The safety and toxicity of chemicals given first to animals and finally to humans are generally estimated with a method of safe coefficient, which is scientifically a way lack of grounds. To make a change of the old m...The safety and toxicity of chemicals given first to animals and finally to humans are generally estimated with a method of safe coefficient, which is scientifically a way lack of grounds. To make a change of the old method, we designed a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics Medel for the estimate of safety and toxicity of chemicais. As an example,p-nitrophenol sodium (PNP-Na) is used in the research work. Studies of the PNP-Na pharmacokinetics in bodies of rat as well as humans are made, and possibilities of making use of the Model in the estimate of safety and toxicity of chemicals are discussed.展开更多
The apparent volume of distribution was defined for the first time as the phase volume that can hold the total amount of a substance at the measured phase substance concentration, in a system composed of two immiscibl...The apparent volume of distribution was defined for the first time as the phase volume that can hold the total amount of a substance at the measured phase substance concentration, in a system composed of two immiscible media that are in contact under conditions of constant phase volumes, at equilibrium. Its value is not affected by the total system solute mass and it only depends on the total system volume, the phase volumes and the affinity of the solute for the two phases in the system. Using this new concept of the apparent volume of distribution, we were able to demonstrate that under certain conditions compartment volumes in multi-compartment and multi-phasic pharmacokinetic models represent the actual physiological volumes of body fluids accessible by drugs. The classical pharmacokinetic models are now fully explained and can be used to provide accurate estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters for hydrophilic drugs. In contrast, in the absence of tissue-plasma partition coefficients, lipophilic drugs that do not follow a one-compartment model are unlikely to be adequately described with classical multi-compartment pharmacokinetic models.展开更多
This study aims to understand the absorption patterns of three different kinds of inhaled formulations via in silico modeling using budesonide(BUD)as a model drug.The formulations investigated in this study are:(i)com...This study aims to understand the absorption patterns of three different kinds of inhaled formulations via in silico modeling using budesonide(BUD)as a model drug.The formulations investigated in this study are:(i)commercially available micronized BUD mixed with lactose(BUD-PT),(ii)BUD nanocrystal suspension(BUD-NC),(iii)BUD nanocrystals embedded hyaluronic acid microparticles(BUD-NEM).The deposition patterns of the three inhaled formulations in the rats’lungs were determined in vivo and in silico predicted,which were used as inputs in GastroPlus TM software to predict drug absorption following aerosolization of the tested formulations.BUD pharmacokinetics,estimated based on intravenous data in rats,was used to establish a drug-specific in silico absorption model.The BUD-specific in silico model revealed that drug pulmonary solubility and absorption rate constant were the key factors affecting pulmonary absorption of BUD-NC and BUD-NEM,respectively.In the case of BUD-PT,the in silico model revealed significant gastrointestinal absorption of BUD,which could be overlooked by traditional in vivo experimental observation.This study demonstrated that in vitro-in vivo-in silico approach was able to identify the key factors that influence the absorption of different inhaled formulations,which may facilitate the development of orally inhaled formulations with different drug release/absorption rates.展开更多
生理药动学(physiologically based pharmacokinetic,PBPK)模型是一种基于生理机制的模型,能够模拟药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程。近年来广泛应用于药物-药物相互作用研究、外推特殊人群、临床试验剂量的选择、个体化用药及...生理药动学(physiologically based pharmacokinetic,PBPK)模型是一种基于生理机制的模型,能够模拟药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程。近年来广泛应用于药物-药物相互作用研究、外推特殊人群、临床试验剂量的选择、个体化用药及研究不同因素对药动学过程的影响等领域。本文对PBPK模型发展现状进行简述,简要介绍PBPK模型的应用流程,并对其近年来在药物临床研究中的应用情况进行综述,以期为对该领域感兴趣的研究人员提供参考。展开更多
生理药代动力学(physiologically based pharmacokinetics,PBPK)模型是药物研究的一种重要数学建模方法。它可以利用临床前数据预测药物在人体内的药代动力学行为,也可以探索年龄、种族或疾病状态等各种生理参数对人体药代动力学的影响...生理药代动力学(physiologically based pharmacokinetics,PBPK)模型是药物研究的一种重要数学建模方法。它可以利用临床前数据预测药物在人体内的药代动力学行为,也可以探索年龄、种族或疾病状态等各种生理参数对人体药代动力学的影响,指导给药剂量和用药方案,以及评估药物-药物相互作用。近十几年来,PBPK建模在学术界和医药界迅速发展,已被广泛运用于药物研发的各个阶段。本文简要介绍了PBPK建模的基本概念与方法 ,从药物处方前研究、剂型开发、食物效应、群体药代动力学及仿制药的生物等效性等方面讨论了其在药物制剂研发中的应用及前景。展开更多
文摘The safety and toxicity of chemicals given first to animals and finally to humans are generally estimated with a method of safe coefficient, which is scientifically a way lack of grounds. To make a change of the old method, we designed a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics Medel for the estimate of safety and toxicity of chemicais. As an example,p-nitrophenol sodium (PNP-Na) is used in the research work. Studies of the PNP-Na pharmacokinetics in bodies of rat as well as humans are made, and possibilities of making use of the Model in the estimate of safety and toxicity of chemicals are discussed.
