Physical structure and vertical distribution of chlorophyll a in winter sea ice from the northwestern Weddell Sea, Antarctica

The investigation on sea-ice biology in combination with physics, chemistry and ecology was carried out in the northwestern Weddell Sea, Antarctica, during the cruise ANT/XX III-7 on board POLARSTERN in the austral winter （August-October） in 2006. The distribution of chlorophyll a was measured and related to sea ice texture. The mean concentrations of chlorophyll a in the sea ice varied considerably with ice texture. The concentration of chlorophyll a per core ranged from 2.10– 84.40 μg/dm ^3 with a mean of 16.56 μg/dm ^3 . And the value of R （chlorophyll a / gross chlorophyll） ranged from 0.79–0.83. These high winter chlorophyll values indicate that primary production is considerable and confirms that there is significant primary production in Antarctic sea ice during winter. Thus this constitutes a major proportion of southern ocean primary production and carbon flux before the sea ice retreats.

PHYSICAL VALUE MAPPING ALGORITHM OF MESH IN FINE CAE ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOBILE BODY STRUCTURE

A physical value mapping （PVM） algorithm based on finite element mesh from the stamped part in stamping process to the product is presented, In order to improve the efficiency of the PVM algorithm, a search way from the mesh of the product to the mesh of the stamped part will be adopted. At the same time, the search process is divided into two steps： entire search （ES） and local search （LS）, which improve the searching efficiency. The searching area is enlarged to avoid missing projection elements in ES process. An arc-length method is introduced in LS process. The validity is confirmed by the results of the complex industry-forming product.

Ground-State Structure and Physical Properties of NB_2 Predicted from First Principles

Using the newly developed particle swarm optimization algorithm on crystal structural prediction, we predict a new class of boron nitride with stoicMometry of NB2 at ambient pressure, which belongs to the tetragonal 14m2 space group. Then, its structure, elastic properties, electronic structure, and chemical bonding are investigated by first-principles calculations with the density functional theory. The phonon calculation and elastic constants confirm that the predicted NB2 is dynamically and mechanically stable, respectively. The large bulk modulus, large shear modulus, large Young＇s modulus, and small Poisson＇s ratio show that the 14m2 NB2 should be a new superhard material with a calculated theoretical Vickers hardness value of 66 GPa. Further analysis on density of states and electron localization function demonstrate that the strong B B and 13 N covalent bonds are the main reason for its high hardness in 14m2 NB2.

Studies of Atomic Structure and Physical Properties of Metal Clusters in MgO by HREM and Nano-probe Methods

Nanometer-sized metal clusters were prepared inside single crystalline MgO films by vacuum co-deposition of metals and MgO. The atomic structure was studied by high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) and nm-area electron diffraction. The size of the clusters is ranging from 1 nm to 3 nm without those larger than 5 nm, and most of them have definite epitaxial orientations with the MgO matrix films. The character of the composite films is very much useful for the studies of various kinds of physical properties with anisotroPy. The physical properties such as electric transport, magnetic, optical absorption, sintering and catalytic ones were thus measured on the same samples analyzed by HREM by using high sensitivity apparatus with interest of clarifying the retationship between the atomic structure and physical properties

Recent progress on confinement of polysulfides through physical andchemical methods

With high theoretical energy density and the natural abundance of S, lithium-sulfur （Li-S） batteries areconsidered to be the promising next generation high-energy rechargeable energy storage devices. How-ever, issues including electronical insulation of S, the lithium polysulfides （LiPSs） dissolution and the shortcycle lifespan have prevented Li-S batteries from being practical applied. Feasible settlements of confiningLiPSs to reduce the loss of active substances and improve the cycle stability include wrapping sulfur withcompact layers, designing matrix with porous or hollow structures, adding adsorbents owning stronginteraction with sulfur and inserting polysulfide barriers between cathodes and separators. This reviewcategorizes them into physical and chemical confinements according to the influencing mechanism. Withfurther discussion of their merits and flaws, synergy of the physical and chemical confinement is believedto be the feasible avenue that can guide Li-S batteries to the practical application.

