Some of the Chemical and Physical Characteristics of the Graff River in Kut City, Iraq

Some of the chemical and physical water qualities of the Graff River in the city of Kut were studied, and for two sites of the river, One was at the Crimea site, the other in the Jihad district, and for the period from October/2018 to March/2019, Seven variables of river water have been analyzed: temperature PH, electrical conductivity, TDS, turbidity, alkaline, and chloride. The results showed that most of the chemical and physical water properties of the river were in normal proportions and did not rise, except for the turbidity, which was at a very high level, and that the pH values were close to the basal side. The results of the statistical analysis revealed positive significant relationships between the pH and (chloride and TDS). On the other hand, between electrical conductivity and both previous variables as well. And a negative significant connection between temperature and alkaline.

Shear resistance characteristics and influencing factors of root-soil composite on an alpine metal mine dump slope with different recovery periods

Artificial vegetation restoration is the main measure for vegetation restoration and soil and water conservation in alpine mine dumps on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.However,there are few reports on the dynamic changes and the influencing factors of the soil reinforcement effect of plant species after artificial vegetation restoration under different recovery periods.We selected dump areas of the Delni Copper Mine in Qinghai Province,China to study the relationship between the shear strength and the peak displacement of the root-soil composite on the slope during the recovery period,and the influence of the root traits and soil physical properties on the shear resistance characteristics of the root-soil composite via in situ direct shear tests.The results indicate that the shear strength and peak displacement of the rooted soil initially decreased and then increased with the increase of the recovery period.The shear strength of the rooted soil and the recovery period exhibited a quadratic function relationship.There is no significant function relationship between the peak displacement and the recovery period.Significant positive correlations(P<0.05)exists between the shear strength of the root-soil composite and the root biomass density,root volume density,and root area ratio,and they show significant linear correlations(P<0.05).There are no significant correlations(P>0.05)between the shear strength of the root-soil composite and the root length density,and the root volume ratio of the coarse roots to the fine roots.A significant negative linear correlation(P<0.05)exists between the peak displacement of the rooted soil and the coarse-grain content,but no significant correlations(P>0.05)with the root traits,other soil physical property indices(the moisture content and dry density of the soil),and slope gradient.The coarse-grain content is the main factor controlling the peak displacement of the rooted soil.

Study of the Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of the Soil of Limbita 1 in the Guinean Coastal Area

Limbita 1 is a hilltop settlement in the rural town of khorira, the district of Dubreka. It is a land of the locality commonly called “limbita quarry”, and widely converted by bricks manufacturers of Dubreka district and those of conakry area. However, no information about the characteristics of this land’s soil is yet available. The soil’s characteristics are then determined through the series of tests (granulometry, Atterberg limits, modified proctor, CBR, shear, odometric compressibility). These tests are carried out with samples derived from the site of Limbita within the area of Limbita 1. This work shows very consistent results that made it possible to deduce the very swelling nature of the soil.

Strength and deformation characteristics of irregular columnar jointed rock mass: A combined experimental and theoretical study

The irregularity of jointed network poses a challenge to the determination of field mechanical param-eters of columnar jointed rock mass(CJRM),and a reasonable prediction of deformation and strength characteristics of CJRM is important for engineering construction.The Voronoi diagram and three-dimensional printing technology were used to make an irregular columnar jointed mold,and the irregular CJRM(ICJRM)specimens with different dip directions and dip angles were prepared.Uniaxial compression tests were performed,and the anisotropic strength and deformation characteristics of ICJRM were described.The failure modes and mechanisms were revealed in accordance with the final appearances of the ICJRM specimens.Based on the model test results,the empirical correlations for determining the field deformation and strength parameters of CJRM were derived using the dip angle and modified joint factor.The proposed empirical equations were used in the Baihetan Project,and the calculated mechanical parameters were compared with the field test results and those obtained from the tunneling quality index method.Results showed that the deformation parameters determined by the two proposed methods are all consistent with the field test results,and these two methods can also estimate the strength parameters effectively.

