Assessment of Surface Water Quality of King Abdullah Canal, Using Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Water Quality Index, Jordan

The main aim of this research is to evaluate the water quality of King Abdullah Canal (KAC) using the water quality index method (WQI). For this purpose, nine different sampling sites were used in the calculation of WQI during the period of January to December 2012. The samples were analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, ions of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Fluorite, Chloride, Sulfate, Bicarbonate, and Nitrate in different seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn). The analyzed results (by WQI method) have been used to suggest models for predicting water quality. The relative weight assigned to each parameter has a range from 1 to 5, based on the important parameters for drinking purposes. The computed WQI for the nine samples has a range from 46.66 to 542.08. The analysis reveals that the water quality status of the study area is varying from excellent to good in the upper part of the canal and from poor to very poor in the lower part of the canal. Comparing with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Jordan Standard (JS), the results indicate that the lower part of the canal is polluted. Therefore, the water is not safe for domestic use and needs further treatment, especially in the lower part of the canal.

Evaluation of the Physico-Chemical Properties of the Waters on the Litani River Station Quaraoun

Water security is a very important purpose facing the world in the last decay as one of the main consequences related to the risks of climate change. Water quality of Litani River’s at Quaraoun Lake station in Lebanon was evaluated by measuring various physicochemical parameters between 2008 and 2018. Samples were performed and analyzed the first of every month. Different analytical methods were used to determine the values of 11 physico-chemical parameters. Different statistical methods, such as Principal Component Analysis and the Times Series Representation, were applied to the results to evaluate the water characteristics, determine the operation of the ecosystem and study the correlation between the different parameters in the Quaraoun station. Industrial, agricultural and sewage water pollution of the Litani River were demonstrated by the high concentration of sulfate, phosphate and ammonia. High bacterial activity was proved from the high decreasing of the dissolved oxygen. Important correlations between the different parameters and between the parameters of the ecosystem and the weather were proved.

Physico-Chemical and Thermal Characterization of a Lignocellulosic Fiber, Extracted from the Bast of <i>Cola lepidota</i>Stem

In this research work, fiber extracted from the bark of Cola lepidota (CL) plant, grown in the flora of Southern part of Cameroon, was investigated for composites reinforcement. The investigation was carried via evaluation of water absorption capacity, moisture content, real density, porosity, chemical composition, chemical structure and thermal behaviour. It was discovered that the new fiber has relatively low moisture content and water absorption capacity similar to those of other investigated natural fibers such as flax, sisal, coconut, hemp and jute. Its porosity was found appropriate for composite production and the fiber was found to be thermally stable up to 230°C, with maximum degradation temperature of 325°C. The main constituents of the fibre include cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In conclusion, based on the properties investigated, this fiber is considered suitable for composite manufacture.

Physico-Chemical Parameters of High-Altitude Rivers in the Sagarmatha (Everest) National Park, Nepal

The aim of this research was to analyse physical and chemical characteristics of high altitude rivers of the Sagarmatha National Park, Khumbu region. The study was conducted for three years from 2008 to 2010 in the elevation 1900 m to 5300 m of the park. The study develops a database for monitoring high land rivers of Nepal. The river water quality in general still stands good in terms of standards for drinking water (WHO, Nepal standard) but degradation process has started. Certain changes in water quality parameters in water bodies on the major tourist treks have been recorded, mainly due to anthropogenic activities, particularly tourists and waste disposal. Total nitrogen in water samples is lower than the WHO standard but an increase in the nitrate nitrogen has been recorded comparison between 2008, 2009 and 2010 as well as when compared with earlier reports. Similarly total phosphorous value was also found increased annually as well as earlier reports. It is urgent need to check further degradation of river water quality. The outcomes of this research work would be a useful tool to manage the river water ecosystem in Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone.

Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Assessment of Organic Pollution in Plain Salty Lakes from Protected Regions

One of the most important goals of EU nature and water framework directives is to ensure healthy aquatic ecosystems by the protection of the most valuable species and habitats form the Natura 2000 network, while at the same time ensuring a balance between water/nature protection and the sustainable use of nature’s natural resources. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of four Romanian salty plain lakes included in Natura 2000 Network, in order to assess the degree of organic pollution and to generate the knowledge required for the design and implementation of appropriate measures for maintaining the balance between the water protection and the sustainable use of these protected ecosystems. The water and sediment sampling was performed in two consecutive years (2015 and 2016), in September and the following standard parameters have been determined: pH, chemical oxygen consumption (COC), the degree of trophicity and salinity of the environment, metals content, microbiological indicators and microbial physiological groups involved in nutrient cycling. The pH ranged from 7.56 to 8.93, close or above the upper normal limit of 8.5, being correlated with a high salinity characteristic of chlorinated, sulphated, high sodium and magnesium content waters. Despite the similar values recorded for the physico-chemical parameters in the two consecutive years suggesting a certain degree of stability of the investigated aquatic ecosystems, the COC values indicate a high degree of hypertrophy, which could be attributed to the reduced surface area, ecological pisciculture and agriculture input. The microbiological parameters revealed the existence of both recent and chronic fecal pollution source. The high hypertrophy degree could represent a positive premise for the high productivity of the investigated ecosystems, but also an alarm signal for excessive organic pollution, with the risk of redox potential decrease which can affect the fish and other life forms. Consequently, it is necessary to identify the sources of pollution and implement the appropriate measures to minimize the negative impact of organic contamination on the status of the respective ecosystems (water quality, biotic components) in order to maintain the health of both ecosystems and the surrounding human communities, allowing at the same time a sustainable use of the local resources.

甘薯多糖SPPS-I-Fr-Ⅱ组分的纯化及理化性质分析

甘薯经水浸提,Sevag法脱蛋白,透析,乙醇沉淀,DEAE-纤维素及Sephadex G-100色谱分离纯化得到一种白色粉末状多糖SPPS-I-Fr-Ⅱ。经Sepharose CL-6B凝胶色谱分析证明SPPS-I-Fr-Ⅱ为纯品。经定性化学反应鉴定表明SPPS-I-Fr-Ⅱ不含蛋白质、核酸、酚类物质和糖醛酸,为非淀粉类中性纯粹多糖。其比旋光度[α]D22(H2O)为+115.0(c=0.8),特性粘度[η]为17.23×10-3(mL·g-1),重均分子量为53200。SPPS-I-Fr-Ⅱ完全酸水解后纸层析及气相色谱分析确定糖基组成为葡萄糖。

微波合成大豆蛋白-糖接枝物理化性质的研究

采用微波合成SPI-糖接枝物,并对其纯化,分析结果表明:SPI-乳糖接枝物相对分子质量(RMW)相对于SPI变化不大,而SPI-SS接枝物未监测到>440K组分1;而且,接枝物中总糖的含量明显提高,赖氨酸、精氨酸减少,特性黏度出现不同程度的增加,而热变性峰值温度则有所降低。另外,通过荧光分析证明,SPI及其接枝物分别在450nm与430nm处有最大荧光强度,该波长的变化符合美拉德反应产物的荧光特征。

温度和日长对“安农S-1”育性的影响及其花粉败育的机理

在长沙地区(N28°12′)自然光温条件下,雌雄蕊形成期至花粉母细胞形成期是“安农S-1”感受温度和日长变化,引起育性转变的敏感期。育性受日长和温度共同影响,温度尤为主导因素。育性变化敏感期,可育株与不育株叶片、花药在光合强度、呼吸强度。多种生化成分含量及酶活性上存在着明显的差异。认为:“安农S-1”花粉败育的基本原因,是不适光温条件使植株中正常的基因表达被阻遏,从而导致多种酶活性改变,代谢平衡失调,植株同化能力降低,某些物质分解加速,花粉发育所必需的物质和能量得不到充分供应,从而使花粉不能正常发育。

螯合稀土-硼对苎麻产量和品质影响初探

试验于1987年和1988年在本所试验站进行。结果表明,无论是壮龄麻还是在新栽麻上,喷施适量螯合稀土-硼均能增加原麻产量,提高纤维支数,并且以1/10~4 RE-1/10~3B处理效果较好,适量的螯合稀土-硼能增加叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量,总光合速率,净光合速率和呼吸强度,从而协调了产量和品质各构成因素之间的关系,使产量增加,品质得到改善,因此,在苎麻生产中应用螫合稀土-硼是一种有效的增产增质措施。