Comparative studies in method for stratigraphical structure measurement of ice cores: Identification of cloudy bands

Cloudy bands are typical stratigraphic structure in deep ice core. Detailed recording of cloudy bands is important for dating of ice core since pair of series cloudy band and clear layer is corresponds to annual layer and it sometimes corresponds to volcanic ash layer. We developed two type scanners, transmitted light method and laser tomograph method for the stratigraphic study. Measurements were carried out for NGRIP deep ice core, which containing many cloudy bands, using the two type scanners and digital camera. We discussed about the possibility of identification of cloudy bands by each method and about advantage and disadvantage of measurements and their results.

A study on physical property of crustal material and seismogenic environment in northeastern Pamir

2-D crustal structure and velocity ratio are obtained by processing S-wave data from two wide-angle reflec-tion/refraction profiles in and around Jiashi in northeastern Pamir, with the result of P-wave data taken into con-sideration. The result shows that: 1) Average crustal velocity ratio is obviously higher in Tarim block than in West Kunlun Mts. and Tianshan fold zone, which reflects its crustal physical property of 'hardness' and stability. The relatively low but normai velocity ratio (Poisson's ratio) of the lower crust indicates that the 'downward thrusting' of Tarim basin is the main feature of crustal movement in this area. 2) The rock layer in the upper crust of Tianshan fold zone is relatively 'soft', which makes it prone to rupture and stress energy release. This is the primary tectonic factor for the concentration of small earthquakes in this area. 3) Jiashi is located right over the apex or the inflection point of the updoming lower crustal interface C and the crust-mantle boundary, which is the deep struc-tural background for the occurrence of strong earthquakes. The alternate variation of vp/vs near the block bounda-ries and the complicated configuration of the interfaces in the upper and middie part of the upper crust form a par-ticular structural environment for the Jiashi strong earthquake swarm. vp/vs is comparatively high and shear modulus is low at the focal region, which may be the main reason for the low stress drop of the Jiashi strong earthquake swarm.

Effects of Annealing Temperature on Microstructure and Sensing Properties to Alcohol for Nano-La_(0.68)Pb_(0.32)FeO_3

La_(0.68)Pb_(0.32)FeO_3 samples annealed at different temperature were prepared using citrate sol-gel method. With increasing of annealing temperature from 200 to 1000 ℃, the samples crystallize to have single-phase perovskite structure. However, the sensitivity increases at first due to the improvement of crystallization of the perovskite phase, and finally drops attributed to the larger grain size. The optimal sensitivities for La_(0.68)Pb_(0.32)FeO_3 samples annealed at 400, 600, 800, and 1000 ℃ are 12.14, 14.77, 51.07, and 34.55, respectively.

Crystal growth,structural and physical properties of the 5d noncentrosymmetric LaOsSi_3

LaOsSi3 single crystals are synthesized for the first time by an arc melting method. The crystal features a tetrag- onal BaNiSn3-type structure （space group 14mm） which lacks inversion symmetry along the crystallographic c axis and is isostructural with the intensively studied Rashba-type noncentrosymmetric superconductors LaRhSi3 and LaIrSi3. Un- like LaRhSi3 and LaIrSi3 displaying superconductivity, LaOsSi3 shows only metallic behavior over the measured temper- ature range of 2 K-300 K. The Sommerfeld coefficient ]/derived from specific heat is 5.76 mJ.mol-1 -K-2, indicating that LaOsSi3 has a weak electronic correlation effect. The absence of superconductivity in LaOsSi3 may lie in the Os 5d bands in the electronic structure. If it is true, it would be useful to provide complementary knowledge in understanding the relation between conduction and the d bands of M in LaMSi3 compounds （M = transition metals）.

Long-Lasting Phosphorescence Properties of Pyrochlore La2Ti2O7：Pr^3＋ Phosphor

The La2Ti2O7：Pr^3＋, which emits red color luminescence upon UV light excitation, is prepared by the conventional high-temperature solid-state method and its luminescent properties are systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, afterglow emission spectra and long-lasting phosphorescence （LLP） decay curves are used to characterize this phosphor. After irradiation by a 290-nm UV light for 3 rain, the Pr^3＋-doped La2Ti2O7 phosphor emits intense red emitting afterglow from the ^1D2 →^ 3H4 transitions, and its afterglow can be seen with the naked eye in the dark clearly for more than 1 h after removal of the excitation source. The afterglow decay curve of the Pr^3＋-doped La2Ti2O7 phosphor contains a fast decay component and another slow decay one. The possible mechanism of this red light emitting LLP phosphor is also discussed based on the experimental results.