Mechanical and acoustic emission characteristics of anhydrite rock under freeze-thaw cycles

To study the damage mechanisms of anhydrite rock under freeze-thaw cycles, the physicalmechanical properties and the microcracking activities of anhydrite rock were investigated through mass variation, nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscope tests, and uniaxial compression combined with acoustic emission(AE) tests. Results show that with the increase of freeze-thaw processes,the mass, uniaxial compression strength, and elastic modulus of the anhydrite specimens decrease while the porosity and plasticity characteristics increase.For example, after 120 cycles, the uniaxial compression strength and elastic modulus decrease by 46.54% and 60.16%, and the porosity increase by 75%. Combined with the evolution trend of stressstrain curves and the detected events, three stages were labeled to investigate the AE characteristics in freeze-thaw weathered anhydrite rock. It is found that with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, the proportions of AE counts in stage Ⅰ and stage Ⅱ show a decaying exponential trend. Contrarily, the proportion of AE counts in stage Ⅲ displays an exponential ascending trend. Meanwhile, as the freeze-thaw cycles increase, the low-frequency AE signals increase while the intermediate-frequency AE signals decrease. After 120 cycles, the proportion of low-frequency AE signals increases by 168.95%, and the proportion of intermediate-frequency AE signals reduces by 81.14%. It is concluded that the microtensile cracking events occupy a dominant position during the loading process. With the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, the b value of samples decreases.After 120 cycles, b value decreases by 27.2%, which means that the proportion of cracking events in rocks with small amplitude decreases. Finally, it is proposed that the freeze-thaw damage mechanism of anhydrite is also characterized by the water chemical softening effect.

Spatial Distribution Pattern and Influencing Factors of Physical Bookstores of Large Cities:A Case Study of Three National Central Cities in Western China

As cultural facilities,physical bookstore is an important part of urban infrastructure.Influenced by the development of social economy and the internet,physical bookstores also have become a combination of cultural space and tourism experience.In this case,it is necessary to explore the spatial characteristics and influencing factors of physical bookstores.This study uses Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise(DBSCAN),spatial analysis and geographical detectors to calculate the spatial distribution pattern and factors influencing physical bookstores in national central cities/municipality(hereafter using cities)in western China.Based on spatial data,population density,road density and other data,this study constructed a data set of the influencing factors of physical bookstores,consisting of 11 factors along 6 dimensions for 3 national central cities in western China.The results are as follows:first,the spatial distribution pattern of physical bookstores in Xi’an,Chengdu,and Chongqing is unbalanced.The spatial distribution of physical bookstores in Xi’an and Chongqing is from southwest to northeast and are relatively clustered,while those in Chengdu are relatively discrete.Second,the spatial distribution pattern of physical bookstores has been formed under the influence of different factors.The intensity and significance of influencing factors differ in the case cities.However,in general,the social factor,business factor,the density of research facilities,tourism factor and road density are the main driving factors in the three cities.There is a synergistic relationship between public libraries and physical bookstores.Third,the explanatory power becomes stronger after the interaction between various factors.In Xi’an and Chengdu,the density of communities and the density of research facilities have stronger explanatory power for the dependent variable after interacting with other factors.However,in Chongqing,the traffic factors have stronger explanatory power for the dependent variable after interacting with other factors.The results could provide a practical reference for the sustainable development of physical bookstores and encourage a love of reading among the public.

Textural characteristics,surface chemistry and oxidation of activated carbon

Numerous researches were reviewed and interpreted to depict a comprehensive illustration of activated carbon and its behavior towards oxidation.Activated carbon as one of the most important adsorbents is tried to be described in this review paper by terms of its＂Textural Characteristics＂and＂Surface Chemistry＂.These two terms,coupled with each other,are responsible for behavior of activated carbon in adsorption processes and in catalytic applications.Although as-prepared activated carbons are usually nonselective and their surfaces suffer from lack of enough reactive groups,their different aspects may be improved and developed by diverse types of modifications.Oxidation is one of the most conventional modifications used for activated carbons.It may be used as a final modification or as a pre-modification followed by further treatment.In this paper,methods of oxidation of activated carbon and other graphene-layer carbon materials are introduced and wet oxidation as an extensively-used category of oxidation is discussed in more detail.

