Comparison of Properties between Phytic Acid and RE-phytic Conversion Coatings of Mg-Li Alloy

The properties among of phytic acid conversion coatings,RE-phytic conversion coatings,rare earth conversion coatings and chromate conversion coatings were compared.The surface micrograph and the corrosion morphology of matrix and various coatings were observed,and the polarization curve,amount of hydrogen evolution and coating binding force were tested.The infrared spectra of phytic acid solution,phytic acid conversion coatings and RE-phytic conversion coatings were compared.The results indicated that the phytic acid coating and RE-phytic acid coating have better corrosion resistance and the RE-phytic acid coating is much better.The infrared spectra indicated that the characteristic peak of phytic acid conversion coatings shift left compared to that of phytic acid.The characteristic peak of RE-phytic conversion coating is similar with that of the phytic acid conversion coating.The di-hydrogen phosphate group of phytic acid reacted with metal matrix or rare earth conversion coating to generate hydrophosphate or phosphate.Phytic acid conversion coating consists of magnesium salt,aluminum salt,zinc salt and ferrous salt.The RE-phytic coating contains cerium salt besides those salts.

Phytic Acid Contents of Wheat Flours from Different Mill Streams

The phytic acid contents of eight fractions of wheat flours from different mill streams and those in wheat brans, which were separated by different sieves into various sizes, were determined and analyzed. A rapid method for phytic acid assay by adding thioglycolic acid （mercapto acetic acid） with 2,2-bipyridine was used, with an acidic iron-Ⅲ-solution of known iron content. The amount ofphytate was indicated by the decrease in iron in the supernatant. Significant differences were observed in phytic acid content among different milling streams and different cultivars （P〈0.05）. On an average, coarse bran had the highest phytic acid content （53.85 mg g^-1）, and the shorts had 28.48 mg g^-1. The B5 break flour had a higher phytic acid content （4.8 mg g^-1） than the B7 （2.75 mg g^-1） and B8 （2.03 mg g^-1） reduction flours. Lower values were found in the B3, B6 and B7 flours （1.07, 0.79, and 0.76 mg g^-1, respectively）. The phytic acid contents of bran decreased with smaller bran sizes, ranging from 54 to 5.09 mg g^-1.

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Phytic Acid Concentration in Maize Grain Under Two Nitrogen Conditions

Phytic acid （PA） is the main storage form of phosphorus （P） in seeds. It can form insoluble complexes with microelements, thereby reducing their bioavailability for animals. Identification of quantitative trait loci （QTLs） associated with grain PA concentration （PAC） is essential to improve this trait without affecting other aspects of grain nutrition such as protein content. Using a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, we mapped QTL for grain PAC, as well as grain nitrogen concentration （NC） and P concentration （PC） in maize under two N conditions in 2 yr. We detected six QTLs for PAC. The QTL for PAC on chromosome 4 （phi072-umc 1276） was identified under both low-N and high-N treatments, and explained 13.2 and 15.4% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. We identified three QTLs for grain NC, none of which were in the same region as the QTLs for PAC. We identified two QTLs for PC in the low-N treatment, one of which （umc1710-umc2197） was in the same interval as the QTL for PAC under high-N conditions. These results suggested that grain PAC can be improved without affecting grain NC and inorganic PC.

RNAi-Mediated Silencing of ITPK Gene Reduces Phytic Acid Content,Alters Transcripts of Phytic Acid Biosynthetic Genes,and Modulates Mineral Distribution in Rice Seeds

