Improving school physical education to increase physical activity and promote healthy growth of Chinese school-aged children Time for action

Throughout its more than 5000-year history, China has a long tradition of encouraging active engagement in physical and sport activities This enduring tradition, however, has been facing some major headwinds as China continues to expe- rience demographic and environmental changes related to aging, urbanization, and lifestyle shifts.

Physical activity and exercise in children with chronic health conditions

In the last two or three decades,physical activity(PA) has gained increasing recognition as being essential for maintaining good health and improving quality of life for all ages.Children have traditionally been active in both free play and organized sports.However,there has been a recent decline in the PA levels among children for various reasons.This lifestyle change has resulted in increased obesity accompanied by a rise in diabetes and cardiovascular risk among otherwise healthy children.These lifestyle changes have been shown to be even more a problem when the child is already affected by a chronic disease.Due to medical limitations and contraindications,much care must be taken to make certain that these children are involved in the appropriate volume and intensity of exercise.The type of activity must also be given careful consideration to avoid undue risk for the child who may have problems such as poor balance,limited strength,poor vision,or cognitive disability.Further complications are either caused or exacerbated by lack of sufficient PA.The priority beyond concern for safety should be focused on ensuring the highest quality of life possible.The purpose of this review is to examine how PA can benefit children with selected chronic health conditions.

Step it up： Promoting physical activity in school-aged children and adolescents in China

In this special issue of the Journal of Sport and Health Science, a series of articles describe the results of the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China--The Youth Study. The results show a relatively high prevalence of sedentary behaviors, unhealthy weight, lower fitness levels, and lower levels of engagement in physical exercise and fitness activities than antici- pated.

Obesity, Body Fat Distribution, and Physical Activity in School-age Children: an Urban and Rural Comparison in Valparaíso, Chile

This study analyze the relation between body composition, physical activity （PA）, and sex in Chilean children from rural and urban public educational institutions. The prevalence of obesity （according to BMI） was 30.88% in urban children and 28.93% in rural children. Central obesity presented mainly in the rural girls. Approximately 90% of the participants reported 〈7 h of PA/week, regardless of residential area. In addition, central fat was strongly associated with rural residence; the children reported lower PA levels, and they presented a higher prevalence of central fat. The results reflect the need to implement programs to improve PA conditions in the child urban-rural population.

The effect of two COVID-19 lockdowns on physical activity of school-age children

The introduction of strict quarantine restrictions in many countries initiated a direction in science to study the behavioral characteristics of children and adolescents during the social isolation at the population level.We present our observations during the two lockdowns in Ukraine.The objective of this study was to determine:a)the level of light(LPA)and moderate-to-vigorous(MVPA)physical activity among school-age children,and b)the impact of the external and internal factors on their physical activity during the lockdown.Global Physical Activity Questionnaire(GPAQ)as part of our questionnaire Q-RAPH was used.Parents of 1091 children 6–18 years old(54%boys)filled Q-RAPH at two measurement points in 2020 and 2021.After performing ANCOVA and logistic regression,we found a significant decrease in MVPA by 12.7%in 2021 compared to 2020(p<0.001)while LPA was about 1.5 h a day during both periods.The proportion of children who reach the recommended levels of MVPA also decreased by 13.7%in 2021(p<0.001).Factors negatively affecting the achievement of 60 min a day of MVPA were female gender,chronic diseases,overweight/obesity,non-participation in organized sports,and a decrease in the average air temperature.This study evidences the insufficient level of preventive measures and requires an intensification of health education among the Ukrainian population.When developing preventive measures,special attention should be paid to groups vulnerable to MVPA reduction as children who have chronic diseases and/or overweight/obesity as well as non-participation in sports.

