Mechanical behaviors of warm and ice-rich frozen soil stabilized with sulphoaluminate cement

The warm and ice-rich frozen soil is characterized by high unfrozen water content, low shear strength and large compressibility, which is unreliable to meet the stability requirements of engineering infrastructures and foundations in permafrost regions. In this study, a novel approach for stabilizing the warm and ice-rich frozen soil with sulphoaluminate cement was proposed based on chemical stabilization. The mechanical behaviors of the stabilized soil, such as strength and stress-strain relationship, were investigated through a series of triaxial compression tests conducted at -1.0℃, and the mechanism of strength variations of the stabilized soil was also explained based on scanning electron microscope test. The investigations indicated that the strength of stabilized soil to resist failure has been improved, and the linear Mohr-Coulomb criteria can accurately reflect the shear strength of stabilized soil under various applied confining pressure. The increase in both curing age and cement mixing ratio were favorable to the growth of cohesion and internal friction angle. More importantly, the strength improvement mechanism of the stabilized soil is attributed to the formation of structural skeleton and the generation of cementitious hydration products within itself. Therefore, the investigations conducted in this study provide valuable references for chemical stabilization of warm and ice-rich frozen ground, thereby providing a basis for in-situ ground improvement for reinforcing warm and ice-rich permafrost foundations by soil-cement column installation.

Friction Behaviors of the Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond Film under Ambient Air and Water Lubricating Conditions

The friction behavior of the hot filament chemical vapor deposition（HFCVD） diamond film plays a critical role on its applications in mechanical fields and largely depends on the environment. Studies on the tribological properties of HFCVD diamond films coated on Co-cemented tungsten carbide （WC-Co） substrates are rarely reported in available literatures, especially in the water lubricating conditions. In this paper, conventional microcrystalline diamond（MCD） and fine-grained diamond（FGD） films are deposited on WC-Co substrates and their friction properties are evaluated on a reciprocating ball-on-plate tribometer, where they are brought to slide against ball-bearing steel and copper balls in dry and water lubricating conditions. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, atomic force microscopy（AFM）, surface profilometer and Raman spectroscopy are adopted to characterize as-deposited diamond films; SEM and energy dispersive X-ray（EDX） are used to investigate the worn region on the surfaces of both counterface balls and diamond films. The research results show that the friction coefficient of HFCVD diamond films always starts with a high initial value, and then gradually transits to a relative stable state. For a given counterface and a sliding condition, the FGD film presents lower stable friction coefficients by 0.02-0.03 than MCD film. The transferred materials adhered on sliding interface are supposed to have predominate effect on the friction behaviors of HFCVD diamond films. Furthermore, the effect of water lubricating on reducing friction coefficient is significant. For a given counterpart, the stable friction coefficients of MCD or FGD films reduce by about 0.07-0.08 while sliding in the water lubricating condition, relative to in dry sliding condition. This study is beneficial for widespread applications of HFCVD diamond coated mechanical components and adopting water lubricating system, replacing ofoil lubricating, in a variety of mechanical processing fields to implement the green production process.

Chemical behaviors of different arsenic-bearing sulphides bio-oxidated by thermophilic bacteria

The study on arsenopyrite and realgar of bacterial oxidation shows that the chemical behaviors of different arsenic-bearing sulphides oxidated by thermophilic bacteria are quite distinct. Arsenopyrite is active and quickly eroded in bacteria-bearing solution. With a high leaching rate over 95%, the arsenopyrite phase cannot be detected by X-ray diffraction(XRD). Arsenopyrite is highly toxic to bacteria that at the initial stage of bio-oxidation, bacterial growth is inhibited and the number of bacterium cell drops from 2.26 × 108/mL to the lowest 2.01 × 105/mL. At the later stages of bio-oxidation, bacteria grow fast and reach 2.23 × 108/mL. Comparably, realgar is inertial and resistive to bacterial corrosion and oxidation. Arsenic in realgar crystal is hard to be leached and the residue is still realgar phase, as indicated by XRD. The cell number of bacteria varies a little, decreasing from 2.26 × 108/mL to 2.01 × 107/mL, during the bacterial oxidation. The results show that the crystal structure and arsenic valency of arsenic-bearing sulphides play a vital role during the leaching process of bacterial oxidation.

CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF CERIUM ELEMENT IN ROCK WEATHERING SYSTEM

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Chemical stability, thermal behavior, and shelf life assessment of extruded modified double-base propellants

Double base propellant suffers from lack of chemical stability; this could result in self ignition during storing. Modified double base(MDB) propellant based on stoichiometric binary mixture of oxidizermetal fuel(Ammonium perchlorate/Aluminum), and energetic nitramines(HMX) offered enhanced thrust as well as combustion characteristics. This study is devoted to evaluate the impact of such energetic additives on thermal behavior, chemical stability, and shelf life. Extruded MDB formulations were manufactured by extrusion process. Artificial aging at 80℃ for 28 days was conducted. Shelf life assessment was performed using Van't Hoff's equation. Quantification of evolved NOxgases with aging time was performed using quantitative stability tests. MDB formulation based on HMX demonstrated extended service life of 16 years compared with(AP/Al)-MDB which demonstrated 9 years. This finding was ascribed to the reactivity of AP with nitroglycerin with the formation of perchloric acid. Thermal behavior of aged MDB, exhibited an increase in heat released with time; this was ascribed to the autocatalytic thermal degradation during artificial aging. The increase in released heat by 31% was found to be equivalent to evolved NOx gases of 6.2 cm^3/5 g and 2.5 cm^3/1 g for Bergmann-Junk test, and Vacuum stability test respectively. This manuscript shaded the light on a novel approach to quantify evolved NOx gases to heat released with aging time. MDB based on HMX offered balanced ballistic performance,chemical stability, and service life.

A Numerical Study of Densification Behavior of Silicon Carbide Matrix Composites in Isothermal Chemical Vapor Infiltration

We studied the characteristics of two-scale pore structure of preform in the deposition process and the mass transfer of reactant gas in dual-scale pores, and observed the physiochemical phenomenon associated with the reaction. Thereby, we established mathematical models on two scales, respectively, preform and reactor. These models were used for the numerical simulation of the process of ceramic matrix composites densified by isothermal chemical vapor infiltration(ICVI). The models were used to carry out a systematic study on the influence of process conditions and the preform structure on the densification behaviors. The most important findings of our study are that the processing time could be reduced by about 50% without compromising the quality of the material, if the processing temperature is 950-1 000 ℃ for the first 70 hours and then raised to 1 100 ℃.

Alteration of chemical behavior of L-ascorbic acid in combination with nickel sulfate at different pH solutions in vitro

Objective:To evaluate the alteration of chemical behavior of L-ascorbic acid(vitamin C) with metal ion(nickel) at different pH solutions in vitro.Methods:Spectra of pure aqueous solution of L-ascorbic acid(E mark) compound and NiSO_4(H_2O)(sigma USA) were evaluated by UV visible spectrophotometer.Spectral analysis of L-ascorbic acid and nickel at various pH(2.0, 7.0,7.4 and 8.6) at room temperature of 29℃ was recorded.In this special analysis,combined solution of L-ascorbic acid and nickel sulfate at different pH was also recorded.Results:The result revealed that λ_(max)(peak wavelength of spectra) of L-ascorbic acid at pH 2.0 was 289.0 run whereas at neutral pH 7.0,λ_(max) was 29S.4 run.In alkaline pH 8.6,λ_(max) was 295.4 nm and at pH 7.4 the λ_(max) of L-ascorbic acid remained the same as 295.4 nm.Nickel solution at acidic pH 2.0 was 394.5 nm,whereas at neutral pH 7.0 and pH 7.4 were the same as 394.5 nm.But at alkaline pH 8.6,λ_(max) value of nickel sulfate became 392.0 nm.The combined solution of L-ascorbic acid and nickel sulfate(6 mg/mL each) at pH 2.0 showed 292.5 nm and 392.5 nm,respectively whereas at pH 7.0,L-ascorbic acid showed 296.5 nm and nickel sulfate showed 391.5 nm.At pH 7.4,L-ascorbic acid showed 297.0 nm and nickel sulfate showed 394.0 nm in the combined solution whereas at pH 8.6(alkaline) L-ascorbic acid and nickel sulfate were showing 297.0 and 393.5 nm,respectively. Conclusions:Results clearly indicate an altered chemical behavior of L-ascorbic acid either alone or in combination with nickel sulfate in vitro at different pH.Perhaps oxidation of L-ascorbic acid to L-dehydro ascorbic acid via the free radical(HSc*) generation from the reaction of H,ASc + Ni(Ⅱ) is the cause of such alteration of λ_(max),value of L-ascorbic acid in the presence of metal nickel.

