The Chattering Charades of Nature and Nurture： State-of-the-Art in Nonverbal Communication and Its Relationship With Verbal Messages

Employing a qualitative view of issues in nonverbal communication, the author offers an explanation of the nature-nurture debate. The anthropological view, taken by Birdwhistell and others, is compared with a Darwinian perspective. In particular, the author looks at how physical appearance, space, and gestures function in a natural way to protect the individuals who are participating in the exchange. Apparent deceit is frequently the result of such interactions. While the traditional arguments arising from religious tenets are discussed, the author explains how the nature approach has been reinforced in the 20th and 21st centuries with DNA and neurological investigations. In the study of nonverbal communication, the arguments about nature and nurture began in the middle of the 20th century with anthropologists, especially Birdwhistell, taking the nurture stance and others taking the nature stance. Ekman＇s nature stance on kinesics started from premises suggested by Charles Darwin. In large measure, it is because of Ekman＇s extensive work that the ＂balance＂ has somewhat shifted toward a nature view.

Perceptions and experiences of female burn survivors with facial disfigurement

Purpose This study aimed at exploring the perceptions and experiences of female burn survivors with facial disfigurement in Pakistan.Methods Two different quantitative and qualitative studies were conducted,of which the data were collected from 100 burn patients.A pilot interview protocol was developed.An indepth interview of five female burn survivors with facial disfigurement was taken in Lahore,Pakistan.The transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis and four major themes were identified,respectively physical appearance,posttraumatic growth,relationships and coping strategies.Results Thematic analysis reflected differences in attributional style,perceptions and individual experiences of female burn survivors with facial disfigurement.The study showed the importance of physical appearance for different burn survivors and how their life had changed after suffering from a burn injury.Conclusion It could be easy to have a positive outlook towards life and accept visible differences post injury for the burn survivors,who are grateful for life,get a strong family support and have available resources.On the contrary,with low self-esteem,lack of a family support and available resources,patients would be dissatisfied with their life.