Physical model test and application of 3D printing rock-like specimens to laminated rock tunnels

Weak structural plane deformation is responsible for the non-uniform large deformation disasters in layered rock tunnels,resulting in steel arch distortion and secondary lining cracking.In this study,a servo biaxial testing system was employed to conduct physical modeling tests on layered rock tunnels with bedding planes of varying dip angles.The influence of structural anisotropy in layered rocks on the micro displacement and strain field of surrounding rocks was analyzed using digital image correlation(DIC)technology.The spatiotemporal evolution of non-uniform deformation of surrounding rocks was investigated,and numerical simulation was performed to verify the experimental results.The findings indicate that the displacement and strain field of the surrounding layered rocks are all maximized at the horizontal bedding planes and decrease linearly with the increasing dip angle.The failure of the layered surrounding rock with different dip angles occurs and extends along the bedding planes.Compressive strain failure occurs after excavation under high horizontal stress.This study provides significant theoretical support for the analysis,prediction,and control of non-uniform deformation of tunnel surrounding rocks.

Physical model of overlying rock movement law in Yuwang coal mine

With the increase in mining depth,traditional coal mining methods not only waste coal resources but also seriously impact the stability of the roadway support structure during the collapse of the overburden rock.In contrast,the top-cutting and depressurization technology utilizes the expansion effect of the rock effectively.This technology allows the rock body to collapse entirely,filling up the mining area through active intervention,which reduces the subsidence height of the overburden rock and significantly improves the coal extraction rate in the mining area.This study utilizes 3D seismic exploration technology to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of fissure zones and rich zones of the rock strata in the mining area and investigate the movement law of overburdened rock during the coal seam mining process using the 110 mining method.It conducts numerical analysis combined with geomechanical modeling experiments to explore the movement law of the overburden rock under the influence of mining activities at Yuwang Coal Mine.The numerical analysis results indicate that the horizontal and vertical displacements of the rock body on the roof of the roadway are minimal when the angle of the slit is 75°.The overlying rock movement during the test is categorized by modeling the stress and strain fields into the following stages:fracture zone expansion,collapse zone gestation,rapid collapse zone development,and overlying rock stabilization.The rock on the cut side collapses more completely,breaking up and expanding to support the overburden,effectively reducing the depth of crack expansion and the extent of rock settlement and deformation.The integrity of the roadway roof remains intact during the rock collapse under NPR anchors.This study provides a scientific basis for understanding the movement law of overlying rock and for controlling the stability of the roadway perimeter rock in kilometer-deep underground mining.

Rainfall-triggered waste dump instability analysis based on surface 3D deformation in physical model test

Landslide is the second largest natural disaster after earthquake. It is of significance to study the evolution laws and failure mechanism of landslides based on its surface 3D deformation information. Based on the rainfall-triggered waste dump instability model test, we studied the failure mechanisms of the waste dump by integrating surface deformation and internal slope stress and proposed novel parameters for identifying landslide stability. We developed a noncontact measurement device, which can obtain millimeter-level 3D deformation data for surface scene in physical model test;Then we developed the similar materials and established a test model for a waste dump. Based on the failure characteristics of slope surface, internal stress of slope body and displacement contours during the whole process, we divided the slope instability process in model test into four stages: rainfall infiltration and surface erosion, shallow sliding, deep sliding, and overall instability. Based on the obtained surface deformation data, we calculated the volume change during slope instability process and compared it with the point displacement on slope surface. The results showed that the volume change can not only reflect the slow-ultra acceleration process of slope failure, but also fully reflect the above four stages and reduce the fluctuations caused by random factors. Finally, this paper proposed two stability identification parameters: the volume change rate above the slip surface and the relative velocity of volume change rate. According to the calculation of these two parameters in model test, they can be used for study the deformation and failure mechanism of slope stability.

Influence of formation heterogeneity on foam flooding performance using 2D and 3D models:an experimental study

The formation heterogeneity is considered as one of the major factors limiting the application of foam flooding.In this paper,influences of formation properties,such as permeability,permeability distribution,interlayer,sedimentary rhythm and 3D heterogeneity,on the mobility control capability and oil displacement efficiency of foam flooding,were systematically investigated using 2D homogeneous and 2D/3D heterogeneous models under 120°C and salinity of 20×10~4 mg/L.The flow resistance of foam was promoted as the permeability increased,which thus resulted in a considerable oil recovery behavior.In the scenario of the vertical heterogeneous formations,it was observed that the permeability of the high-permeable layer was crucial to foam mobility control,and the positive rhythm appeared favorable to improve the foam flooding performance.The additional oil recovery increased to about 40%.The interlayer was favorable for the increases in mobility reduction factor and oil recovery of foam flooding when the low permeability ratio was involved.For the 3D heterogeneous formations,foam could efficiently adjust the areal and vertical heterogeneity through mobility control and gravity segregation,and thus enhancing the oil recovery to 11%–14%.The results derived from this work may provide some insight for the field test designs of foam flooding.

