Effect of Hydration Aging and Water Binder Ratio on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Sprayed Concrete

In order to study the durability of sprayed concrete （shotcrete）, effects of different hydration aging and water-binder ratio （w/b） on the microstructure of cement paste and basic mechanical properties of test specimens were investigated. The phase composition, mass percentage of ettringite and portland in hydration production and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, thermo gravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry （TG-DSC） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, respectively. The experimental results showed that changes in phase composition was more significant than those of water-binder ratio. With hydration aging and water-binder ratio increased, the mass percentage of ettringite and portland was decreased from 4.42%, 1.49% to 3.31%, 1.35%, respectively and the microstructure of paste was significantly compacted. Likewise, the mechanical properties including cubic compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were rised obviously.

Effects of Water/Binder Ratio on the Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites

The effects of water/binder ratio （w/b） on the toughness behavior, compressive strength and flexural strength of engineered cementitious composites （ECC） were investigated. The w/b ratios of 0.25, 0.31, 0.33 and 0.37 were selected and the specimens were tested at the ages of 7 d and 28 d. The experimental results showed that there was a corresponding increase in first cracking strength, modulus of rupture, compressive strength and flexural strength with the decrease of w/b. Within the w/b range of 0.25-0.37, higher w/b was found to have improved effects on deflection, strain hardening index and toughness index of ECC. In the permission of meeting the requirement of compressive strength grade, selecting higher w/b in mix design will help to obtain robust ECC.

Classification of marine diatoms using pigment ratio suites

Diatoms are widely distributed in many temperate areas and some species frequently form extensive blooms in spring. Hence, monitoring the variations of specific genera or species of diatoms is necessary for studying phytoplankton population dynamics in marine ecosystems. To test whether pigment ratios can be used to identify diatoms at a below-class taxonomic level, we analyzed 14 species/strains of diatoms isolated from Chinese seas using high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. We normalized all pigment concentrations to total chlorophyll a to calculate the ratios of pigment to chlorophyll a, and calculated the ratios between accessory pigments （or pigment sums）. Cluster analysis indicated that these diatoms could be classified into four clusters in terms of three accessory pigment ratios： chlorophyll c2： chlorophyll Cl, fucoxanthin：total chlorophyll c and diadinoxanthin：diatoxanthin. The classification results matched well with those of biological taxonomy. To test the stability of the classification, pigment data from one species, cultured under different light intensities, and five new species/strains were calculated and used for discriminant analysis. The results show that the classification of diatom species using pigment ratio suites was stable for the variations of pigment ratios of species cultured in different light intensities. The introduction of new species, however, may confuse the classification within the current scheme. Classification of marine diatoms using pigment ratio suites is potentially valuable for the fine chemotaxonomy of phytoplankton at taxonomic levels below class and would advance studies on phytoplankton population dynamics and marine ecology.

Comparison between Pigment Printing Systems with Acrylate and Butadiene Based Binders

Pigment printing was carried out on lab scale by simple screen-printing techniques. By the application of acrylate and butadiene based binder, the crocking fastness, formaldehyde release and PVC migration of fabric printed with Imparon red KB pigment was evaluated. The effect of curing time on K/S values was also investigated. It has been found that butadiene based binder shows good performance in terms of crocking fastness, formaldehyde release and PVC migra-tion. It has also been observed that by increasing the binder concentration, the release of formaldehyde decreased and by increasing the curing time, the K/S values of printed fabric were decreased.

Tests on Alkali-Activated Slag Foamed Concrete with Various Water-Binder Ratios and Substitution Levels of Fly Ash

To provide basic data for the reasonable mixing design of the alkali-activated (AA) foamed concrete as a thermal insulation material for a floor heating system, 9 concrete mixes with a targeted dry density less than 400 kg/m3 were tested. Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) as a source material was activated by the following two types of alkali activators: 10% Ca(OH)2 and 4% Mg(NO3)2, and 2.5% Ca(OH)2 and 6.5% Na2SiO3. The main test parameters were water-to-binder (W/B) ratio and the substitution level (RFA) of fly ash (FA) for GGBS. Test results revealed that the dry density of AA GGBS foamed concrete was independent of the W/B ratio an RFA, whereas the compressive strength increased with the decrease in W/B ratio and with the increase in RFA up to 15%, beyond which it decreased. With the increase in the W/B ratio, the amount of macro capillaries and artificial air pores increased, which resulted in the decrease of compressive strength. The magnitude of the environmental loads of the AA GGBS foamed concrete is independent of the W/B ratio and RFA. The largest reduction percentage was found in the photochemical oxidation potential, being more than 99%. The reduction percentage was 87% - 93% for the global warming potential, 81% - 84% for abiotic depletion, 79% - 84% for acidification potential, 77% - 85% for eutrophication potential, and 73% - 83% for human toxicity potential. Ultimately, this study proved that the developed AA GGBS foamed concrete has a considerable promise as a sustainable construction material for nonstructural element.

