Technological Properties of Improved Pigeon Pea Varieties in Machakos County, Kenya

Pigeon peas, a type of pulse, have immense nutritional potential to improve health in arid and semi-arid regions. However, unlocking this potential relies heavily on understanding their technological properties, such as hydration rate, volumetric expansion, and cooking time. These properties directly influence processing, accessibility, and acceptability as a food source. However, there is limited information on technological properties of improved varieties. The study aimed to determine technological properties of improved pigeon pea varieties grown in Machakos County. Seven improved pigeon peas varieties namely: KARI Mbaazi 1, KARI Mbaazi 2, ICEAP 00850, KAT 60/8, Mituki, Egerton Mbaazi 1, Egerton Mbaazi 2 and ICEAP 00554 (control variety) were used in this study. These varieties were tested for water absorption capacity (WAC), volumetric expansion, density, cooking time (CT) and total soluble solids (TSS) in the broth. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) replicated three times. Data analysis was conducted using SAS software version 9.1.3 (SAS, 2006). Means separation was done using Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) at 95% Confidence Level. There were significant differences in water absorption capacity (WAC), volumetric expansion, density, TSS, and CT among the improved varieties (p p < 0.05). KARI Mbaazi 2 exhibited the greatest volumetric expansion after cooking (VEAC) at 11%. Additionally, control variety recorded the highest water absorption capacity (125.48%), which was significantly greater compared to the improved pigeon pea varieties. Cooking time in minutes was shortest for Mituki (46.0) and KAT 60/8 (55.7) and longest for both KARI Mbaazi 1 and ICEAP00850 at 160 minutes. All the varieties showed high TSS ranging from 10.5 to 26.7% indicating the potential to select varieties with desired flavour profiles. Improved pigeon pea varieties (Mituki and KAT60/8) displayed desired technological properties alongside the control variety. These findings inform the specific culinary applications and nutritional needs which enhance utilisation of pigeon peas as food. Further research is needed to determine the impact of the technological properties on the digestibility and glycaemic index of pigeon peas.

Preliminary Study on Inheritance Pattern of Feather Color in Hybrid Offspring of Texan Pigeon and American Silver King Pigeon

[Objective]This study aimed to explore the inheritance pattem of feather color in hybrid offspring of Texan pigeon and American Silver King pigeon, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of feather color auto-sexing strains. [Method]The segregation situation of feather color in the male and female offspring of Texan pigeon （♂）×American Silver King pigeon （♀）（TKYW） and American Silver King pigeon （♂） ×Texan pigeon （♀） （YWTK） was analyzed. [Result]The feather color of TKYW offspring was all slate gray. Among the offspring of YWTK, the feather color of the males was all slate gray, while the feather color of the females was all silver gray; and the ratio between different colors was 1：1 （P 〉 0.05）. The F1 generation of YWTK was subjected to selfing, and the feather color of the male and female F2 generation was analyzed. It was found that the ratio of silver gray （male） to slate gray （male） to silver gray （female） to slate gray （female） was 1：1：1：1 （P 〉 0.05）. On the basis of the above results, it could be preliminarily predicated that the feather color control genes of Texan pigeon are Z^BZB and Z^BW and those of American Silver King pigeon are Z^bZ^b and Z^bW. There is a cumulative effect on B which is dominant for b. [Conclusion] This study will better solve the problem of male and female identification of pigeon in the early period.

Detection and characterization of Chlamydophila psittaci in asymptomatic feral pigeons(Columba livia domestica) in central Thailand

Objective:To detect and characterize Chlamydophila psittaci(C.psittaci) in asymptomatic feral pigeons in central Thailand.Methods:A total 814 swabs from the trachea and cloacae of 407non-clinical feral pigeons in central Thailand were collected and tested for the presence of C.psittaci.Results:A 10.8%of feral pigeons in the sample group were positive as determined by nested PCR primer specific to C.psittaci.The outer membrane protein A(orupA) gene of positive samples exhibited amino acid identity of C.psittaci ranging from 71 to 100%and were grouped in genotype B.Exceptionally,BF1676-56 isolate was closely related to Chlamydia avium with99%identification of the I6 S ribosomal(r) RNA gene.Conclusions:This is the first report on C.psittaci isolated from asymptomatic feral pigeons in Thailand,which provides knowledge for the disease status in pigeon populations in Thailand.