Physical-Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of the Bast Fibers of <i>Triumfetta cordifolia</i>A.Rich. from the Equatorial Region of Cameroon

The project consists in the implementation of a biocomposite based on tannin resin and natural rubber matrices with the bast fibres of Triumfetta cordifolia A.Rich.“Okong” from the equatorial region of Cameroon as reinforcement. A study of this still little known fibre is necessary. This paper evaluates the physico-chemical and mechanical characteristics of the fibers. The fibers are extracted by us. A series of experiments is conducted for this purpose: morphological observation with a scanning electron microscope (SEM);density evaluation with a helium pycnometer;absorption rate evaluation according to the protocol available in the literature, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR), chemical composition evaluation according to ASTM 1972 and ASTM 1977 standards, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile tests on fiber bundles according to NF T25-501-3. The results show that the fiber is made up of several elementary fibers with oval cross-sections. A density of 1.477g/cm3 close to that of hemp. These fibers have a water absorption rate of 342.5%, which correlates with the presence of free hydroxyl functional groups obtained from the spectrometry study (FT-IR). Chemical analysis reveals that the fiber is made up of celluloses (44.4%), hemicelluloses (30.8%), lignins (18.9%), pectins (3.3%), waxes (0.5%) and minerals (2.1%). In addition, we learn that the fibers studied dehydrate at 11.49%, showinga notable thermal stability around 235°C with a peak thermal decomposition of cellulose located at 420°C. In terms of mechanical behaviour, the results reveal that the fibers offer a Young’s modulus in traction of 12.4 ± 6.9 GPa, a tensile strength of 526 ± 128 MPa and an elongation at break of 2.25%. The information thus obtained makes it possible to place these fibers in the same fiber group as flax and jute. They could therefore be used for the same types of applications. They also inform us that these fibers can withstand the temperatures of composite shaping by thermocompression.

Chemical behavior and risk assessment of four pesticidesin soil and water

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Effect of Deposition Time on Microstructures and Growth Behavior of ZrC Coatings Prepared by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition with the Br2-Zr-C3H6-H2-Ar System

ZrC coatings were deposited on graphite substrates by low pressure chemical vapor deposition（LPCVD） with the Br2-Zr-C3H6-H2-Ar system. The effects of deposition time on the microstructures and growth behavior of ZrC coatings were investigated. ZrC coating grew in an island-layer mode. The formation of coating was dominated by the nucleation of ZrC in the initial 20 minutes, and the rapid nucleation generated a fine-grained structure of ZrC coating. When the deposition time was over 30 min, the growth of coating was dominated by that of crystals, giving a column-arranged structure. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that the molar ratio of carbon to zirconium was near 1：1 in ZrC coating, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that ZrC was the main phase in coatings, accompanied by about 2.5mol% ZrO2 minor phase.

带非局部边值条件的Chemical Reactor模型正解的渐近性态

应用bootstrap技巧,讨论了带非局部边值条件的Chemical Reactor模型正周期解的存在性和一般时变解的渐近性态.