Displacement characteristic of landslides reinforced with flexible piles: field and physical model test

A field monitoring system was established in an active river bank landslide in the Three Gorges area, China, and a consecutive monitoring for about 5 years were conducted to understand the displacement characteristics of flexible piles and the surrounding soil. It was found that piles deformed elastically under reservoir operation, and the soil in front of piles was gradually separated from piles. The movement of the pile heads exceeded that of the soil between and behind piles. This phenomenon was further studied by a large-scale physical model test to gain insights into the pile-soil interaction. The displacement relationship between pile heads and the surrounding soil is in good agreement with the field data. The physical model test shows that the deformation process of pile-reinforced landslides can be divided into two stages: firstly, when the piles head movement exceeds soil movement, the soil arching is mainly affected by the deflection of the piles, the arches between and behind piles bent upwards;but when the soil movement exceeds piles head movement, the arches near the upslope and downslope bent downwards and upwards, respectively. Furthermore, the different deformation of two adjacent piles and the pile stiffness influenced the arch’s shape and formation;the flexible piles exhibit great coordinated deformation with the landslide, and caused the soil arch on the downslope.

Dynamic physical characteristics of DC arc on arcing horn for HVDC grounding electrode line

The dynamic physical characteristics of a DC arc on an arcing horn for a high voltage direct current(HVDC)grounding electrode line are significantly different from those of the switching device arc,secondary arc,AC fault arc and pantograph-catenary arc.In this work,an experimental platform for the DC arc on the arcing horn was built,and mechanisms of the arc column short circuit and arc root movement were studied.This work further analyzes the characteristics and mechanisms of the arc motion when wind speed and direction,magnetic field and the expansion angle of the electrode are varied.Arc root movement is more likely to occur at the upper electrode.There is a competitive relationship between arc expansion and the transferring effect.The effect of wind on the arc column is greater than the effect on the arc root.The magnetic field has a significant driving effect on both the arc column and the arc root.The research results provide a comprehensive experimental basis for forther probing the method of DC arc suppression,and the improvement of the arcing horn.

Colon transit time according to physical activity and characteristics in South Korean adults

AIM:To investigate factors contributing to the colon transit time(CTT),physical activity and characteristics were examined.METHODS:Forty-seven Korean adults(males,n=23;females,n=24) took a capsule containing 20 radioopaque markers to measure the CTT.The subjects used an accelerometer to measure the physical activity and underwent a bioelectrical impedance analysis to determine the physical characteristics.Macro-nutrient was also surveyed.RESULTS:The mean total CTTs(TCTT) in the males and females were 8.8 and 24.7 h(P=0.002),respectively.In the male subjects,the right CTT(3.5±4.9 h vs 10.0±11.6 h,P=0.023) and recto-sigmoid CTT(4.4±4.7 vs 13.6±12.5 h,P=0.004) were significantly shorter and the total energy expenditure(637.6±44.3 kcal vs 464.3±64.9 kcal,P=0.003),total activity count(247 017±75 022 count vs 178 014±75 998 count,P=0.003),energy expenditure of light intensity(148.5±6.9 kcal vs 120.0±16.8 kcal,P=0.006),energy expenditure of moderate intensity(472.0±36.2 kcal vs 281.4±22.2 kcal,P < 0.001),fat intake(65.5±23.3 g vs 51.2±17.4 g,P=0.010),and water consumption(1714.3±329.4 g vs 1164.7±263.6 g,P=0.009) were significantly higher than in the female subjects.Regarding correlations,when adjusted for gender,fiber(r =-0.545,P < 0.001) and water intake(r =-0.257,P < 0.05) correlated significantly with the TCTT in all subjects.In addition,the body mass index(r =-0.424,P < 0.05) and fiber intake(r =-0.417,P < 0.05) in the males as well as the fiber intake(r =-0.655,P < 0.001) in the females showed significant correlations with the TCTT.CONCLUSION:The subjects showed significant gender differences in the TCTT,right CTT,and recto-sigmoid CTT.Furthermore,the intake of the fiber and water contributed to the CTT.