Characterization of Pigeon Paramyxoviruses (Newcastle disease virus) Isolated in Kazakhstan in 2005

Isolates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) from deceased wild and domestic pigeons in Kazakhstan were obtained from the Almaty region during 2005 and were genotypically analyzed by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers specific to the viral fusion (F) protein gene. Part of the amplified F protein DNA product (nucleotide sequence 47-422) and the deduced amino acid sequences were compared phylogenetically with those from strains previously reported in other geographic regions. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Kazakhstanian pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) isolates belong to genotype VI or 4bii. To our knowledge, this is the first reported VI isolates that possess the sequences of 112 GKRQKR116* F117 within the F0 protein. The information is fundamental to improving the efficiency of control strategies and vaccine development for NDV.

Purification and Characterization of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) Seeds

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has been purified from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seeds and subjected to characterization. The enzyme was purified 123.69 fold with a yield of 21.37% by ammonium sulphate fractionation, PEG-4000 precipitation, CM cellulose column chromatography and DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The catalytically active enzyme is a dimer of 113 KDa with a subunit molecular weight of 55 KDa. Thermal inactivation of enzyme follows first order kinetics at 30&#176C and 40&#176C with half life of 6 and 1.5 min respectively. Km value for glucose-6-phosphate and NADP+ was found to be 2.68 mM and 0.75 mM respectively whereas Vmax value was found to be 0.11 U/mL and 0.13 U/mL respectively. The enzyme shows more affinity towards NADP+ than glucose-6-phosphate. The pKa value was found to be 10.41 indicating that the amino acid residue at active site might be lysine. The enzyme exhibited maximum catalytic activity at pH 8.2. The enzyme was found to be highly thermosensitive with gradual loss of activity above 30&#176C temperature.

High Prevalence of Eimeria Infection in Domestic Pigeons(Columba Livia Domestica) in Guangdong Province, Southern China

[Objective] This study aimed to make a survey of domestic pigeons for infection with Eimeria species of coccidia was conducted in Guangdong Province, southern China. [Method] A total of 244 fecal samples(102 from Huizhou, 83 from Jiangmen, 35 from Chaozhou and 24 from Guangzhou, respectively) in four pigeon breeding farms between June 2012 and March2013 were collected and examined microscopically. [Results] Eimeria oocysts were seen in 223(91.4%) fecal samples, with three species, namely E. labbeana, E.columbae and E. kapotei. E. labbeana was the most common species in Guangdong provinces with an overall prevalence of 91.4%, while a slightly lower incidence of E. columbae and E. kapotei species was detected with11.1% and 6.6%, representatively. The prevalence in different months varied ranging from 83.3% to 91.7%, with the highest prevalence in summer. Nestling groups showed obviously high infection than adult pigeons. [Conclusion] The present survey indicated the wide and severe prevalence of Eimeria infection in Guangdong domestic pigeons, which suggested that integrated measures should be taken to control and prevent coccidiosis of pigeons in this province.

Molecular survey on zoonotic tick—borne bacteria and chlamydiae in feral pigeons(Columba livia domestica)

Objective;To determine the presence of zoonotic tick-borne bacteria in feral pigeons(Columba lixia domestica) from urban areas.Methods:Spleen samples from 84 feral pigeons,found dead with traumatic injuries in urban areas,were examined by PCR to detect DNA of Anaplasma phagocytophilum,Bartonella spp.,Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.Coxiella burnetii.Rickettsia spp.,and Chlamydnphila spp.Results:Twenty(23.8%) pigeons were infected by tick-borne agents,in particular 2(2.38%) animals resulted positive for Bartonella spp.,5(5.95%) for Coxiella burnetii.5(5.95%) for Rickettsia spp.,13(15.47%) for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.All birds scored negative for anaplasma phagocytophilum.Moreover,17(20.23%) pigeons were positive for Chlamydophila spp.and among them 10(11.9%) for Chlamydophila psittaci,Mixed infections by two or three agents were detected in 8(9.52%) animals.Conclusions:Feral pigeons living in urban and periurban areas are a hazard for the human health as source of several pathogens.The obtained results confirm pigeons as reservoirs of chlamydial agents and suggest that they may be involved in the epidemiology of zoonotic tick-borne infections too.