Meeting 24-h movement guidelines: Prevalence, correlates, and the relationships with overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents

Background:Meeting 24-h movement guidelines by children and adolescents has been associated with improved indicators of health,although it has been under-studied in China.Hence,this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines,its correlates,and its relationships with body mass index in children and adolescents in China.Methods:Cross-sectional data from the 2017 Youth Study in China of 114,072 children and adolescents(mean age=13.75 years,49.18%boys)were used.Meeting 24-h movement guidelines(60 min of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity,2 h of daily leisure screen time,911 h and 810 h nightly sleep duration for 613-year-olds and 1417-year-olds,respectively)and height and weight of all participants were assessed.The prevalence of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines and World Health Organization weight status categories were determined.Generalized linear models were used to determine the correlates of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines and the relationships of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines with overweight(OW)and obesity(OB).Results:Only 5.12%of Chinese children and adolescents met the 24-h movement guidelines,and 22.44%were classified as OW/OB.Older children and adolescents were less likely to meet the 24-h movement guidelines.Parental education level and family income were positively related to meeting the 24-h movement guidelines.Children and adolescents meeting the 24-h movement guidelines showed lower odds ratios for OW/OB.Compared with participants meeting the 24-h movement guidelines,boys in 4th6th grades met none of the recommendations(OR=1.22,95%CI:1.061.40),met the screen time recommendation only(OR=1.13,95%CI:1.011.28),met the nightly sleep duration recommendation only(OR=1.14,95%CI:1.031.28),and had significantly higher odds ratios for OW/OB.Similar trends were observed for girls in 4th6th grades:meeting none of the guidelines(OR=1.35,95%CI:1.141.59),meeting sleep duration guidelines only(OR=1.23,95%CI:1.081.39),and meeting moderate-to-vigorous physical activity+nightly sleep duration guidelines(OR=1.24,95%CI:1.011.54).For girls in 7th9th grades,the following trend was observed:meeting none of the guidelines(OR=1.30,95%CI:1.011.67).Conclusion:Very few Chinese children and adolescents met the 24-h movement guidelines.Age(negatively correlated),parental education level,and family income(both positively correlated)were correlates of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines.Children and adolescents meeting the 24-h movement guidelines were more likely to have lower risks for OW/OB,especially in the youngest age group(Grades 46);and girls in the middle age group(Grades 79)were also more likely to have lower risks for OW/OB.Further research studies should explore additional correlates and determinants for meeting the 24-h movement guidelines.Also,future studies should use longitudinal or interventional designs to determine the relationships between meeting the 24-h movement guidelines and OW/OB and other health indicators,while taking sex and age differences into account.

青岛市肥胖幼儿发生率和肥胖幼儿体质现状的调查分析

目的：探讨青岛市3～6岁幼儿肥胖的发生率和肥胖幼儿的体质情况，为预防幼儿肥胖和提高肥胖幼儿体质状况提供依据。方法：应用WHO推荐的身高标准体重≥120％作为肥胖判断标准，用比较分析的方法对随机抽取的青岛市3—6岁城乡男女幼儿进行调查分析。结果：青岛市肥胖幼儿检出率为10．8％，其中轻度、中度和重度检出率分别为6．6％、3．9％和0．4％。除网球掷远外，肥胖幼儿机能和身体素质的各项指标成绩明显低于正常体重幼儿。结论：肥胖幼儿的机能和身体素质的各项指标成绩从总体上低于正常体重组幼儿，提高肥胖幼儿的身体素质是幼儿健康中急需解决的问题。

农民工子女身心健康与体育参与行为的研究

为揭示农民工子女的身心健康和体育参与行为状况,运用文献资料、问卷调查、结构化访谈、生理与心理健康量表测试、数理统计等研究方法对农民工子女的身心健康和体育参与行为进行了相关研究。研究认为:(1)农民工子女的心理和体质健康状况应该引起足够的重视;(2)农民工子女的体育锻炼参与项目相对简单单一;(3)农民工子女教育方面重视文化教养轻视体育锻炼参与的现象非常普遍和严重;(4)大多数农民工不支持孩子走专业竞技运动员的道路;(5)父母、老师、社会媒体在孩子社会化成长的过程中发挥着重要的指导示范作用,要重视和正确引导孩子进行体育锻炼活动才会有利于孩子的身心正常发展(6)在一定程度上家庭的经济收入水平和父母的体育消费观念和意识决定了农民工子女的体育消费结构水平;(7)影响农民工子女体育参与的因子主要有社会环境因子、体育态度因子、自身文化和生活方式因子、心理健康因子和经济条件因子等5个主要方面。鉴于以上研究,对农民工子女的体育参与提出相应的建议措施,以期改善农民工子女的体育参与环境,促进体育参与行为。

