Groundwater quality assessment is important to assure safe and durable water use.In semi-arid areas of Algeria,groundwater represents the main water resource for drinking water supply of the rural population as well a...Groundwater quality assessment is important to assure safe and durable water use.In semi-arid areas of Algeria,groundwater represents the main water resource for drinking water supply of the rural population as well as for irrigation of agricultural lands.Groundwater samples from wells and springs were collected from the Gargaat Tarf and Annk Djemel sub-watersheds of the Oum El Bouaghi,Algeria,and were analyzed and compared with the World Health Organization(WHO)standards.Results showed that most of the measured physical and chemical parameters exceeded the quality limits according to the WHO standards.Groundwater had a slightly alkaline water pH(7.00-7.79),electrical conductivity>1500μS/cm,chloride>500 mg/L,calcium>250 mg/L,and magnesium>155 mg/L.Water quality index(WQI)results showed that 68%of the area had excellent water quality,24%of the samples fell into good category,and only 8%were of poor quality and unsuitable for human consumption.Six wells in the area showed bacterial contamination.Total coliforms(453.9(±180.3)CFU(colony-forming units)/100 mL),fecal coliforms(243.2(±99.2)CFU/100 mL),and fecal streptococci(77.9(±32.0)CFU/100 mL)loads were above the standard limits set by the WHO.These results confirmed that water resources in the study area were strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities and were not recommended for consumption as drinking water.展开更多
In order to explore the most suitable mode for the primary processing model of reconstituted tobacco, another two kinds of conditioning process schemes for reconstituted tobacco were designed based on the existing rec...In order to explore the most suitable mode for the primary processing model of reconstituted tobacco, another two kinds of conditioning process schemes for reconstituted tobacco were designed based on the existing reconstituted tobacco processing method. Comparative analysis and evaluation were conducted for moisture content uniformity, intrinsic chemical compositions, casing uniformity, blending uniformity and sensory quality of the samples from the three kind of processing modes. The results showed that loosing and conditioning or the vacuum conditioning pretreatment of the reconstituted tobacco could effectively reduce the difference in moisture content during the blending, and improve the casing uniformity and blending uniformity. Moreover, the samples with the loosing and conditioning pretreatment had higher total sugar and reducing sugar contents, which indicated that the loosing and conditioning pretreatment method was more favorable for the improvement of the intrinsic quality of cigarettes. In addition, the three kinds of aromatic components contents of cigarettes using the loosing and conditioning pretreatment were higher,and the casing uniformity, blending uniformity and overall sensory quality of this pretreatment were all superior to that of the other two kinds of reconstituted tobacco pretreatment methods. The contents of total sugar, reducing sugar as well as the three kinds of aromatic components of cigarettes processed with vacuum conditioning pretreatment were all slightly lower than those of the existing methods, but the casing uniformity and blending uniformity were improved, while it showed small difference in the sensory quality with the existing processing method.展开更多
基金funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research&Innovation Programme(2211)under the Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area(PRIMA)Project"SHARInG-MeD"from the Directorate-General for Scientific Research and Technological Development(DGRSDT)under the Projets de Recherche Formation-Universitaire(PRFU)Projects(D00L02UN120120230002,D01N01UN120120230005)。
文摘Groundwater quality assessment is important to assure safe and durable water use.In semi-arid areas of Algeria,groundwater represents the main water resource for drinking water supply of the rural population as well as for irrigation of agricultural lands.Groundwater samples from wells and springs were collected from the Gargaat Tarf and Annk Djemel sub-watersheds of the Oum El Bouaghi,Algeria,and were analyzed and compared with the World Health Organization(WHO)standards.Results showed that most of the measured physical and chemical parameters exceeded the quality limits according to the WHO standards.Groundwater had a slightly alkaline water pH(7.00-7.79),electrical conductivity>1500μS/cm,chloride>500 mg/L,calcium>250 mg/L,and magnesium>155 mg/L.Water quality index(WQI)results showed that 68%of the area had excellent water quality,24%of the samples fell into good category,and only 8%were of poor quality and unsuitable for human consumption.Six wells in the area showed bacterial contamination.Total coliforms(453.9(±180.3)CFU(colony-forming units)/100 mL),fecal coliforms(243.2(±99.2)CFU/100 mL),and fecal streptococci(77.9(±32.0)CFU/100 mL)loads were above the standard limits set by the WHO.These results confirmed that water resources in the study area were strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities and were not recommended for consumption as drinking water.
基金Supported by the Fund of Chinese Tobacco Enterprises(MK-JS-2012-129)~~
文摘In order to explore the most suitable mode for the primary processing model of reconstituted tobacco, another two kinds of conditioning process schemes for reconstituted tobacco were designed based on the existing reconstituted tobacco processing method. Comparative analysis and evaluation were conducted for moisture content uniformity, intrinsic chemical compositions, casing uniformity, blending uniformity and sensory quality of the samples from the three kind of processing modes. The results showed that loosing and conditioning or the vacuum conditioning pretreatment of the reconstituted tobacco could effectively reduce the difference in moisture content during the blending, and improve the casing uniformity and blending uniformity. Moreover, the samples with the loosing and conditioning pretreatment had higher total sugar and reducing sugar contents, which indicated that the loosing and conditioning pretreatment method was more favorable for the improvement of the intrinsic quality of cigarettes. In addition, the three kinds of aromatic components contents of cigarettes using the loosing and conditioning pretreatment were higher,and the casing uniformity, blending uniformity and overall sensory quality of this pretreatment were all superior to that of the other two kinds of reconstituted tobacco pretreatment methods. The contents of total sugar, reducing sugar as well as the three kinds of aromatic components of cigarettes processed with vacuum conditioning pretreatment were all slightly lower than those of the existing methods, but the casing uniformity and blending uniformity were improved, while it showed small difference in the sensory quality with the existing processing method.