Effect of the Form and Nature of Nitrogen on Growth and Nodulation of Pigeon Pea (<i>Cajanus cajan</i>(L.) Millsp) on Sandy Soil of Mont-Amba, in Democratic Republic of Congo

The study was carried out on the impact assessment of the form and nature of the different nitrogen sources used in culture on growth and nodulation of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) during 3 months of observation on sandy soil of Mount Amba (at the University of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo). Height and collar diameter growth, underground and total biomass dry weight, number and dry pea nodules and nodulation index have been evaluated at 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks of growth to assess the response of the legume to mineral nitrogen and organic nitrogen from chickens manure and pig feces. After observations, it appears that all the treatments soil showed different effects on growth and nodulation of pigeon pea. Therefore, only the soil received 1 kg of pig feces stimulated (p ≤ 0.05) the development of pigeon pea which resulted in good growth (nodulation 116.8 nodules and nodulation index of 5.0) and biomass production (25.3 gr per plant) while the addition of chicken manure, whatever the dose, reduced them.

Effects of Different Breeds,Number of Squabs and Temperature on Production Performance of Pigeons

To explore the effects of breeds,number of nurturing squabs,and temperature on nest feed conversion ratio and analyze the effects of number of nurturing squabs on parent pigeon body mass,fertility rate,and laying intervals,5 widely used breeds of pigeon were nurtured under the condition of natural laying and hatching in this research.In each breed,24 pair pigeons nurturing 1,2,3,and 4 squabs were chosen to measure the production performance,respectively.The results indicated that different numbers of nurturing squabs had a significant effect on parent pigeon body mass changes and survival rate of 28-d old squabs(P<0.05);the nest feed conversion ratio of breeds nurturing 1 squab(7.58)was extremely significantly higher than those of nurturing 2,3,and 4 squabs(P<0.01);the nest feed conversion ratio of breeds nurturing 2 squabs(4.75)was extremely significantly higher than those of nurturing 3(3.95)and 4 squabs(3.75)(P<0.01);there was no significant difference between breeds nurturing 3 and 4 squabs(P>0.05).Laying intervals of breeds nurturing 4 squabs(43.8 d)were significantly higher than those of nurturing 3(37.4 d),2(35.4 d),and 1(33.8 d)squabs(P<0.05).Nest feed conversion ratio significantly increased with the decrease of environment temperature(P<0.05).The breed showed no effect on the nest feed conversion ratio.In production,nurturing 3 squabs of parent pigeons is appropriate.In some cold areas in winter,cold protection measures should be taken.

Effects of Post-Training Blockade of GABA_BReceptor on Memory of Food Location and Expression of Synapsin I in the Hippocampus of Pigeons (<i>Columba livia</i>)

This study investigated effects of post-training treatment with phaclofen, GABAB receptor antagonist, on the memory of food location and on the expression of Synapsin I in the hippocampus of pigeons. Pigeons were trained in food location (7 sessions) and underwent post-training treatment with phaclofen (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.;PHAC), saline (SAL) or non-treated (NTR). Testing for memory persistence occurred 7 days after the last training session (PHACR, SALR and NTRR Groups). Pigeons treated with phaclofen had lower latency and higher correct choice values than saline and non-treated controls (p < 0.05). Analysis of hippocampus tissue indicated that Synapsin I-positive cell counts were higher in pigeons treated with phaclofen than in saline and non-treated controls (p < 0.05). Data indicated enhancement of consolidation and persistence of food location memory, and up-regulation of Synapsin I expression in the hippocampus of pigeons, which were related with post-training blockade of GABAB receptors.

Comparisons of the Pathogenicity between Pigeon-derived and Chickenderived Genotype Ⅵ Newcastle Disease Virus(NDV) Strains in Pigeons

[ Objective]This study aimed to compare differences in the pathogenicity between genotype VI Newcastle disease virus （NDV） strains from pigeons and chickens in pigeons. [ Method] Two-month-old pigeons were artificially inoculated with ZJ3 strain from chickens and WX-10-07-Pi strain from pigeons. After inoc- ulation, the clinical symptoms, pathological anatomical changes, tracheal and cloacal detoxification, and histological lesions of experimental pigeons were observed. [ Result] Both ZJ3 strain and WX-10-07-Pi strain could infect pigeons with the incidence rate of 100%, but the mortality rate was 0. The cloacal detoxification time of pigeons in WX-10-07-Pi infection group was longer, and the virus detection rate was higher; in addition, the virus could be detected in various tissues and organs of inoculated pigeons. [ Conclusion] Different genotypes of NDV are pathogenic to pigeons, but the pathogenicity is related to the features of NDV strains. Genotype VIb NDV from pigeons can be carried and discharged for a long term in pigeons, which can spread in pigeon groups more easily.