关于儿童穿衣及运动情况与身体健康状况的研究

目的了解儿童日常衣着和运动与儿童健康状况的关系,从而为指导家长科学育儿提供可信依据。方法以长沙市3416名1～14岁儿童为研究对象,对所有研究对象的家长采用问卷调查的方法了解儿童的健康情况、日常着衣及户外活动情况。结果家长的衣着观念影响着儿童衣着;儿童衣着及运动量的多少影响着儿童身体的健康状况。结论儿童薄着及加强运动可以增强机体抵抗力,预防疾病。

山东省济宁市3～6岁幼儿体质状况研究

为了解济宁市3～6岁幼儿的体质状况，对济宁市3～6岁幼儿的身体形态、机能和体能指标进行了测试。研究结果表明，济宁市3—6岁幼儿身体发育状况良好。城市幼儿的身体发育水平好于农村幼儿；女幼儿的身体发育水平好于男幼儿，男幼儿中体重偏胖幼儿的比率高于女幼儿，而女幼儿中身体偏瘦幼儿的比率高于男幼儿。

山东省临沂市3-6岁幼儿体质现状调查

为了解临沂市3-6岁幼儿体质现状,对临沂市儿童进行了身体形态、机能和体能测试。测试结果表明,临沂市幼儿体质状况不容乐观,总体状况低于全省平均水平,城市幼儿的体质状况优于农村幼儿。

中医体质调理在预防小儿高热惊厥复发中的临床应用

目的:探讨中医体质调理在预防小儿高热惊厥复发中的临床应用。方法:对2013年5月-2014年5月在我院接受治疗的50例小儿高热惊厥病例资料进行分析,所有病例分为观察组与对照组,观察组进行相应的体质调理,而对照组仅接受常规的治疗,比较两组患儿的治疗结果。结果:1年内对照组复发率明显高于观察组(P<0.05)。结论:中医体质调理对小儿高热惊厥有明显的预防作用,可增强患儿体质。

苏州市2008年3～6岁城乡学龄儿童体质状况对比分析

本文采用问卷调查法、访谈法、数理统计法,对苏州市2008年5600名3~6岁城乡学龄儿童的体质状况,进行了调查;结果表明：学龄儿童体格发育总趋势无明显特征。学龄儿童身体素质表现为男童在力量、速度、耐力、灵敏度与平衡能力中有优势,女童在柔韧性上有优势。城市学龄儿童在下肢力量与协调性方面好于农村学龄儿童。农村学龄儿童在灵敏度方面好于城市学龄儿童。

长春市幼儿(3～6岁)体质现状调查与分析

本研究采用问卷调查、文献资料、体质测试、软件分析等方法对长春市3～6岁幼儿的体质状况进行调查研究,并对长春市城乡幼儿身体形态、机能和素质等指标的变化规律及特点进行了比较分析,以期为国民体质监测研究工作顺利开展和全民健身方案的实施提供科学的参考依据。

武汉市3-6岁幼儿体质现状调查研究

了解和掌握武汉市3-6岁幼儿体质健康现状和变化规律。采用文献资料法、测量法、数理统计法分别从性别、年龄、城乡三个方面对武汉市948名幼儿进行研究分析。结果显示:男幼儿的身高、体重、胸围、坐高4项身体形态指标显著高于女幼儿,而且男女幼儿的4项指标均随着年龄的增长有显著性增加;乡村幼儿的坐高显著高于城镇幼儿的坐高;在身体机能指标安静心率上,3岁幼儿的安静心率显著高于4-6岁幼儿,乡村幼儿的安静心率要显著低于城镇幼儿;在身体素质指标中,立定跳远、网球掷远、坐位体前屈、10m折返跑、走平衡木完成时间和双脚连续跳在年龄上均存在显著性差异;走平衡木完成时间在性别上不存在显著性差异,其余5项指标均在性别上差异显著;立定跳远和坐位体前屈不存在城乡上的差异,其余4项指标均存在城乡上的差异,且差异显著。不同性别、年龄和城乡幼儿的体质现状存在显著性差异,3-6岁幼儿的体质发展存在关键期。