Mathematical Wave Functions and 3D Finite Element Modelling of the Electron and Positron

The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.

3D Physical Simulation of Water Flooding Characteristics of Buried Hill Reservoir with Different Fracture Systems

In order to understand the water-flooding characteristics of different fracture systems in metamorphic rock buried hill reservoirs and the mechanism of improving water-flooding development effect, a three-dimensional physical model of fractured reservoirs is established according to the similarity criterion based on the prototype of metamorphic buried hill reservoirs in JZ Oilfield in Bohai Bay Basin. Combined with the fractured reservoir characteristics of JZ Oilfield, the water displacement characteristics of the top-bottom staggered injection-production well pattern in different fracture network mode and different fracture development degree of buried hill reservoir are studied. The experimental results show that: 1) the more serious the fracture system irregularity is, the shorter the water-free oil production period is and the lower the water-free oil recovery is. After water breakthrough of production wells, the water cut rises faster, and the effect of water flooding development is worse;2) under the condition of non-uniform fracture development, the development effect of the bottom fracture undeveloped is better than that of the middle fracture undeveloped. Water injection wells are deployed in areas with relatively few fractures, while oil wells are deployed in fractured areas with higher oil recovery and better development effect.

Stability analyses of vertically exposed cemented backfill:A revisit to Mitchell's physical model tests

Mitchell's solution is commonly used to determine the required strength of vertically exposed cemented backfill in mines. Developed for drained backfill, Mitchell model assumed a zero friction angle for the backfill. Physical model tests were performed. Good agreements were obtained between the required strengths predicted by the analytical solution and experimental results. However, it is well-known that zero friction angle can only be possible in terms of total stresses when geomaterials are submitted to unconsolidated and undrained conditions. A revisit to Mitchell's physical model tests reveals that both the laboratory tests performed for obtaining the shear strength parameters of the cemented backfill and the box stability tests were conducted under a condition close to undrained condition. This explains well the good agreement between Mitchell's solution and experimental results. Good agreements are equally obtained between Mitchell's experimental results and FLAC3 D numerical modeling of shortterm stability analyses of exposed cemented backfill.

Three Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Flow and Pollutant Transport in a Flooding Area of 2008 US Midwest Flood

This paper presents the development and application of a three-dimensional numerical model for simulating the flow field and pollutant transport in a flood zone near the confluence of the Mississippi River and Iowa River during the US Midwest Flood in 2008. Due to a prolonged precipitation event, a levee along the Iowa River just upstream of Oakville, Iowa broke, and the small town was completely flooded for a couple of weeks. During this period, the high water level in the flood zone reached about 2.5 metersabove the ground, and wind was the major force for the flow circulation. It was observed that some pollutants were leaked from the residential and farming facilities and transported into the flood zone. Leaking of pollutants from these facilities was reported by different news media during the flood and was identified using high resolution satellite imagery. The developed 3D numerical model was first validated using experimental measurements, and then applied to the flood inundated zone in Oakville for simulating the unsteady hydrodynamics and pollutant transport. The simulated pollutant distributions were generally in good agreement with the observed data obtained from satellite imagery.

3-D physical model in strong ground motion numerical simulation:A case study of Kunming basin

Seismic hazard assessment based on urban active faults can provide scientific bases for city planning and project construction, while numerical simulation of strong ground motion is an important method for seismic hazard prediction and assessment. A 3-D physical model in conformity with real strata configuration of （mainly） the Quaternary is a prerequisite to ensure the reliability of the simulation results. In this paper, we give a detailed account of the technical scheme and process for creating a 3-D physical model in Kunming basin. The data used are synthe- sized from seismogeological data, borehole data, topographic data, digital elevation mode （DEM） data, seismic exploration results and wave velocity measurements. Strafigraphic division is based mainly on shear wave velocity, with strata sequence taken into consideration. The model construction is finally accomplished with ArcGIS and many relevant programming techniques via layer-by-layer stacking （in depth direction） of the adjacent medium interfaces （meshes）. Meanwhile, a database of 3-D physical models is set up, which provides model data and parameters for strong ground motion simulation. Some processing methods and significant issues are also addressed in the paper in accordance with different types of exploration and experimental data.