Polarization characteristics and controllability mechanism of passive scattering elements

Polarization feature is one of the important features of radar targets,which has been used in many fields.In this paper,the grid models of some typical foreign moving targets are constructed on the simulation platform,such as glider,cruiser,fixed wing aircraft,and rotorcraft.The electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the moving platforms under the incidence of circular polarization waves are calculated.The typical polarization characteristics which the orthogonal and in-phase components have in the echoes are analyzed and proved.Based on the polarization scattering matrix(PSM)theory,from the point of view of the physical reproduction,the technical status quo that the existing technical approaches are difficult to realize the passive simulation of polarization characteristic of the target is summarized.To solve this problem,combined with the vector synthesis law,the realization mechanism of controllable polarization characteristic of target echoes is proposed,the analytical expressions of polarization control matrix and polarization ratio are deduced,and the controllability of polarization ratio feature in the case of circular polarization is verified by simulation calculation.

Effects of geometrical and physical factors on light particles dispersion by agitation characteristic curve

In this study,the effects of geometrical and physical factors on light particles dispersion in stirred tank were investigated by agitation characteristic curve.The experiments and CFD simulations with discrete phase model(DPM)and volume of fluid model(VOF)were conducted in this paper.Five factors,which include four geometrical factors(submergence,impeller-to-tank ratio,number of impeller blades and baffling mode)and a physical factor(liquid viscosity)were considered.For each factor,the power consumption curve and agitation characteristic curve were drawn to compare the power consumption and mixing results in the stirred tank.Characteristics of the agitation characteristic curves were compared with the previous published literatures and theories.It is found that the agitation characteristic curves reflect the tendency of power consumption and particles distribution well in stirred tank.The good agreement indicates the applicability of the agitation characteristic curves for the study of light particles distribution in stirred tank.

STURCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND QUANTUM CHEMISTRY CALCULATION OF AI-DOPED BORON CARBIDES

Structural characteristics, chemical bonds and thermoelectric properties of Al-doped boron carbides are studied through calculations of various structural unit models by using a self-consistent-field discrete variation X. method. The calculations show that Al atom doped in boron carbide is in preference to substituting B or C atoms on the end of boron carbide chain, and then may occupy interstitial sites, but it is difficult for Al to substitute B or C atom in the centers of the chain or in the icosahedra. A representative structural unit containing an Al atom is [C - B -Al]-[B11C]-,while the structural unit without Al is [C-B-B(C)]- - [B11C]C+, and the coexistence of these two different structural units makes the electrical conductivity increased. As the covalent bond of Al-B or Al-C is weaker than that of B-B or B-C, the thermal conductivity decreases when Al is added into boron carbides. With the electrical conductivity increasing and the thermal conductivity decreases, Al doping has significant effect on thermoelectric properties of baron carbides.

Chemical and physical characteristics of quartz from gold deposits in the North China platform: relationship to gold mineralization