Phytic acid is the principal storage form of phosphorus in plant seeds and an essential signalling molecule in several regulatory processes of plant development.However,it is known as an anti-nutrient compound owing to its potent chelating property.Thus,reducing the phytic acid content in crops is desirable.Studies involving regulation of MIPS and IPK1 genes to generate low phytate rice have been reported earlier.However,the functional significance of OsITPK and the effect of its down-regulation on phytic acid content and the associated pleiotropic effects on rice have not yet been investigated.In this study,tissue specific RNA interference(RNAi)-mediated down-regulation of a major ITPK homolog(OsITP5/6K-1)resulted in 46.2%decrease in phytic acid content of T2 transgenic seeds with a subsequent 3-fold enhancement in the inorganic phosphorus content.Silencing of OsITP5/6K-1 altered the transcript levels of essential phytic acid pathway genes,without significantly affecting the transcript levels of other OsITPK homologs.Furthermore,the mapping of elements through X-ray microfluorescence analysis revealed significant changes in the spatial distribution pattern and translocation of elements in low phytate seeds.Additionally,low phytate polished seeds exhibited 1.3-fold and 1.6-fold enhancement in iron and zinc content in the grain endosperm,respectively.Silencing of OsITP5/6K-1 also altered the amino acid and myo-inositol content of the transgenic seeds.Our results successfully established that RNAi-mediated silencing of OsITP5/6K-1 gene significantly reduced the phytate levels in seeds without hampering the germination potential of seeds and plant growth.The present study provided an insight into the mechanism of phytic acid biosynthesis pathway.

Genetic variation for phytic acid content in mungbean(Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

Mungbean(Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is a short-duration legume crop cultivated for seeds that are rich in protein and carbohydrates. Mungbeans contain phytic acid(PA), an anti-nutritional factor that is the main storage form of organic phosphorus in seeds. It is a strong inhibitor against the absorption of nutrients including iron, zinc, calcium and magnesium in monogastric animals. Genotypes with low phytic acid(lpa) in seed may show increased assimilation of nutrients and be useful in breeding lpa cultivars. The present study was conducted to identify lpa sources, genetic variation, heritability, and association with seed coat color, inorganic phosphorus(IP), and seed size in 102 mungbean genotypes including released varieties, land races, mutants, and wild species grown in two seasons: summer 2011 and rabi 2012. PA and IP in dry seeds were estimated by modified colorimetric method and Chen's modified method,respectively. PA, IP, and 100-seed weight differed significantly in the two seasons. PA content in102 genotypes ranged from 5.74 to 18.98 mg g-1and 5.85 to 20.02 mg g-1in summer 2011 and rabi 2012, respectively. High heritability was found for PA(0.87 and 0.86) and seed size(0.82 and0.83) but low heritability for IP(0.61 and 0.60). A negative correlation was found between PA and seed size(r =-0.183 and-0.267). Yellow and green seed coat genotypes contained significantly less PA than black seed coat genotypes. Cluster analysis revealed the distinctness of wild species, land races and cultivated varieties on the basis of PA content. The genotypes YBSM(6.001 mg g-1) and JL-781(6.179 mg g-1) showed lowest PA. These lpa sources can be used to develop high-yielding mungbean cultivars with low phytic acid.

Study on Phytic Acid Conversion Coating on Mg-Li Alloy

The impact of phytic acid concentration,immersion time and soaking temperature on phytic acid conversion coating of the Mg-Li alloy are studied.The surface morphology and the corrosion of the phytic acid conversion coating are tested by using scanning electron microscopy and the electrochemical analyzer.The results show that phytic acid concentration and immersion time,soaking temperature affects the microstructure and corrosion resistance of the phytic acid conversion coating.There is a passivation interval with a smaller capacitor and larger resistor in the phytic acid conversion coating.The phytic acid conversion coating is made up of white particle and flake film.

Inaccuracies in Phytic Acid Measurement: Implications for Mineral Biofortification and Bioavailability

Biofortification of commonly eaten staple food crops with essential mineral micronutrients is a potential sustainable solution to global micronutrient malnutrition. Because phytic acid (PA;1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis myo-inositol) reduces mineral micronutrient bioavailability, reduction of PA levels could increase the bioavailability of biofortified iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). PA is viewed as an anti-nutrient, yet PA and other inositol phosphates have also demonstrated positive health benefits. Phytic acid analysis in the agricultural, food, and nutritional sciences is typically carried out by colorimetry and chromatographic techniques. In addition, advanced techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy have also been used in phytic acid analysis. The colorimetric analysis may overestimate PA levels and synchrotron X-ray absorption techniques may not detect very low levels of inositol phosphates. This short communication discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each widely used phytic acid analysis method, and suggests high performance anion exchange (HPAE) chromatography with conductivity detection (CD) based analysis can achieve greater accuracy for the identification and quantification of inositol phosphates. Accurate characterization and quantification of PA and inositol phosphates will inform PA reduction and biofortification efforts, allowing retention of the benefits of non-phytic inositol phosphates for both plants and humans.