人瘦素蛋白的序列特征分析及蛋白-蛋白相互作用网络构建

目的探讨人瘦素(leptin)蛋白序列特征并构建蛋白-蛋白相互作用(PPI)网络。方法利用Expasy在线数据分析服务器、TMHMM-2.0在线网站、SOPMA二级结构预测分析软件、STRING数据库、分子进化遗传分析7.0软件等生物信息学分析工具,对人leptin蛋白的理化性质、结构、PPI网络、系统进化树进行分析。结果人leptin蛋白含有167个氨基酸残基,分子式为C_(842)H_(1333)N_(217)O_(245)S_(7),相对分子质量约为18640.57,理论等电点为5.88,不稳定系数为47.52,平均亲水系数为0.131;人leptin蛋白氨基端具有信号肽,属于分泌蛋白,含有磷酸化位点,是主要存在于细胞外的亲脂蛋白。人leptin蛋白二级结构主要以α-螺旋为主(占57.49%),其次为不规则卷曲(占32.34%)、延伸链(占7.78%)和β转角(占2.4%),其三级结构与二级结构预测结果相似,且与模板序列的相似度高达99.32%。PPI网络显示,与人leptin蛋白发生相互作用的蛋白家族包括LEPR、GHRL、GCG、IAPP、PPARG、STAT3、SOCS3、JAK2、NPY、PTPN1。系统进化树结果表明,人leptin蛋白与黑猩猩的亲缘关系较近。结论人leptin蛋白具有信号肽结构,属于非糖基化分泌型蛋白,且可能与LEPR、GHRL、GCG、IAPP、PPARG、STAT3、SOCS3、JAK2、NPY、PTPN1蛋白存在互作关系,其蛋白表达水平在外周血循环系统中的变化可能导致免疫功能紊乱。

Water Quality of High-Altitude Lakes in the Sagarmatha (Everest) National Park, Nepal

The aim of this research was to analyze physical and chemical characteristics of high altitude lakes (Gokyo lake series, Imja lake, Pyramid lake) of the Sagarmatha National Park, Khumbu region located above 4500 m altitude. The lake water was studied for three years (2008, 2009 and 2010) to compare the annual changes in the parameters. The findings created a database for present status of high land lakes of Nepal, which can be used for the management of lakes as well as to study the impact of tourism on water quality. The lake water quality in general still stands good in terms of standards for drinking water (WHO, Nepal standard) but degradation process has started. Total nitrogen in water samples was lower than the WHO standard but an increase in the nitrate nitrogen has been recorded. Similarly, total phosphorrous quality was also found increased.

湿热处理对红薯淀粉特性的影响

为了研究湿热处理对红薯淀粉理化和结构等特性的影响,以五种红薯淀粉为实验对象,测定并分析湿热处理后淀粉溶解度、膨润力、持水力、透光率、凝沉性等理化特性的变化情况,进而探明湿热处理对不同初始含水量红薯淀粉吸水特性及晶体结构的影响规律。结果表明,经湿热处理后红薯淀粉的溶解度、膨润力、凝沉性与透光率均较原淀粉降低,持水力均增强,且五种红薯淀粉均呈现相同趋势,说明红薯品种与湿热处理对淀粉性质的影响规律无显著相关性。经湿热处理后红薯淀粉未见新的衍射特征峰,晶体类型仍为C型,而衍射强度和结晶度降低。湿热处理淀粉吸水达到平衡所需要时间较原淀粉短,且饱和吸水量较原淀粉有减小的趋势。利用Peleg模型方程模拟湿热处理后红薯淀粉的吸水规律,并计算出浸泡动力学吸水常数K1和K2,确定了淀粉的吸水动力学方程,可预测湿热处理后红薯淀粉在浸泡过程中的水分含量。

高炉喷吹固体燃料物化结构与燃烧性能关系研究

高炉喷吹煤粉技术是现代钢铁企业降本增效的主要技术措施,喷吹固体燃料的燃烧性能是提升煤焦置换比的关键。为明确影响高炉喷吹固体燃料燃烧性能的关键因素,系统分析了不同固体燃料的物化结构与其燃烧性能的关系。结果表明,高炉喷吹固体燃料中碳结构的有序化程度对其燃烧性能有显著的影响,有序化程度越高的样品,在燃烧反应过程中需要更高的能量破坏芳香环的结构,造成其着火温度升高,燃烧速率降低。高炉喷吹煤粉技术在喷吹燃料选择和使用过程中,选取固定碳含量高、发热值高、孔隙结构发达、富含有机官能团和碳结构有序化程度较低的固体燃料进行高炉喷吹,可以有效改善混合煤粉在风口前的燃烧状态,提升高炉喷吹煤粉在炉内的利用率。