This paper seeks to identify macroscopic metallogenic mechanisms of various mineral deposits by studying microscopic typomorphic characteristics of typical minerals associated with the deposits and to reveal the mechanism of lattice gold in detail by studying both physical and chemical characteristics of quartz from representative gold deposits in the North China Platform.As part of their extensive research,the authors examine the relationship between trace elements with wall rock,the ore-forming media,and gold immigration of various types of gold deposits,including their salinity,type,temperature.These are key factors to revealing the mineralization mechanism,and indicators for mineral prospecting,exploration,mining,and metallurgical technology.In order to address the questions posed,the following methods were used:field investigations of geology and sampling of the representative gold deposits,physical study and chemical analysis of quartz including,but not limited to,fluid inclusions as well as their compositions and trace elements in quartz,the unit cell parameters,electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum(EPR),and infrared spectroscopic analysis(ISA).As a result of this study,the authors observe the following key findings:unit cell parameters of quartz vary with their contents of foreign elements including gold,paragenetic stage,wall rock type,and other factors;the higher the forming temperature and the lower the gold content in quartz,the smaller the unit cell parameters,and vice versa.Additionally,the EPR absorption lines resulted from the O–Al defect center.The density of these types of hole centers increases and the EPR signal strengthens when the temperature decreases.Based on the findings,the authors conclude that lattice gold exists in quartz.Gold,in the form of Au^(+)and/or Au^(3+),entering quartz and producing an electron–hole center,namely,the O-Au hole center,makes the center produce spin resonance absorption and results in the EPR absorption peak#I.Both unit cell parameters and EPR of quartz can potentially be used in mineral prospecting,relative ore-forming temperature determination,and grade control during mining.

Effects of Varieties and Cooking Methods on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Cooked Rice

To analyze the effect of different lowland rice varieties and different cooking methods on physical and chemical characteristics of cooked rice. A factorial randomized block design with two factors was used and each combination of the factors was repeated three times. The first factor was rice variety（Ciherang and Ciliwung） and the second factor was the cooking method（stovetop, boiling and steaming, and rice cooker）. Results showed that Ciherang and Ciliwung varieties were classified into slender grain rice type with yellowred color. The amylose content of Ciherang was classified as moderate, while the amylose content of Ciliwung classified as low. The most abundant amino acid contained in Ciherang and Ciliwung varieties was glutamic acid. Statistical analysis showed that cooking method had significant effects on texture, lightness, chroma, hue and moisture content of cooked rice. Rice cooked with liwet method had the lowest texture value, lowest lightness value, highest chroma value, and highest moisture content.

Physical Properties of Crushed Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag and Numerical Representation of Its Morphology Characteristics

Physical properties and geometrical morphologies of crushed air-cooled blast furnace slag （SCR） and crushed limestone （LCR） were comparatively investigated. The shape, angularity, surface texture and internal pore structure of aggregate particles for different size and gradation were numerically represented by sphericity （ψ） and shape index （SI）, angularity number （AN）, index of aggregate particle shape and texture （IAPST）, porosity and pore size, respectively. The results show that SCR is a porous and rough aggregate. Apparent density, void, water absorption and smashing index of SCR are obviously higher than those of LCR with the same gradation, respectively. However, bulk density of SCR is lower than that of LCR with the same gradation. SI, AN, IAPST and porosity of SCR are obviously higher than those of LCR with the same gradation, respectively. The smaller particle size of SCR, the larger of its AN, IAPST and porosity.

Effects of water chemistry and concentrations of dissolved organic matter on its fluorescence characteristics and molecular conformation

Previous studies showed that water chemistry and concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) could affect its molecular conformation and binding characteristics with hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs). However, the conformational change of DOM resultant from water chemistry and concentrations of DOM was not extensively investigated; therefore, the contradictory reports regarding the binding property with HOCs were available in literature. In this study, the effects of ionic strength, pH and DOM concentrations on the fluorescence properties of two humic acids (HA), namely Fluka HA and Amherst HA, were investigated by three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3DEEM) and steady-state fluorescence polarization (FP) techniques. The results not only corroborated previous observations obtained by other investigators, but revealed some new information about the fluorescence properties and molecular conformation of the humic acids under different water chemistry and DOM concentration conditions, which could shed light on its binding mechanisms and binding properties with HOCs.