Ionic liquid-based salting-out extraction of bio-chemicals

Ionic liquids(ILs)are known as green solvents,and have been widely used in the dissolution and transformation of biopolymers,the extraction of bioactive compounds and metal ions,and the capture of SO2 or CO2.However,less attention was given to the separation of bio-based chemicals,such as diols and organic acids.Bio-based chemicals can be efficiently separated by organic solvent-based salting-out extraction(SOE)from fermentation broths,while organic solvents are normally unfriendly to environment and process safety in commercialized production due to their toxicity or/and flammability.In recent years,the IL-based SOE system has been explored in the separation of bio-based chemicals as an alternative of organic solvent-based SOE system.In this review,the progress of IL-based SOE of biobased chemicals has been summarized,including the effect of ILs structure on the formation of aqueous two phases,and the influences of ILs structure and concentration,temperature and pH on the partition behaviors of target products and ILs as well as removal of impurities.Most of bio-based chemicals could be distributed into the IL-rich phase with high recovery,while the partition behaviors of bio-based chemicals are sometimes different from that in organic solvent-based SOE systems.Although the results of ILbased SOE are promising,further studies are still required in the increased selectivity of target products over by-products,recovery and recycling of ILs,and the separation between ILs and bio-based chemicals.Additionally,three kinds of integrated bioprocesses would be developed on basis of utilization of ILs as extractant for SOE,catalyst for condensation reaction and solvent for pretreatment of lignocellulose.

ON CHEMICAL WEATHERING OF WEATHERING CRUST AT THE GREAT WALL STATION REGION, ANTARCTICA

The chief aim of this study is to investigate the chemical weathering process of the weathering crust in Great Wall Station region of China (in Fildes Peninsula), Antarctica by the method of sedimentology.CW,SW,GW,TW,WE weathering crusts developed on volcanic clastic rock, gray aptitic basalt with tuff or basaltic bedrock. On change of minerals, geochemical behaviors of elements, migration and enrichment regularities of elements, Correlation between element geochemical behaviors, change of weathering potential of rocks in chemical weathering process are studied by us.We can see that the sequence fo weathering strengths of the abovementioned sections, from high to low, should reflected in TW, GW, CW and SWT and basical correspond with that calculated from the enrichment and differentiation indexes.

Analysis of the Chemical Safety Facility Investment Performance in China

This paper adopts the accident incidence, the gross industry output value, the investment in safety facilities, and per capita wage of employment as the indexes to empirically analyze the investment performance of chemical safety facilities using time series data by VECM in China. The empirical results indicate that for China’s chemical industry, increasing investment fails to improve the short-term safety level significantly because of the offsetting behavior of workers. Over the long term, the offsetting behavior tends to disappear, and the chemical accident incidence can be decreased through increasing investment. Poor safety awareness among workers is one of the causes of accident incidences. The conclusions provide theoretical support for China to perfect chemical industry safety management.

Crystal Structure and Physicochemical Properties of 2-Diisopropylammonium Ethylammonium Sulfate Dihydrate

A new organic sulfate (C8H22N2)SO42H2O denoted DPAES is obtained by interaction of H2SO4 with the organic molecule 2-[Diisopropylamino] ethylamine. We describe its crystallographic and structural features. DPAES is triclinic, Pī, with the lattice parameters a = 6.8841(2)?, b = 8.4966(2)?, c = 12.0804(3)?, = 81.824(1)o, = 88.007(1)o, = 78.649(1)o, V = 685.72(3)?3, and Z = 2. Its atomic arrangement is described as inorganic chains of SO42- units and water molecules, these chains are interconnected by organic groups so as to build layers parallel to the (001) planes. The IR data of DPAES are reported and discussed according to the theoretical group analysis and by comparison with IR results of similar compounds. The coupled TG-DTA thermal study shows the departure of two water molecule, con- firming the hydrated character of this compound.

HFACS-MI改进模型在危险化学品仓储事故人因分析中的应用

为了研究危险化学品仓储事故的关键人因,通过人因分析与分类系统-煤矿(Human Factors Analysis and Classification System-Mine,HFACS-MI)改进模型从员工的不安全行为、影响不安全行为的前提条件、监督行为、组织影响和企业外部因素5个层次系统地分析65起危险化学品仓储事故,并运用卡方检验和让步比分析了产生不安全行为的原因和各层次间的内在关系。结果表明,外部管理、组织过程、监督不充分、个人因素、技能差错和违规是导致危险化学品仓储事故发生的重要因素。HFACS-MI改进模型上下层级的人为因素间存在显著的因果关系,且主要的危险化学品仓储事故致因路径共有5条,其中“外部管理因素—组织过程漏洞—监督不充分—个人因素—违规”是最关键的致因路径。改进的HFACS-MI模型可以有效分析危险化学品仓储事故人因因素。