Changes in Inositol Phosphates in Low Phytic Acid Field Pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i>L.) Lines during Germination and in Response to Fertilization

Inositol phosphates are the main form of phosphorous (P) storage in legume seeds. Mutants low in inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), also known as phytic acid (PA), have been developed to increase iron (Fe) bioavailability and reduce P waste to the environment. The objectives of this study were to determine 1) inositol-P form changes during germination, and 2) the effect of P fertilizer application on seed PA, total P, and Fe concentration of three field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars and two low-PA lines grown under greenhouse conditions. Low-PA field pea lines clearly had lower PA (1.3 - 1.4 mg·g-1) than cultivars (3.1 - 3.7 mg·g-1). Phytic acid concentration in both cultivars and low-PA lines decreased during germination, but tended to increase seven days after germination. Levels of inositol-3-phosphate-phosphate (IP3-P;0.6 mg·g-1) and inorganic P (1.8 - 2.0 mg·g-1) were higher in low-PA lines than in the field pea cultivars. Reduction of PA in low-PA line seeds may reduce seed Fe and total P concentrations, as levels in the low-PA lines (37 - 42 mg·kg-1 Fe;4003 - 4473 mg·kg-1 total P) were typically less than in field pea cultivars (37 - 55 mg·kg-1 Fe;3208 - 4985 mg·kg-1 total P) at different P fertilizer rates. Overall, IP3 is the major form of P present in low-PA field pea lines during germination;however IP6 is the major form of P present in field pea cultivars. Therefore, low-PA field pea lines could be a potential solution to increase Fe bioavailability, feed P utilization, and reduce P waste to the environment.

Determination and inheritance of phytic acid as marker in diverse genetic group of bread wheat

Phytic acid (Myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexa-kisphophate) is a storage form of phosphorus and can accumulate to the levels as high as 35% in the wheat kernel. Phytic acid acts as an inhibitor for macronutrients as well as micronutrients and located in the bran of wheat kernel. Due to its inhibitory role, a high concentration of phytic acid is undesirable as it hinders the bio-availability of some essential nutrients such as Fe, Mg, Ca, Zn and Cu, etc. In order to check the inheritance of phytic acid in wheat kernels, phytic acid concentration was initially determined in kernels of 10 wheat genotypes to identify two contrasting genetic groups for diallel analysis. Based on pre-screening results of 10 wheat genotypes, five wheat genotypes (3 with high and 2 with low phytic acid concentration) were crossed in all possible combinations during 2007-2008 by 5 × 5 full diallel mating fashion to insight the inheritance of phytic acid and other yield contributing traits. All 20 F1 hybrids and five parental genotypes revealed significant differences statistically, except plant maturity. The narrow and broad sense heritability estimates varied widely among traits for spike length (0.17, 0.62), spikelets spike-1 (0.35, 0.74), tillers plant-1 (0.05, 0.52) and phytic acid concentration (0.01, 0.86). The values for phytic acid concentration ranged from 0.56% to 3.43% among F1 hybrids and 1.06 to 3.67% for parental genotypes. F1 hybrids, Ps-2005 × Ghaznavi (0.56%), AUP-4006 × Ps-2004 (0.74%), Janbaz × Ps-2004 (0.89%) and Janbaz × Ps-2005 (1.01%), had the lowest concentration of phytic acid. The study concluded that F1 hybrids with low phytic acid concentration could yield desirable segregants.