Fine Sand and Clay Sediment Acoustic Properties of the Novel Sediment Sample from the Arabian Sea:Experimental Investigations and Biot−Stoll Model Validation

The present study explores the physical and acoustic characteristics of fine sand and clay in novel seabed marine sediments from of Pakistan coastline of the Arabian Sea.The measured physical parameters included mean grain size,mass density,bulk density,salinity,porosity,permeability,pore size and mineralogical composition.Acoustic properties,including sound speed and attenuation,in the high frequency range of 90-170 kHz were analyzed.A controlled laboratory setup with the acoustic transmission method and Fourier transform techniques was utilized to examine the sound propagation and absorption of novel seabed sediments.The standard deviation of mean sound speed in fresh water was 0.75 m/s,and attenuation was observed in the range of 0.43 to 0.61 dB/m.The mean sound velocity in sand and clay varied from 1706 to 1709 m/s and 1602 to 1608 m/s,respectively.Corresponding average attenuation was observed at 80 to 93 dB/m in sandy sediments and from 31.8 to 38.6 dB/m in clayey sediments.Sound velocity variation within sandy sediment is low,consistent with expected results,and smaller than the predicted uncertainty.However,clay sediment exhibited a positive linear correlation and low sound speed variation.Attenuation increased linearly with frequency for both sediments.Finally,the laboratory results were validated by using the Biot−Stoll model.The dispersion of sound speed in sandy and clayey sediments was consistent with the predictions of the Biot−Stoll model.Measured attenuation aligned more with Biot−Stoll model predictions due to improved permeability,tortuosity and pore size parameter fitting.

Functional Optical Fiber Sensors Detecting Imperceptible Physical/Chemical Changes for Smart Batteries

The battery technology progress has been a contradictory process in which performance improvement and hidden risks coexist.Now the battery is still a“black box”,thus requiring a deep understanding of its internal state.The battery should“sense its internal physical/chemical conditions”,which puts strict requirements on embedded sensing parts.This paper summarizes the application of advanced optical fiber sensors in lithium-ion batteries and energy storage technologies that may be mass deployed,focuses on the insights of advanced optical fiber sensors into the processes of one-dimensional nano-micro-level battery material structural phase transition,electrolyte degradation,electrode-electrolyte interface dynamics to three-dimensional macro-safety evolution.The paper contributes to understanding how to use optical fiber sensors to achieve“real”and“embedded”monitoring.Through the inherent advantages of the advanced optical fiber sensor,it helps clarify the battery internal state and reaction mechanism,aiding in the establishment of more detailed models.These advancements can promote the development of smart batteries,with significant importance lying in essentially promoting the improvement of system consistency.Furthermore,with the help of smart batteries in the future,the importance of consistency can be weakened or even eliminated.The application of advanced optical fiber sensors helps comprehensively improve the battery quality,reliability,and life.

Studies on Dynamic of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Water in GaoBaZhou Reservoir after Filter-feeding Fish's Multiplication and Stocking

[ Objective] The aim was to provide scientific basis for purifying water quality, ecological restoration and fishery breeding of GaoBaZhou reservoir multiplication and stocking. [ Method] Monitoring of normal water physical, chemical characteristics and different number of data of GaoBaZhou reservoir was conducted in 2010 and 2011 after different amount of filter-feeding fishes stocking in this reservoir. [ Result] The water physical and chemical factors TN, NO2, NO3-N-N, TP and COD, Chl. a in 2011 were significantly less than 2010, 2011 month average 1.389 mg/L, 0.039 6 rng/L, 1.211 7 mg/L, 0.137 3 mg/L, 16.191 mg/L, 10.226 8 mg/m3, 2010 month average 1.659 mg/L, 0.066 2 mg/L, 1.472 9 mg/L, 0.099 9 rag/L, 18.314 8 mg/L, 14.917 8 mg/L. The calculation results of TSIM showed that 2011 reservoir eutrophication TSIM were less than 2010, up to 53.78 and 57.36. E Coaclusion： The whole reservoir area revealed mild eutrophication （the TSIM 〉 53）, and it suggested that the filterfeeding fishes amount could be increased in the reservoir.