顶头钢成分对氧化行为及组织性能的影响

在合金钢穿孔顶头表面制备合理结构的氧化膜对于延长其使用寿命具有重要意义。为了了解合金元素对氧化膜形成的影响,在1020℃的酒精和水混合溶液滴定气氛中对10Mn、15CrNiMoW2和316L进行了高温氧化,并利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、能谱仪、金相显微镜和显微硬度计等对氧化行为进行表征。研究发现:W促进了氧化膜尖晶石相的生长,提高了晶面间距,加剧了金属基体的内部氧化;随着Ni和Cr含量的增加,元素的分布呈现出不同的形态特征,316L中富Ni墙和富Cr氧化物墙的形成显著阻碍了O^(2-)从外部向内部氧化膜的扩散,从而有效地提高了材料的抗氧化性。

政府奖惩机制下港口危化品物流监管的三方演化博弈研究

为解决物流监管中企业向第三方专业机构寻租、政府监管缺失等问题,构建港口物流企业、第三方专业机构和港口行政管理部门的三方演化博弈模型,通过求解与数值仿真,揭示物流监管中演化均衡规律。研究表明,港口行政管理部门设定的奖惩机制必须符合对各方的奖励与惩罚之和大于各自投机收益的条件,才能使策略组合(合规运营、拒绝寻租、宽松监管)成为演化稳定策略;增大奖励与惩罚力度均有利于企业合规运营和第三方专业机构拒绝寻租策略的实施,但港政部门的监管意愿随着奖励力度的增大而减小,且随着奖励力度的增大其效果减弱;提升企业的信誉收益,增加寻租成本及政府失职受到的问责也有助于促进企业向合规运营方向的演化。

医药化工企业不安全管理行为分析与预防

为了进一步研究医药合同定制研发生产企业(CDMO)中管理人员不安全行为与事故之间的关系,通过对某药业公司在半年内发生的两起火灾事故的原因进行分析,梳理该公司存在的管理缺陷,总结出该公司管理人员实施的不安全管理行为并提出相应的对策措施。

CVD法制备Inconel 718高温合金表面铝化物涂层高温氧化行为研究

Inconel 718高温合金是燃气轮机和航空发动机热端部件的关键核心材料,其表面通常制备有铝化物涂层,起到提高抗氧化和热腐蚀性能的作用。理解铝化物涂层的高温氧化行为,是提高部件抗高温氧化能力的关键。采用化学气相沉积(CVD)技术,在Inconel 718高温合金表面制备了铝化物涂层,在大气环境、950℃条件下开展了恒温氧化测试,采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射和X射线能谱等手段,研究了其高温氧化行为,并与Inconel 718高温合金进行对比。结果表明:Inconel 718高温合金表面制备的CVD铝化物涂层,其表面粗糙,具有双层结构。外层为富含Ni和Al元素的β-NiAl层,平均厚度为14.1μm,内层为富含Fe和Cr元素的σ相与富含Nb、Mo和Fe元素的Laves相共存的互扩散层,平均厚度为5.9μm。恒温氧化后,Inconel 718高温合金表面氧化生成了Cr_(2)O_(3)膜,而CVD铝化物涂层表面氧化生成了α-Al_(2)O_(3)膜。Cr_(2)O_(3)膜和α-Al_(2)O_(3)膜的生长都遵循抛物线型生长规律,Cr_(2)O_(3)膜的生长速率常数为0.86μm·h^(-1/2),α-Al_(2)O_(3)膜的生长速率常数为0.15μm·h^(-1/2)。此外,观察发现Inconel 718高温合金发生了内氧化,而CVD铝化物涂层未出现内氧化,两者氧化行为差异的原因在于CVD铝化物涂层中的β-NiAl相,其氧化生成均匀、连续、致密的α-Al_(2)O_(3)膜,阻止了内部金属发生进一步氧化。本研究揭示了Inconel 718高温合金和CVD铝化物涂层的抗高温氧化作用机理,为Inconel 718高温合金用高抗氧化性CVD铝化物涂层的制备及应用提供了技术支撑。