Prevalence, Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility of <i>Enterococcus</i>Species Isolated from Chicken and Pigeon Meat in Gazipur Area of Bangladesh

Aims: The aims of this work undertaken to investigate and identify the prevalence of Enterococcus spp isolated from Chicken and pigeon meat and determine the using antibiotics sensitivity against isolates for human safety. This study was conducted in center of excellence lab in Microbiology Department of Primeasia University, Banani, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh during August, 2017 to March, 2018. Methodology and Results: Twenty four samples were collected in pre-sterilized zip-lock bags from different Gazipur area in different local meat vendors. All samples were transported to the Microbiology Laboratory of Primeasia University and analyzed according to standard analysis methods. Total viable count (TVC) and Total Enterocooci count (TEC) were estimated by using plate count agar (PCA) and Bile Esculineagar plates respectively. Various Selective media and Biochemical tests were used for presumptive isolation and identification. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar media was used for the determination of sensitivity of the isolated strains to commonly prescribe antibiotics. A total of 24 meat samples were examined of which 92% were positive to Enterococcus spp whereas 62.5% were Chicken and 32.5% pigeon. The counts of enterococci range of 0 - 6.49 log CFU/gm in chicken and 4.4 - 6.4 log CFU/gm in pigeon. 22 isolates of enterococci, 77.27% were resistance to Azithromycin, 54.55% to Nalidixic acid and 50% to Sulfamethoxazole. We found high sensitivity of antimicrobial agent against to Imipenem (100%), Ciprofloxacin (81.81%) and (77.27%) both Tetracycline and Erythromycin. Conclusion: Significance and Impact of the study: The study result expressed that awareness of the meat pathogen and when consumption of meat was well cooked of our daily life.

Phylogenetic Analysis of HN Gene of Eight Pigeon NDV Isolates in Guangxi

[Objective] The paper was to provide a basis for scientific prevention and control of pigeon Newcastle disease（ND）.[Method] The HN gene of eight pigeon NDV strains isolated from different pigeon farms in Guangxi were amplified by RT-PCR,sequenced and analyzed.The molecular evolution characteristics of HN gene of pigeon NDV isolates in Guangxi was discussed.[Result] The nucleotide sequence length of HN gene of the eight NDV isolates was 1 716 bp,encoding 571 amino acids.They belonged to virulent group C,and the gene length characteristic of HN gene accorded with virulent strain.Analysis of nucleotide homologies indicated that the eight NDV isolates shared higher homology with genotype VIb,ranging from 90.4% to 99.5%.Phylogenetic tree analysis demonstrated that the genetic relationship between the eight NDV strains in Gangxi and the NDV isolates from Guangxi,Guangdong,Jilin,Liaoning,Yunnan and Heilongjiang during 2011 and 2013 was close.They were located in the same cladogram branch.[Conclusion] We assume that the eight pigeon NDV isolates in Guangxi all belong to the gene class II genotype VI b NDV.

Parasites Pathogens and Prevalence of the Green Pigeon (Treron calvus, TEMMINCK, 1811) in the South-East of Côte d’Ivoire: Histopathological Assessment

Today, the green pigeon (Treron calvus, TEMMINCK, 1811) holds an in-creasingly important place in the dietary habits of the populations of south-east of C?te d’Ivoire, especially those of Grand-Bassam. To provide food security to these customers a study was carried out. Objective: The current study is to identify the different protozoa and fungus that could po-tentially infect the green pigeon’s gut. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on protozoa and digestive fungus in this species of pigeon in the south-east of C?te d’Ivoire. It has been carried out from November 2020 to February 2021. A total of sixty freshly dead pigeons, including 10 males and 50 females, have been bought in Grand-Bassam. After autopsy, the gut of each animal was preserved in formalin (10%) for a subsequent histopatho-logical examination. Results: The analysis of the results revealed the fol-lowing pathogen genus: Cryptosporidium spp, Histomonas spp, Toxoplasma gondii and Trichomonas spp for protozoa. Cryptococcus neoformans for fungus. The calculation of prevalence gave the following values: 63% [20;40] for protozoa and 37% [10;40] for fungus. Conclusion: The study showed that the intestine of the green pigeon of the Grand-Bassam region is infested by a range of pathogens. Namely: Cryptosporidium spp, Histomonas spp, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichonomas spp and Cryptococcus neoformans. Cryptococcus neoformans was the most common pathogen encountered in this study. Among these pathogens, some like Cryptococcus neoformans and Toxoplasma gondii are zoonosis. Thus, the present study deserves further investigation to know more about the nature of human infection in C?te d’Ivoire. Furthermore, given the diversity of digestive pathogens including zoonosis one, a reasonable recommendation to consumers would be stop eating the intestines.

