat germ fortified biscuits increased all the eight essential amino acids contents resulting in an improvement of the nutritive value of wheat biscuits. Therefore it could be recommended for caloric reduced diets for obese and overweight persons. Likewise, it should be increasing interest as an ingredient in the industry as functional and healthy foods formulations as biscuits, bread and cakes.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Calamondin(Citrus microcarpa)from Hainan

Some physicochemical characteristics of calamondin(Citrus microcarpa)from Hainan were determined in this study.The mean length,width,and thickness of calamondin were(2.763±0.262),(2.721±0.189),and(2.684±0.201)cm,respectively.The average values for geometric mean diameter,sphericity,fruit shape index,mass,surface area,volume,true density,bulk density and porosity were(2.721±0.196)cm,(98.79±5.149)%,(101.64±7.609)%,(11.18±2.149)g,(23.36±3.362)cm2,(11.16±2.115)cm3,(1.00±0.060)g/cm3,0.44 g/cm3,and(56.40±0.027)%,respectively.The mean edible part,juice rate,and soluble solids were(85.77±3.53),(48.36±4.20),and(7.86±0.09)%,respectively.The total flavonoids,pectin,limonin,reducing sugar and volatile oil contents of the peel were 1.00,7.14,0.51,5.98,and 4.25%,respectively.The total flavonoids,pectin,limonin and reducing sugar contents of the pulp were 0.02,5.04,0.03 and 4.56%,respectively.The total flavonoids,total acid,reducing sugar and vitamin E contents of the juice were 0.11,6.74,0.37%,and 1.68 mg/kg,respectively,while the content of vitamins A,B1,B2,B3,B6,and D in the juice was very low.The seeds had limonin,reducing sugar and oil contents of 0.46,1.39,and 30.46%,respectively.The vitamin B2,B3,B6 and E contents of the fruit residue were 44.83,19.31,17.55,and 15.72 mg/kg,respectively.The amino acid profile of the residue included aspartic acid,glutamate,cystine,serine,glycine,histidine,arginine,threonine,alanine,proline,tyrosine,valine,methionine,isoleucine,leucine,phenylalanine and lysine,with respective contents of 4.42,1.81,2.10,0.78,0.59,0.20,0.72,0.160.67,3.650.50,0.67,0.59,1.00,0.76,0.57 and 0.91 g/kg.

Comparative study of some soil properties in forested and deforested areas in Cox’s Bazar and Rangamati Districts, Bangladesh

The study dealt with the assessment of impact of deforestation on soil through a comparative analysis of soil physicochemical properties of natural forest and deforested areas. Soil samples from three depths （top, middle and bottom） under natural forest and nearby deforested areas were collected to investigate soil properties. Forest soils show no sig-nificant change in particle size distribution. Bulk density of forested soils shows the significant differences in top and middle layers. Soil pH in top and middle soil, organic matter in top soil and available phosphorus in middle soil of the forest site are found to be significantly higher than that of the deforested soils. Forest soils also have significantly higher level of exchangeable Ca2＋, K＋ in top and middle soil and Mg2＋ at all depth than those of deforested site. Exchangeable Na＋ and cation exchange capacity （CEC） are observed unchanged in both sites. The results suggest that change in soil properties was more obvious in surface and sub surface portions of both areas. The study shows that deterioration of physicochemical properties occurred due to deforestation.

Application of Water Quality Index(WQI)and Regression Analysis of Groundwater in Budigumma Village,Anantapur District,Andhra Pradesh

The research work is aimed at assessing the subsurface or groundwater suitability for human use or consumption depends upon the calculated water quality index values,correlation coefficient and regression analysis.The water quality index(WQI)is main important tool to calculate the characteristics of drinking water quality in rural,urban and industrial area.Different parameters which is measured and determination of the water quality index for selecting parameters.Further to study the correlation and regression method in this research work.Totally fifteen groundwater samples were collected from the Budigumma Village Anantapur district in the state Andhra Pradesh in India.Nine water quality parameters has been considered for the computation of water quality index such as pH,total dissolved solid(TDS),total hardness(TH),calcium(Ca),magnesium(Mg),nitrates(NO3),chlorides(Cl),sulphates(SO4),fluorides(F).The World Health Organization(WHO)has been assessed to the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes or other uses for public and determining of WQI.This WQI index values ranged from 97.78 to 108.37.The study shows that 87%area comes under the poor category of drinking purposes and the remaining 13%comes under as good water for drinking purposes as per the WQI classification.The correlation and regression analysis gives as an outstanding device for the calculation of different parameter values within realistic degree of precision.The subsistence of strong correlation or relationship between the total hardness and magnesium is determined.The analysis of selected parameters revealed that proper treatment before use or consumption and protected from more contamination.