低温环境下野外自然好氧堆肥理化特征及微生物群落结构变化

[目的]研究低温环境下野外自然好氧堆肥理化特征及微生物群落结构变化,实现低温季节养殖废弃物的资源化利用。[方法]以猪粪和稻壳为原料在低温环境下进行自然好氧堆肥处理,对堆肥过程中温度、pH、含水率、NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(3)^(-)-N和种子发芽指数(GI)进行分析,选取细菌16S rDNA V3~V4区和真菌ITS序列进行高通量测序,比较好氧堆肥过程中不同阶段微生物群落多样性及组成差异。[结果]当环境温度为-6.7~6.4℃时,整个堆肥过程高温阶段持续11 d,经过38 d的好氧堆肥处理,堆体含水率、pH、NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(3)^(-)-N等指标均趋于稳定,堆肥结束时GI达到了122.12%,表明堆肥产品完全腐熟。低温条件下堆肥不同阶段样本微生物群落分析表明,Acinetobacter是堆肥初期和升温阶段优势细菌属,而Pseudofulvimonas和Ensifer在堆肥高温阶段丰度最高,Parapedobacter为堆肥末期优势细菌属。Ascobolus是堆肥初期优势真菌属,而Mycothermus为好氧堆肥升温、高温和腐熟阶段的优势菌群。细菌群落功能预测结果表明,氨基酸转运和代谢、碳水化合物运输和代谢等是堆肥过程中细菌的主要代谢功能。理化指标与微生物多样性相关性分析表明,堆肥过程中pH与属水平上丰度较高的微生物相关性强,含水率、温度、NH_(4)^(+)-N和发芽指数次之。[结论]低温条件下野外自然好氧堆肥可顺利进行并完全腐熟,这为低温环境下野外自然好氧堆肥提供了依据。

长江源区北麓河流域退化高寒草甸植物群落特征和土壤特性

生态系统退化严重威胁着全球生态和环境安全,充分认识退化过程和机理是开展和实现退化生态系统修复的关键。以往大部分高寒草甸退化相关研究缺乏长期的观测资料,难以合理分析退化的形成过程和机理。以具有长期观测资料的长江源多年冻土区北麓河流域未退化和退化高寒草甸为对象,根据研究区实际,探讨了草地退化下植物群落结构特征和土壤理化特性的变化及其相互关系,为查明多年冻土区高寒草甸退化机理和退化草地修复提供理论依据。结果表明:1)退化使地上和地下生物量显著降低,植物群落优势物种由浅根系的莎草科植物向深根系的杂草类植物转变;2)Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和物种丰富度指数呈单峰变化趋势,即在中度退化阶段显著增加,但在严重退化阶段显著降低;3)退化后,土壤容重、pH和总磷显著增加,但硝态氮、铵态氮、速效氮、总氮和有机碳呈降低趋势;4)冗余分析结果显示,群落生物量与土壤有机碳、总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效氮和速效磷呈正相关,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和物种丰富度指数与粉粒、水分和pH负相关,速效氮、速效磷、土壤水分对植被生物量和物种多样性的解释率分别为57.8%、27.3%和9.9%。因此,长江源多年冻土区退化高寒草甸植物生长可能主要受速效养分限制,在对其的修复过程中,应首先考虑土壤养分的恢复。

绿茶、乌龙茶、红茶的茶多糖组成、抗氧化及降血糖作用研究

目的:比较绿茶、乌龙茶、红茶的茶多糖(TPS)含量、组成、体外清除自由基以及降血糖效果。方法:选择湖北福鼎大白茶、福建水仙以及云南大叶种鲜叶,都制成绿茶、乌龙茶和红茶,提取TPS,并测定其得率,分析TPS中的中性糖、糖醛酸、蛋白质含量,观察体外清除-2O和·OH的作用以及对四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病小鼠的降血糖效果。结果:1. TPS得率、中性糖、糖醛酸、蛋白质含量高低依次为绿茶>乌龙茶>红茶,体外清除 -2O 和·OH 的能力大小依次为乌龙茶>绿茶>红茶。2. 在所设定的低、中、高剂量(100 mg·kg-1·d-1、300 mg·kg-1·d-1、600 mg·kg-1·d-1)下,各种茶叶TPS对DM小鼠都有显著或极显著的降血糖效果,其中在低、中等剂量下,乌龙茶、红茶TPS的降低血糖作用明显优于绿茶TPS,但在高剂量下差异不明显。3. 不同产地、品种和茶类的TPS得率、中性糖、糖醛酸、蛋白质含量高低、体外清除-2O和·OH 能力,对DM小鼠降血糖效果均不相同,其中以湖北产茶叶TPS降血糖效果最好,其次是福建茶叶,再次是云南茶叶。结论:不同产地、品种、加工工艺对茶叶的茶多糖含量、组成、体外清除自由基以及降血糖效果都有显著性影响。