Determination of Selected Metals and Nutritional Compositions of Pigeon Pea (<i>Cajanus cajan</i>) Cultivated in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia

This study was aimed to determine the level of selected metals and nutritional composition of pigeon pea seed collected from seven districts of Wolaita zone. A wet digestion procedure involving the use of mixtures of (69% - 72%) HNO3 and (70%) HClO4 at an optimum temperature and time duration was used to determine metals by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Kjeldahl digestion method, Soxhlet extraction and furnace were used to determine nutritional values of pigeon pea, and physicochemical properties of soils were assessed using standard methods. The results showed that the levels of concentration of metals in mg/kg dry weight were ranged 105.17 to 144.07 for K, 8.95 to 12.67 for Mg, 7.74 to 12.27 for Ca, 0.247 to 0.543 for Fe, 0.122 to 0.313 for Zn, 0.061 to 0.432 for Mn, 0.087 to 0.134 for Cu and 0.0011 to 0.00196 for Cr. The proximate composition of pigeon pea was in the range of 19.28% to 25.79% for crude protein, 0.993% to 1.75% for crude fat, 3.75% to 5.31% for ash, 10.65% to 13.73% for moisture, 2.28% to 3.06% for fiber, 54.36% to 60.1% for carbohydrate and 326.8 to 345.23 Kcal for energy. The pH of the soil was in the range from pH 5.09 (strongly acidic) to 6.77 (slightly acidic), EC of the soil ranged from 0.047 to 0.14 dS/m (low), the soil OC level was from 1.6% to 2.42% (moderate), total Nitrogen was from 0.12% to 0.23% (low to moderate), the available Phosphorus content of the soil was from 6.82 to 13.52 mg/kg (low to moderate), CEC value of the soil was from 14.8 to 23.53 meq/100g (moderate). The textural classes of soil were sandy clay loam for all sites except Abela abaya. The study confirmed that pigeon pea was a good source of proteins, carbohydrates, and selected metals such as Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Cr. The concentration of metals and nutritional compositions of pigeon pea seed were found at a permissible level.

A modified consensus algorithm for multi-UAV formations based on pigeon-inspired optimization with a slow diving strategy

This paper considers the formation control problem for a group of unmanned aerial vehicles( UAVs)employing consensus with different optimizers. A group of UAVs can never accomplish difficult tasks without formation because if disordered they do not work any better than a single vehicle,and a single vehicle is limited by its undeveloped intelligence and insufficient load. Among the many formation methods,consensus has attracted much attention because of its effectiveness and simplicity. However,at the beginning of convergence,overshoot and oscillation are universal because of the limitation of communication and a lack of forecasting,which are inborn shortcomings of consensus. It is natural to modify this method with lots of optimizers. In order to reduce overshoot and smooth trajectories, this paper first adopted particle swarm optimization( PSO), then pigeon-inspired optimization( PIO) to modify the consensus. PSO is a very popular optimizer,while PIO is a new method,both work but still retain disadvantages such as residual oscillation. As a result,it was necessary to modify PIO,and a pigeon-inspired optimization with a slow diving strategy( SD-PIO) is proposed. Convergence analysis was performed on the SD-PIO based on the Banach fixed-point theorem and conditions sufficient for stability were achieved.Finally,a series of comparative simulations were conducted to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Foraging ecology of the globally threatened Nilgiri Wood Pigeon(Columba elphinstonii)in the Western Ghats,India

Foraging ecology of the globally endangered Nilgiri Wood Pigeon(Columba elphinstonii) was investigated in the Western Ghats,India,using faecal sampling and direct observations.The birds fed on fruits of 39 plant species,on seeds of 11 species,flowers and leaf buds of four species and a few ground invertebrates.Direct observations across seasons showed nine plant species were selected more often(47% of observations),with fruits of the members of the family Lauraceae the most preferred.Gleaning accounted for 76% of feeding methods throughout the year.Feeding was mainly from twigs at the edges on the upper and middle canopy(> 6 m).Frequency of feeding on fruits correlated significantly with fruit abundance,which depended on rainfall.The present study indicates that the pigeon requires a wide variety of diets from different forest environments.Conservation of this species depends on preserving all habitat types required to meet their resource needs throughout the year.