The Function and Development of Soybean Peptides

Soybean peptides are small molecules hydrolyzed soy protein, from three to six amino acid composition of the peptide mixture, in1000Da molecular weight below.Because it has a lot of good physical and chemical properties and physiological functions, in many areas has been widely used. This paper reviews the soybean peptide physical and chemical characteristics, physiological functions, technology and applications in the food industry.

复合助剂对低温喷雾干燥蓝靛果粉理化性质的影响

为保证低温喷雾干燥后蓝靛果粉品质,采用黄金分割法研究复合助剂(麦芽糊精、β-环糊精和乳清蛋白)对喷雾干燥蓝靛果粉理化性质的影响,分析低温进风温度(50~90℃)对蓝靛果粉花青素保留率、集粉率和含水率的影响规律。结果表明,在麦芽糊精、β-环糊精的质量比例为85.4%、14.6%时,集粉率高达37.96%;随进料溶液中麦芽糊精质量比例增加,蓝靛果粉玻璃化转变温度、水溶性指数、堆积密度、亮度L^(*)值、红度a^(*)值和色差值ΔE呈增加趋势,含水率、花青素含量和黄度b^(*)值呈下降趋势;在麦芽糊精、β-环糊精和乳清蛋白质量比例为72.9%、12.5%、14.6%时,集粉率达到最高(40.11%);随料液中乳清蛋白质量比例增加,蓝靛果粉含水率、花青素含量呈上升趋势,其玻璃化转变温度、水溶性指数、亮度L^(*)值、红度a^(*)值、黄度b^(*)值和色差值ΔE等指标呈下降趋势;复合助剂显著提高蓝靛果粉集粉率(P<0.05),对其中的花青素起到较强保护作用,其含水率、水溶性指数、堆积密度等理化指标均接近于最优水平。低温喷雾干燥研究发现,随进风温度上升,集粉率和含水率呈负相关,在进风温度90℃时,集粉率最高的配方中可实现较高花青素保留率(89.94%)。低频核磁共振波谱以及质子密度图像信息分析表明,加入的助剂与蓝靛果果汁中水分通过氢键、静电结合力和疏水作用等分子间作用力,形成稳定性高水合物、增强液滴聚结抵抗力,提高料液玻璃态转换温度,从而实现高集粉率和高花青素保留率的蓝靛果果粉低温喷雾干燥;红外光谱分析表明,复合助剂可在蓝靛果果粉中形成分子间氢键,并对花青素等活性物质进行固定包埋保护。研究结果可为蓝靛果粉喷雾干燥加工生产提供理论支撑和参考依据。

主成分分析法在山东上部烟质量评价中的应用

本研究旨在运用主成分分析法对山东地区上部烟叶的质量进行综合评价,以便为该地区烤烟质量的准确评估提供科学依据。研究以山东10个主要植烟县2020年和2021年间105份B2F等级烟叶样品为材料,通过应用标准化法和主成分分析法对这些烟叶样品的物理特性和化学成分指标进行归类处理,并对各植烟县样品的上部烟叶质量进行分类。研究发现,单叶重与叶长和叶宽、叶片密度与叶片厚度、总糖与还原糖、烟碱与氮间极显著正相关,且主成分特征向量一致,可分别归为一类指标。根据物理特性评价结果,可将山东产区上部烟分为三类,根据化学成分评价结果,可将山东产区上部烟分为两类。综合考虑物理特性和化学成分评价结果,山东产区上部烟叶可分为四类。其中沂源、五莲、临朐为一类,兰陵、沂水、莒县、莱芜为一类,淄川、黄岛为一类,诸城则单独构成一类。