Capsule polymer flooding for enhanced oil recovery

To solve the problems of shear degradation and injection difficulties in conventional polymer flooding,the capsule polymer flooding for enhanced oil recovery(EOR)was proposed.The flow and oil displacement mechanisms of this technique were analyzed using multi-scale flow experiments and simulation technology.It is found that the capsule polymer flooding has the advantages of easy injection,shear resistance,controllable release in reservoir,and low adsorption retention,and it is highly capable of long-distance migration to enable viscosity increase in deep reservoirs.The higher degree of viscosity increase by capsule polymer,the stronger the ability to suppress viscous fingering,resulting in a more uniform polymer front and a larger swept range.The release performance of capsule polymer is mainly sensitive to temperature.Higher temperatures result in faster viscosity increase by capsule polymer solution.The salinity has little impact on the rate of viscosity increase.The capsule polymer flooding is suitable for high-water-cut reservoirs for which conventional polymer flooding techniques are less effective,offshore reservoirs by polymer flooding in largely spaced wells,and medium to low permeability reservoirs where conventional polymers cannot be injected efficiently.Capsule polymer flooding should be customized specifically,with the capsule particle size and release time to be determined depending on target reservoir conditions to achieve the best displacement effect.

MECHANICAL BEHAVIORS OF SATURATED SAND UNDER COMPLICATED LOADING

The different physical states of saturated sand, including shear elasticity, positive dilatancy, and negative dilatancy (preliminary negative dilatancy, secondary negative dilatancy and reversal negative dilatancy) are revealed based on the pore water pressure response of saturated sand in undrained dynamic torsional tests of thin cylinder samples and also checked by the drained cyclic triaxial tests under a given mean effective normal stress. According to the effective stress path of different physical states under the undrained cyclic torsional tests the physical state transformation surface, stress history boundary and yield surface are determined, and the state boundary surface is also determined by the range of effective frictional stress state movement. Based on the moving yield surface without rotation, and the expanding stress history boundary surface relevant to the stress path variations under different physical states in 3D stress space, a physical state model is proposed to provide a new approach to calculating the transient pore water pressure under the undrained condition, and the volume strain of dilatation under drained condition in this paper.

Three-dimensional experimental study of loose top-coal drawing law for longwall top-coal caving mining technology

Based on the loose medium flow field theory, the loose top-coal drawing law of longwall top-coal caving（LTCC） mining technology is studied by using self-developed three-dimensional（3D） test device. The loose top-coal drawing test with shields and the controlled test without shields are performed in the condition without any boundary effect. Test results show that shields will cause reduction in drawing volume of coal in the LTCC mining. The deflection phenomenon of drawing body is also observed in the controlled test, which is verified that the deflection of drawing body is caused by shield. It is found that the deflection angle decreases with increasing caving height, with the maximum value of atailand the minimum value of 0. In addition, the formula to calculate the drawing volume is proposed subsequently.The deflection of drawing body is numerically simulated using particle flow code PFC3 Dand the proposed formula to calculate drawing volume in LTCC is also verified.

Experimental study on the movement law of overlying rock non-pillar coal overhead mining

Pillarless coal mining technology is a new practical technology.Based on the compensating mechanical behavior of the Negative Poisson’s Ratio(NPR)anchor cable on the roof,the roadway was successfully retained by the top cutting and pressure relief technology.This study utilizes the Digital Speckle Monitoring(DIC monitoring),stress-strain monitoring,and infrared thermal imaging systems to conduct physical model experiment of similar materials from the displacement,stress-strain,and temperature fields to investigate in depth the fracture change law of the overlying rock.In addition,it uses FLAC3D numerical simulation to invert the surface displacement settlement.The results show that the non-pillar overhead mining under the 110 mining method has little influence on the rock crack in the middle of the coal seam,and the crack development area is mainly concentrated in the overlying rock mass of the upward coal seam.The compensatory mechanical behavior of NPR anchor cable and the dilatation characteristics of rock mass have a good effect of retaining roadway along goaf,and can also reduce surface settlement.The 110 mining method provides a scientific basis for ecological environment protection and the development of other kilometer deep soft rock high ground stress underground projects.