Analysis of Nutrient Profile of Finger Millet(Eleusine coracana(L.)Gaertn.)for Baby Food Formulation Using Pigeon Pea(Cajanus cajan(L.)Millsp.)as Protein Source

Finger millet(Eleusine coracana(L.)Gaertn.)is a drought resistant crop with potentially tremendous but under-explored source of nutraceutical properties as compared to other regularly consumed cereals in the era of drawback of nutritional security,these characteristics must be harnessed to develop finger millet as a novel functional food.Under-nutrition caused by inadequate diets,and other factors that influence nutritional status,is the underlying factor in 45%child deaths.In Kenya only 25%of young children are fed adequately diverse diets.The main objective of this study was to prepare baby food formulas using finger millets with pigeon peas as protein source and to analyze their nutritional profiles.Two finger millets varieties(i)Snapping Green Early,low altitude and medium altitude varieties and(ii)U-15)were studied to determine effects of environment on nutrient profiles.This study showed that Snapping Green Early had better nutrient profiles(12.13%protein and is high in Ca,Mg,Fe,Zn and P)than U-15(11.69%protein and lower nutrients(Ca,Mg,Fe,Zn and P)),and hence was selected for use in the malting process as best variety.As expected,the pigeon peas had the highest protein value(21%).The samples malted for 72 h resulted in reduction of tannin concentration from 0.091%to 0.03%and the amount of nutrients(Ca,Mg,Fe and Zn)doubled and in fact the protein profile increased by 8.31%.The appropriate ratio for the formulation of the baby food was 70:30.The composting resulted in 18.5%increase in protein.

家鸽(Pigeon)耳蜗主核的定位——HRP顺行追踪法的研究

本文将辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)溶液注入家鸽的耳蜗内,应用HRP顺行轴突传递追踪法对耳蜗主核(nCo)进行了定位研究。结果在下列区域观察到顺行的纤维和终末标记:①在同侧的听神经(NVⅢ)有大量密集标记的神经纤维束并分别终止于nCo的两个亚核——延髓的角状核(NA)和巨细胞核(NM)。②在同侧的角状核有密集成簇的标记终末。③在同侧的巨细胞核有中等量的标记终末。结果说明非鸣禽家鸽的耳蜗纤维组成听神经后,分别投射至同侧的角状核和巨细胞核,延髓的NA和NM是组成耳蜗主核的两个亚核,nCo是听觉上行通路中在脑内的第一级神经元的转换站,延髓的层状核(NL)并不接受耳蜗纤维的直接投射。

Effect of Moringa stenopetala and Pigeon Pea Supplements on Growth Performance of Short-Eared Somali Goat Breed

This study was conducted at Fafan Research Center, Golajo research site to evaluate the effect of Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea leaf supplementation on growth performance of short-eared Somali goat breed. A total of fifteen yearling indigenous short-eared Somali goat breeds with an initial weight of 15.2 ± 0.30 kg were assigned to three treatment groups using completely randomized design. Pigeon pea (Pp) and Moringa stenopetala (MS) feeds were formulated using 0%, 5%, and 10% inclusion levels of MSLM and PPLM as experimental diets, respectively. The feed of the experiment was prepared in two levels (2 kg of Moringa stenopetala and 2 kg of pigeon pea) and was supplemented to experimental animals in treatments one and two, respectively. The average e initial body weight of selected male goats was 18.82 ± 0.37, 18.8 ± 0.37 and 17.8 ± 0.37 kg under treatment groups T1, T2 and control respectively. Data was analyzed using general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS computer package Version 9.0 (SAS, 2002). The final weights gain (FWG) of goats on T1 and T2 of experimental group was significantly (P 0.05) the final weight gain of goat supplemented on Moringa stenopetala (T1) and pigeon pea levels (T2). The mean average weight gains (AWG) obtained from the supplemented group in this study were 7.50 ± 0.37 and 7.82 ± 0.37 kg for T1 and T2, whereas mean weight gains for un-supplemented goats were found to be 6.26 ± 0.37 kg. Feeding of dried Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea leaves mixture improved body weights and average daily body weight gain without affecting feed intake and overall health of Somali goat breed. As Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea leaves are rich nitrogen/protein source, they can be used effectively as substitute for conventional concentrate in the diet of growing goats at small holder farmer’s level where they can be grown in abundance. Therefore, for higher quality of forage and higher total DM yield for animal feeding, moringa should be harvested at wider harvesting intervals of at least 6th- to 8th-week intervals. Similarly, for pigeon peas, 4- to 6-week harvesting interval can result in optimum forage as well as feed quality and resulted in better growth performances for Somali short-eared goat breeds.