几种鱼皮胶原蛋白的理化特性及其影响因素

利用水产加工废弃物研究了鳙鱼、鲈鱼、鲫鱼鱼皮胶原蛋白的氨基酸组成、粘度、凝胶强度、热变性温度(Td)等理化特性及其影响因素。结果表明,在0.1mol/L的乙酸溶液中鱼皮胶原蛋白溶液的粘度随着胶原蛋白浓度的增大而增大,随着温度的升高而下降。热水法提取鳙鱼、鲈鱼、鲫鱼鱼皮胶原蛋白的热变性温度分别为30℃,25℃,27℃。鱼皮胶原蛋白的凝胶强度则随着粘度、温度、pH值、外加介质等的变化而变化。

黑灵芝子实体水溶性多糖的理化性质及抗氧化活性的研究

目的:从黑灵芝中提取分离出粗多糖,纯化得到一种新型纯多糖,并对其纯度、理化性质及抗氧化活性进行了研究。方法:采用Sevag法脱除粗多糖中的游离蛋白,并分别采用乙醇分级沉淀以及Superdex-200凝胶柱层析法纯化多糖,经高效凝胶渗透色谱法检验纯度。分别对纯多糖的溶解性、热特性及光谱特性等多种理化性质进行测定。最后分别采用苯甲酸钠法、FRAP(还原能力)法以及β-胡萝卜素漂白法对黑灵芝多糖的羟基自由基清除能力,总抗氧化能力以及对β-胡萝卜素-亚油酸氧化体系的抑制能力进行了分析。结果:分离出一种纯度较高的多糖,且具有显著的抗氧化能力。结论:黑灵芝多糖具有显著的抗氧化活性。

柚子皮吸附剂的物化特性研究

柚子皮对染料具有一定吸附作用。文章为进一步探讨柚子皮吸附机理,对与吸附染料相关的柚子皮物化特性进行了研究,主要包括:柚子皮的基本化学元素含量、化学基团、含水量、灰分、挥发分、综纤维素含量、等电点(pHpz)c、比表面积(BET)、表面显微结构等,并检测了柚子皮及其浸出液中重金属含量。结果显示柚子皮具有丰富的多孔结构,平均孔径约为2～20μm,该孔隙结构有利于吸附染料大分子。柚子皮综纤维素含量非常高,并含有大量可与染料分子结合的羟基和羰基基团。在柚子皮及其浸出液中未检出砷、镉、钴、铬、铅等常见的有毒重金属,所以将柚子皮做为吸附剂应用在废水处理中,不会带入有毒金属物质。

小麦胚乳A、B型淀粉粒理化特性研究

【目的】研究小麦胚乳A、B型淀粉粒对其理化特性的影响。【方法】利用扫描电镜对4个小麦品种籽粒发育不同时期自然断面和分离提纯的A、B型淀粉粒进行观察;用直链、支链淀粉试剂盒对籽粒不同发育时期胚乳中A、B型淀粉粒的直链、支链淀粉含量进行测定;成熟籽粒A、B型淀粉粒膨胀势依据McCormick的方法进行了测定。【结果】小麦胚乳淀粉粒形态出现规则形状和反常态,胚乳淀粉粒中直链淀粉形成早于支链淀粉,但最终积累量支链淀粉大于直链淀粉。供试的4个品种中,B型淀粉粒膨胀势均大于各自A型淀粉粒的膨胀势。【结论】小麦胚乳A型和B型淀粉粒从形态上分为常规型和反常型。成熟小麦胚乳A、B型淀粉粒中,支链淀粉的含量大于直链淀粉,且与总淀粉含量呈正相关趋势。B型淀粉粒的膨胀势大于A型淀粉粒。