GIS支持下的洪水淹没范围模拟

洪水淹没范围的确定是洪灾损失评估的核心环节。采用地理信息系统 (GIS)与水力演进模型 ,结合三维模拟技术和对象关系模型数据库 ,对浙江奉化江流域洪水淹没范围进行模拟。该方法能够准确地模拟洪水淹没范围 。

三维地质构造建模技术研究

三维地质构造建模技术是三维地质建模中的关键技术,在油气资源勘探过程中发挥着越来越重大的作用。三维地质构造建模可以分为3个阶段:地质曲面重建、地质曲面拓扑关系分析和三维实体建模。地质曲面重建方面,在无约束条件地质曲面重建方法的基础上,提出了基于地质约束的地质曲面拟合技术,实现了拉张和挤压条件下的地质曲面重建;空间拓扑关系分析方面,提出了带有拓扑信息的交点排序与交线分离算法,能够处理复杂的地质边界和地质体之间的关系,得到的网格具有严格的拓扑一致和几何一致性;根据三维地质框架模型,提出了地层块体的分离算法,并以此为基础,结合地层沉积特征的定义,提出了三维地层网格的生成算法,实现了三维地质构造建模的全部流程。

侧钻水平井开采剩余油的三维物理模拟研究

研究了水平井开采物理模拟的相似准则，设计了三维油藏相似比例模型，建立了水平井开采三级油藏物理模拟系统。该系统既能在高温高压模拟油藏条件下研究水平井开采机理，又能在常温常压下研究水平井开采机理和油藏内流体流动。在水平井开采三维油藏物理模拟系统上进行了侧钻水平井开采的实验研究，分析了侧钻水平井开采曲线变化规律，比较了侧铅水平井与直井的开采效果，研究了侧钻水平井的侧钻时机、开采速度、水平段长度等对开采效果的影响。侧钻水平井确实能提高开采效果，延长注水油藏的生产寿命，提高最终采收率。

井地电法三维物理模型试验

文中通过采用不锈钢管模拟金属套管,细铜棒模拟供电电极,高阻绝缘板代表油层,紫铜板代表水层,并利用128道网络电位记录仪器水槽模拟实验,获得单一模型、横向和纵向组合模型的地面电位异常。通过研究钢套管井中供电存在高阻或低阻异常体时,地面电位等值线异常规律,可为井地电法研究油气储层或水层提供物理依据。模拟实验结果表明,通过向油井中供直流电,在水(地)面测量电场分布的井地工作方式的直流充电法,对于目标油气藏能够有效地消除其上方电性不均匀的影响,特别是对于上、下几套油水层同时存在,且层与层之间存在一定距离时,井地电法有可能圈定出不同储层的分布范围。因此,此法有可能在油田开发和注水开采中监测以及寻找剩余油气分布发挥重要作用。

三维地震物理模型技术的效果与精度研究

地震物理模型技术是地震勘探的重要手段 ,地震物理模型的实验水平、精度和效果是该技术的关键。本文选择了两个地质模型——上覆均匀介质的穹窿模型和上覆裂隙介质的穹窿与断层模型 ,进行常规三维地震数据的采集、处理和分析 ,得出如下结论 :地震物理模型实验完全可以模拟三维的地质构造体 ;每一个地质体的波场特征都能反映在剖面上 ;模拟的精度能满足地震勘探攻关的需要。

浅薄层超稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐后开发方式实验

应用三维相似准则设计并建立了高温高压注蒸汽三维实验模型,对影响注蒸汽采油过程的重要油藏参数进行了比例模化,研究了3种不同井网的蒸汽吞吐后注蒸汽采油接替开发方式。实验结果表明,与直井汽驱和水平井注汽直井采油相比,直井注汽水平井采油方式高产期较长,采油速率高,实验采出程度可达到70%.对于油层厚度为10~15 m的浅层超稠油油藏吞吐后期,直井注汽水平井采油是可选的接替开发方式。

洞庭湖防洪预警三维虚拟仿真系统平台研究

开发了洞庭湖防洪预警三维虚拟仿真平台,将整个洞庭湖区及周边场景在计算机中虚拟展现。系统开发中应用大范围DEM数据、遥感影像数据、航拍数据和水系、道路、堤岸等矢量数据及实景图片资料,采用地形自动建模软件Terra Vista和地物建模软件Creator完成了大范围地形地物的建模,并对洞庭湖水系精细建模后,与大范围场景形成嵌套建模结构。建立了三维可视化平台,探讨了系统开发中的关键技术,如场景模拟控制、图层读取显示、水体自适应建模等技术,实现了场景的三维可视化及漫游、1954和1998年历史洪水在三维场景下淹没范围的显示以及重点垸和蓄洪垸的显示;并对蓄洪垸内洪水的动态演进过程进行了模拟,能实时显示蓄水量。该系统可提高防洪决策的科学性和效率,为洞庭湖区的规划设计以及防洪调度提供了真实友好的虚拟平台。