An automated method for mapping physical soil and water conservation structures on cultivated land using GIS and remote sensing techniques

An efficient and reliable automated model that can map physical Soil and Water Conservation（SWC） structures on cultivated land was developed using very high spatial resolution imagery obtained from Google Earth and Arc GIS？ERDAS IMAGINE？and SDC Morphology Toolbox for MATLAB and statistical techniques. The model was developed using the following procedures：（1） a high-pass spatial filter algorithm was applied to detect linear features,（2） morphological processing was used to remove unwanted linear features,（3） the raster format was vectorized,（4） the vectorized linear features were split per hectare（ha） and each line was then classified according to its compass directionand（5） the sum of all vector lengths per class of direction per ha was calculated. Finallythe direction class with the greatest length was selected from each ha to predict the physical SWC structures. The model was calibrated and validated on the Ethiopian Highlands. The model correctly mapped 80% of the existing structures. The developed model was then tested at different sites with different topography. The results show that the developed model is feasible for automated mapping of physical SWC structures. Thereforethe model is useful for predicting and mapping physical SWC structures areas across diverse areas.

A Review of Atmospheric Electricity Research in China

The importance of atmospheric electricity research has been increasingly recognized in recent decades. Research on atmospheric electricity has been actively conducted since the 1980 s in China. Lightning physics and its effects, as important branches of atmospheric electricity, have received more attention because of their significance both in scientific research and lightning protection applications. This paper reviews atmospheric electricity research based primarily on ground-based field experiments at different regions in China in the last decade. The results described in this review include physics and effects of lightning, rocket-triggered lightning and its physical processes of discharge, thunderstorm electricity on the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas, lightning activity associated with severe convective storms, the effect and response of lightning to climate change, numerical simulation of thunderstorm electrification and lightning discharge, lightning detection and location techniques, and transient luminous events above thunderstorms.

Interaction between B-Doped C60 Fullerene and Glycine Amino Acid from First-Principles Simulation

The possibility of formation of complexes between glycine and boron doped C60 （C59B） fullerene is investigated and compared with that of C60 fullerene by using the density functional theory calculations. It has been found that the binding of glycine to C59B generated the most stable complexes via its carbonyl oxygen active site, with a binding energy of-37.89 kcal/mol, while the glycine molecule prefers to bind to the pure C60 cage via its amino nitrogen active site, consistent with the recent experimental and theoretical studies. We have also tested the stability of the most stable Gly-C59B complex with ab initio molecular dynamics simulation, carried out at room temperature. These indicate that the B-doped C60 fullerenes seem to be more suitable materials for bindings to proteins than pure C60 fullerenes.

Physical characteristics modification of a SiGe-HBT semiconductor device for performance improvement in a terahertz detecting system

In order to improve the performance of a pre-designed direct conversion terahertz detector which is implemented in a 0.25 μm-SiGe-BiCMOS process, we propose some slight modifications in the bipolar section of the SiGe device physical design. Comparison of our new proposed device and the previously reported device is done by SILVACO TCAD software simulation and we have used previous experimentally reported data to confirm our software simulations. Our proposed modifications in device structural design show a present device responsivity improvement of about 10% from 1 to 1.1 A/W while the bandwidth improvement is about 218 GHz. The minimum noise equivalent power at detector output is increased by about 14.3% and finally power consumption per pixel at the maximum responsivity is decreased by about 5%.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MESOSCALE STRUCTURES OF TYPHOON AND OROGRAPHIC EFFECTS USING MM5

The track, landfall, dynamic and thermodynamic and cloud-rain physical mesoscale structures and their evolution of typhoon HERB 1996 in 36 h from 0000 UTC 31 July to 1200 UTC 1 August 1996 were simulated by using the non-hydrostatic mesoscale model MM5. This period covered the process of typhoon HERB landfall at Taiwan and Fujian Provinces. Results show that the model successfully simulated the landfall process of typhoon HERB, revealed the most important characteristics of the mesoscale dynamic and thermodynamic and cloud-rain physical structure during its landfall. The simulated typhoon track was close to the observation. The center of cyclonic circulation simulated at 0000 UTC on 1 August 1996 (24 h integration) was located in shore near Fuqing, Fujian Province at which the typhoon was reported to landfall two hours later. It shows that strong upward motion formed by low level convergence existed in the eye-wall and subsidence at the eye. The wind field shows clear asymmetrical structure near the typhoon center. The cloud and rainband was screw-typed distributed around typhoon center, and consisted of meso-β scale rain cores. During the period of typhoon HERB staying near and passing over Taiwan, the lower cloud was developed in the eye region so that the previous clear typhoon eye on the satellite pictures became fuzzy. Observation shows that the typhoon center was 'warm', but the model simulations with higher space resolution show that in the mid-troposphere the region of eye-wall with stronger upward motion and more cloud-and rain- water was warmer than the eye. During the period of typhoon passing over Taiwan and its following landfall at Fujian, the track of model typhoon deviated about 30 km northward (i. e., rightward) because of the orographic effects of Taiwan Island, but the strength of the typhoon was not affected remarkably. The amount of rainfall on Taiwan in the 36 h simulations was enhanced more than six times by the orographic lifting of Taiwan Mountain.