东莞市简易学校体育教育的现状及对策探究

近年来,有关农民工子女受教育的问题引起了各级政府、教育界以及为数不少的社会人士的高度重视,本文通过对东莞市简易学校体育教育现状的了解和分析,提出几点可行的促使简易学校体育教育正常实施和发展的对策,旨在为简易学校体育教育的正常实施和健康发展提供些许借鉴和参考。

河南省城乡3-6岁幼儿体质特征及变化规律研究

河南省城乡幼儿在身体形态、身体机能和身体素质上符合幼儿的发展变化规律,另外,由于城市幼儿在生活质量、营养结构和饮食质量上优于农村幼儿,在身体形态上表现为城市幼儿好于农村幼儿,但由于农村幼儿比城市幼儿较多接触自然和体育锻炼,在身体机能和身体素质上表现为农村幼儿高于城市幼儿。

廊坊市农村儿童体格发育状况及动向分析

目的为掌握我市农村地区儿童的生长发育状况及动向,为我市农村地区儿童的保健工作提供决策依据。方法将我市农村地区1999、2004、2014三个年度的3~7岁儿童生长发育监测资料对照我省城市及全国九市城区的评价标准进行分析。结果 1999~2014年的15年中我市农村3~7岁儿童的体格发育速度正处于明显加速增长的时期。结论为了保证我市3~7岁儿童体格快速均匀发展,在今后的育儿工作中既要进一步重视营养均衡,又要加强体育锻炼,尤其是促进胸围发育的锻炼。

山东省莱芜市幼儿身体状况“实感”调查

目的从身体活动性、直立姿势和动作、疾病受伤及其他3个方面对莱芜市幼儿的身体状况进行"实感"调查,为提出增进幼儿健康的建设性意见提供依据。方法向莱芜市幼儿园中70位具有5年以上工作年限的教师和校医进行调查。结果莱芜市幼儿在身体的活动性、身体的直立姿势和动作、疾病受伤及其他等方面均出现了不同程度的不良现象。结论学校、家庭和社会应该从多方面关心儿童,使他们能够健康茁壮地成长。

体育锻炼融合中医调理对儿童青少年近视的干预效果研究

目的:探究体育锻炼融合中医调理干预儿童青少年近视的效果。方法:招募6~18岁近视儿童青少年为研究对象,随机分为实验组(26例)和对照组(27例),并对实验组进行为期6个月的体育锻炼融合中医调理干预。分别在实验干预前、干预第3个月和第6个月检查对照组和实验组的视力水平。采用2×3重复测量方差分析比较干预前后两组受试者的视力水平。结果:重复测量方差分析结果显示,干预时间和组别交互效应显著(左眼:F=74.458,p<0.01;右眼:F=57.459,p<0.01;双眼:F=62.738,p<0.01)。进一步简单效应分析表明,干预前两组受试者视力无显著差异,干预3个月后实验组的视力均显著高于对照组(MD_(左眼)=0.371,p<0.01;MD_(右眼)=0.344,p<0.01;MD_(双眼)=0.377,p<0.01),干预6个月后实验组治疗效果仍然显著高于对照组(MD_(左眼)=0.380,p<0.01;MD_(右眼)=0.364,p<0.01;MD_(双眼)=0.415,p<0.01)。此外,对照组受试者在6个月的实验中,视力无显著变化;干预组受试者在干预3个月和干预6个月后,视力水平显著高于干预前,但干预3个月到6个月之间无统计学差异。结论:体育锻炼融合中医调理能够有效改善儿童青少年近视力,且经过3个月的体育锻炼融合中医调理即可产生治疗效果。