Phytic acid-derived fabrication of ultra-small MoP nanoparticles for efficient CO methanation: Effects of P/Mo ratios

Molybdenum phosphide(MoP) catalyst has been widely applied in hydrogenation reactions, while the preparation of unsupported MoP catalysts with ultra-small size and large specific surface area(SBET) is still challenging. Herein, we have provided a facile method for preparing a series of MoP-x(x=P/Mo ratios ranging from 1 to 5) catalysts by pyrolyzing phytic acid(PA)-derived Mo complexes in a H2 atmosphere. The physicochemical properties and the catalytic activity of MoP catalysts were investigated. The results showed that the obtained MoP-5 catalyst had the largest SBETand exhibited ultra-small nanoparticle diameter of 3.6 nm, which ascribed to the chelation of PA and the confinement of deposited products.As the content of PA increased, the synthetic mechanism of MoP was also affected, which led to the difference in the valence of surface Mo species. The characterization results further confirmed that Moδ+ sites in MoP catalysts are active sites for methanation reaction and its content on the surface of MoP-x catalysts determines the catalytic activity.

Formation Process and Properties of Phytic Acid Conversion Coatings on Magnesium

A chromium-free conversion coating treatment for magnesium by phytic acid solution was studied. The formation process of phytic acid conversion coating was studied through measuring the open circuit potential (OCP) and weight change of the pure magnesium in the different conversion treatment time. The morphologies and compositions of the coatings were determined by SEM and EDS respectively. The conversion coating has the multideck structure with netlike morphology which is similar to the chromate conversion coating, and is mainly composed of Mg, P, O and C. The contents of C and P and the size of the cracks in different layers decrease from the external layer to the inner layer. The hydroxyl groups and phosphate carboxyl groups in the coating which have the similar properties to organic paintcoat are beneficial to the combination of substrate and organic paintcoat. The formation mechanism and thickness variation of the conversion coatings are also discussed.

<i>In Vitro</i>Corrosion and Bioactivity Study of Surface Phytic Acid Modified AZ31 Magnesium Alloy

The purpose of the present work was to examine in vitro corrosion and bioactivity of surface phytic acid treatment AZ31 magnesium alloys. Untreated AZ31 magnesium alloys were used as control. The surface morphologies of magnesium alloys were observed by SEM. EDS was used to analyze the surface chemical elemental compositions and elemental concentration distribution. Corrosion properties were evaluated by electrochemical tests. Human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells were used to examine cell viability and proliferation. The results showed that surface phytic acid treatment resulted in a surface coating formation, which did not significantly improve the corrosion resistance of the alloys. The corrosion potential of AZ31 magnesium alloy positive shifted only about 0.04 V (from -1.50 V to -1.46 V);and the corrosion current decreased only 0.354 mA/cm2 (from 2.547 × 10-3 mA/cm2 to 2.193 × 10-3 mA/cm2). However, the cell analysis showed that this coating induced obviously higher MG-63 cell viability and proliferation, and displayed good surface bioactivity.

Gastric digestion of pea ferritin and modulation of its iron bioavailability by ascorbic and phytic acids in caco-2 cells

瞄准：在 caco-2 房间线模型理解版本和豌豆含铁听铁的肠的举起的消化稳定性和机制。方法：豌豆种子含铁锡用分别由胶化过滤层析跟随了的盐被净化。含铁听铁的简历可获得性当面用联合在试管内 digestion/Caco-2 房间模型被估计或抗坏血酸和 phytic 的缺席。Caco-2 房间含铁听形成被用作铁举起的一个代理人标记。在模仿的胃的 pH 下面的豌豆含铁锡的结构的变化用电气泳动，胶化过滤和圆形的二色性光谱学被描绘。结果：caco-2 房间含铁听形成显著地被增加(P 【 0.001 ) 与 FeSO4 (19.3 +/- 9.8 ng/mg 蛋白质) 并且豌豆含铁锡(13.9 +/- 6.19 ng/mg 蛋白质) 与空白的文摘相比(3.7 +/- 1.8 ng/mg 蛋白质) 。当 phytic 减少了时，提高的抗坏血酸豌豆含铁听铁简历可获得性。然而，也当面或抗坏血酸的缺席， caco-2 房间的含铁听内容是显著地有豌豆含铁锡的更少比与 FeSO4。在胃的 pH，相应于含铁锡的乐队都没在本国的页或 SDS 页上面对胃朊酶任何一个被观察。胶化过滤层析和圆形的二色性光谱学揭示了第四级、第二等的结构的 pH 依赖者损失。结论：在胃的条件下面，豌豆含铁锡的铁核心由于酸被释放进消化媒介蛋白质的导致的结构的改变和分离。释放的铁与导致豌豆含铁听铁简历可获得性的调整的饮食的因素交往，类似于 non-heme 铁的典型特征。