Morphological structure and optical properties of the wings of Morphidae

The morphological structure and optical properties of the wings of 14 species of Morphidae have been investigated. Most of the scales of the iridescent species of Morphidae （Lepidoptera） present a very particular structure. The ground scales, responsible for the major part of the optical properties, are covered by a very regular set of longitudinal ridges. The ridges themselves are constituted by a superposition of lamellae that act locally as a multilayered structure. This very specific morphology leads to both interferences and diffraction effects. The first one is responsible of the brilliant blue coloration of the males, while the second one diffracts this colored light at a very large angle. These two phenomena give to the butterfly a very effective long-range communication system. The morphological characteristics of the scales of the various species are presented in detail. Two types of optical measurement were performed on the iridescent wings of 14 different species of Morphidae： spectroscopic measurements under various incidences and gonioscopic measurements for a given incidence angle and wavelength. The first allows a determination of the index of refraction of the cuticular material. The second leads to the drawing of spatial diffraction maps. It shows that most of the reflected light is diffracted laterally over a very large angle （90° 〈 0 〈 120°, according to the different species） and that this repartition depends of the polarization of incident light. As predicted by previous calculations, the dissymmetric structure of the ridge is responsible for the separation of the polarization modes in the various diffraction orders.

Physical vapor transport growth and morphology of Bi2Se3 microcrystals

High-quality Bi2Se3 microcrystals were grown by the physical vapor transport （PVT） method without using a foreign transport agent. The microplate crystals grown under the optimal temperature gradient are well faceted and have dimensions up to -200 μm, The growth proceeds by the layer-by-layer mecha- nism with the formation of flat low-growth rate facets. The phase composition of the grown crystals was identified by the X-ray single crystal structure analysis in space group R3m, a = 4.1356（3）, C= 28.634（5）A, Z=3 （R=0.0147）. The most probable twin planes in the tetradymite structure were evaluated by the pseudo translational sublattice merhad.

Determination of microcapsule physicochemical, structural, and mechanical properties

Research into the fundamental properties of microcapsules and use of the results to develop a wide variety of products in industries such as printing, fast-moving consumer goods, construction, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals is a dynamic and ever-progressing field of study. For microcapsules to be effective in providing protection from harsh environments or delivering large payloads, it is essential to have a good understanding of their properties to enable quality control during formulation, storage, and applications. This review aims to outline the commonly used techniques for determining the physicochemical, struc- tural, and mechanical properties of microcapsules, and highlights the interlinked nature of these three areas with respect to the end-use industrial application. This review provides information on techniques that are well supported in the literature, and also examines microcapsule analytical techniques that will become more prevalent as a result of new technological developments or extensions from other areas of study.

Experimental Insights on the Structural Patterns and Their Formation Mechanisms of the Xujiaweizi Fault Depression in the Songliao Basin

The Xujiaweizi （XJWZ） fault depression is a primary area for deep-seated gas explo- ration in Daqing. Through seismic profile interpretation, the main sag-controlling fault and struc- tural characteristics in the XJWZ fault depression were analyzed based on folds and faults analysis. A three-dimensional geological model of the XJWZ fault depression was also set up to enable fur- ther discussion by means of structural physical modeling. According to our research, the basic structural framework of the XJWZ fault depression was the result of regional extension. Its forma- tion and evolution were mainly controlled by the Xuxi fault. The structural framework of S-N blocking was due to changes in the fracture attitude. The Xuzhong uplift and the depressions on both sides belong to a normal-fault-related fold and were formed by controlling of the ramp/flat normal fault in the same tectonic movement period.