文摘The apparent volume of distribution was defined for the first time as the phase volume that can hold the total amount of a substance at the measured phase substance concentration, in a system composed of two immiscible media that are in contact under conditions of constant phase volumes, at equilibrium. Its value is not affected by the total system solute mass and it only depends on the total system volume, the phase volumes and the affinity of the solute for the two phases in the system. Using this new concept of the apparent volume of distribution, we were able to demonstrate that under certain conditions compartment volumes in multi-compartment and multi-phasic pharmacokinetic models represent the actual physiological volumes of body fluids accessible by drugs. The classical pharmacokinetic models are now fully explained and can be used to provide accurate estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters for hydrophilic drugs. In contrast, in the absence of tissue-plasma partition coefficients, lipophilic drugs that do not follow a one-compartment model are unlikely to be adequately described with classical multi-compartment pharmacokinetic models.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81302720 and No.81573380)Liaoning Pan Deng Xue Zhe Scholarship+1 种基金supported by the Ministry of Education,Science and Technological Development,Republic of Serbia(grant number 451-03-68/2020-14/200161)Cun D.is grateful to Liaoning Provincial Education officer’s Excellent Talents Supporting Plan for financial support.
文摘This study aims to understand the absorption patterns of three different kinds of inhaled formulations via in silico modeling using budesonide(BUD)as a model drug.The formulations investigated in this study are:(i)commercially available micronized BUD mixed with lactose(BUD-PT),(ii)BUD nanocrystal suspension(BUD-NC),(iii)BUD nanocrystals embedded hyaluronic acid microparticles(BUD-NEM).The deposition patterns of the three inhaled formulations in the rats’lungs were determined in vivo and in silico predicted,which were used as inputs in GastroPlus TM software to predict drug absorption following aerosolization of the tested formulations.BUD pharmacokinetics,estimated based on intravenous data in rats,was used to establish a drug-specific in silico absorption model.The BUD-specific in silico model revealed that drug pulmonary solubility and absorption rate constant were the key factors affecting pulmonary absorption of BUD-NC and BUD-NEM,respectively.In the case of BUD-PT,the in silico model revealed significant gastrointestinal absorption of BUD,which could be overlooked by traditional in vivo experimental observation.This study demonstrated that in vitro-in vivo-in silico approach was able to identify the key factors that influence the absorption of different inhaled formulations,which may facilitate the development of orally inhaled formulations with different drug release/absorption rates.
文摘生理药动学(physiologically based pharmacokinetic,PBPK)模型是一种基于生理机制的模型,能够模拟药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程。近年来广泛应用于药物-药物相互作用研究、外推特殊人群、临床试验剂量的选择、个体化用药及研究不同因素对药动学过程的影响等领域。本文对PBPK模型发展现状进行简述,简要介绍PBPK模型的应用流程,并对其近年来在药物临床研究中的应用情况进行综述,以期为对该领域感兴趣的研究人员提供参考。
文摘生理药代动力学(physiologically based pharmacokinetics,PBPK)模型是药物研究的一种重要数学建模方法。它可以利用临床前数据预测药物在人体内的药代动力学行为,也可以探索年龄、种族或疾病状态等各种生理参数对人体药代动力学的影响,指导给药剂量和用药方案,以及评估药物-药物相互作用。近十几年来,PBPK建模在学术界和医药界迅速发展,已被广泛运用于药物研发的各个阶段。本文简要介绍了PBPK建模的基本概念与方法 ,从药物处方前研究、剂型开发、食物效应、群体药代动力学及仿制药的生物等效性等方面讨论了其在药物制剂研发中的应用及前景。