Effects of Dietary Soybean Stachyose and Phytic Acid on Gene Expressions of Serine Proteases in Japanese Flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus)

Soybean stachyose (SBS) and phytic acid (PA) are anti-nutritional factors (ANF) which have deleterious effects on the growth and digestibility in fish. The present research studied the effects of dietary SBS and PA on the expression of three serine protease genes in the liver of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). These genes are trypsinogen 1 (poTRY), elastase 1 (poEL) and chymotrypsinogen 1 (poCTRY). Eight artificial diets with graded levels of supplemented ANFs were formulated to 4 levels of SBS (0.00, 0.40, 0.80 and 1.50%), 4 levels of PA (0.00, 0.20, 0.40 and 0.80), respectively.Japanese flounder (initial weight 2.45 g ± 0.01 g) were fed with these diets for 10 weeks with three replications per treatment. At the end of 10 weeks, supplementation of 0.40% of dietary SBS or PA significantly increased the gene expression of poTRY and poCTRY (P<0.05). The same level of dietary SBS significantly decreased the gene expression of poEL. In comparison with the control group (ANF-free),dietary PA (0.2% and 0.8%) significantly decreased the gene expression of poTRY, poCTRY and poEL (P<0.05). However, excessive supplement of dietary SBS (1.5%) has no significant effects on these gene expressions (P>0.05). These results suggested that dietary SBS and dietary PA could directly affect the serine protease genes at the transcriptional level in Japanese flounder, and these genes'expression was more sensitive to dietary PA than to SBS under the current experimental conditions.

植酸-胞嘧啶对DL-蛋氨酸粉尘爆燃火焰抑制特性研究

饲料及其添加剂粉尘具有较高的燃烧热,在生产过程中存在一定的爆燃风险,威胁生命财产安全,预混抑制剂是目前应用最为广泛的一种抑爆手段,但传统抑制剂不可食用,无法加入至饲料类粉尘实现抑爆。因此,以饲料主要添加剂DL-蛋氨酸(DLM)粉尘为研究对象,采用自主合成的营养价值高、绿色可食用生物质基植酸-胞嘧啶(PA-CY),研究了PA-CY对DLM粉尘爆燃火焰传播特性的影响,通过高速摄影和可视化竖直管道记录爆燃火焰传播过程并计算火焰速度,采用热电偶监测火焰温度变化。结果表明:随PA-CY质量分数的升高DLM爆燃火焰亮度持续下降,严重破坏了火焰结构,加入20%PA-CY后火焰峰值速度、平均速度和峰值温度由27.66 m/s、14.39 m/s、1014℃分别下降至13.83 m/s、6.88 m/s、540℃,下降比重达50.0%、52.2%和46.7%,且PA-CY质量分数达30%后粉尘无法被点燃,说明PA-CY抑制效果显著。此结果可为饲料类粉尘爆燃的防治提供理论支持。

植酸/聚间苯二胺修饰纳米SiO_(2)制备水性环氧复合涂层及其防腐性能

以溶胶凝胶法制备了γ-缩水甘油醚氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH560)改性SiO_(2)(f-SiO_(2));将间苯二胺(mPD)原位聚合制备的聚间苯二胺(PmPD)共价接枝在f-SiO_(2)表面,制得(PmPD-SiO_(2));最后,通过分子间作用力将植酸(PA)与PmPD-SiO_(2)结合制得PA/PmPD-SiO_(2)复合材料,用于制备水性环氧复合涂层。采用红外光谱、热失重分析和X射线光电子能谱表征了产物结构,通过扫描电镜、电化学和盐雾试验对涂层的防腐性能进行分析。结果表明,当添加质量分数为0.5%的PA/PmPD-SiO_(2)时,涂层附着力0级、铅笔硬度3H、耐冲击45 kg·cm,缓蚀效率为97.2%,耐腐蚀性最佳;腐蚀电流密度较纯水性环氧树脂(WEP)涂层缩小了36倍,低频阻抗模量较纯WEP涂层提升了2个数量级。