Form and Mechanism of Sulfate Attack on Cement-based Material Made of Limestone Powder at Low Water-binder Ratio under Low Temperature Conditions

The development of strength and the form of attack of cement-based material made of limestone powder at low water-binder ratio under low-temperature sulfate environment were studied. The results indicate that when water-binder ratio is lower than 0.40, the cement-based material with limestone powder has insignificant change in appearance after being soaked in 10% magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature for 120 d, and has significant change in appearance after being soaked at the age of 200 d. Expansion damage and exfoliation occur on the surface of concrete test cube at different levels. When limestone powder accounts for about 28 percent of cementitious material, with the decrease of water-binder ratio, the compressive strength loss has gradually decreased after the material is soaked in the magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature at the age of 200 d. After the specimen with the water-binder ratio of less than 0.4 and the limestone powder volume of greater than 20% is soaked in 10% magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature at the age of 200 d, gypsum attack-led destruction is caused to the concrete test cube, without thaumasite sulfate attack.

Preparation of Latex Film with Macropores and Their Applications in Pigment Dyeing

Aiming at improving the permeability of the pigment dyed fabrics,two kinds of hydrophilic polymers(polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP),and polyethylene glycol(PEG)were fed into the styrene-butyl acrylate(St-BuA)copolymer latex binder respectively to prepare films with macropores.The effects of the post-added polymers on the latex film formation process and film structures were studied and the performance of the dyed fabrics was evaluated.It was found that the drying process could still be divided into three stages even after the addition of PVP and PEG.And the water evaporation rate during the first and last stage remained the same as usual.However,after the addition of PVP,the onset of the second stage was delayed to high volume fraction,and PVP formed into spherical dispersion phase with 300 nm in diameter.It provided a great deal of interface between the latex polymer and the PVP phase,which led to an increase in the water evaporation rate during the second stage.A different case was found after the feeding of PEG.Firstly,the first stage ended at low volume fraction and a decreased evaporation rate was observed in the second stage.Secondly,the PEG dispersion appeared as finger-like structure in the transmission electron microscopy(TEM)images with 9μm in length.After rinsing,pores were found only in the films formerly containing PVP or PEG,and the shapes and the sizes were closely correlated with the initial morphologies of the PVP or PEG domains.However,the shade of color,the abrasion fastness,and the permeability of the dyed fabric were independent of the type of the post-added hydrophilic polymer.

3D打印混凝土抗碳化性能各向异性及成因分析

受挤出式工艺的影响,3D打印混凝土中存在较多的界面,影响着打印混凝土的耐久性能。为了探明3D打印成型混凝土抗碳化性能的各向异性变化规律,通过碳化试验研究了三种水胶比3D打印混凝土沿X、Y、Z三个方向的碳化行为。基于压汞试验和X-CT扫描获取了3D打印混凝土的孔隙特征和分布规律,从微观层面阐释3D打印混凝土抗碳化性能的变化机理。结果表明:孔隙与3D打印混凝土的碳化行为有着密切联系,层条间界面因条带堆叠产生了更多孔隙,因而CO_(2)在界面位置扩散速度更快,碳化深度更大;受界面的影响,打印混凝土的抗碳化性能具有明显的各向异性;基体部位材料的抗碳化性能优于层间界面,层间界面的抗碳化性能优于条间界面;水灰比越低,材料抗碳化性能越好;当CO_(2)在混凝土中扩散时,受层条间大孔隙的影响,打印成型混凝土中形成了未碳化岛。

矿渣水泥基复合材料在杂散电流作用下的抗软水溶蚀机理研究

在轨道交通工程运营期间,复杂的服役环境导致混凝土结构耐久性下降。本文主要研究了在杂散电流与软水溶蚀耦合作用下,矿渣掺量、水胶比和杂散电流电压强度对矿渣水泥基复合材料微观结构的影响。结合X射线衍射、热重、扫描电子显微镜和压汞等方法,分析了矿渣水泥基复合材料经溶蚀90 d后的物相组成、Ca(OH)_(2)含量、微观形貌以及孔结构变化。研究结果表明:矿渣掺量越大,矿渣水泥基复合材料内部的Ca(OH)_(2)含量越少,材料的孔隙率越低,结构更均匀致密;随着杂散电流电压强度的增加,矿渣水泥基复合材料内部的Ca(OH)_(2)和AFt含量变少,且AFt和Ca(OH)_(2)等物相边界变得模糊不清;矿渣水泥基复合材料中C-(A)-S-H的含量略有增多,孔隙率略有下降;随着水胶比的增大,矿渣水泥基复合材料内部的Ca(OH)_(2)含量变少,剩余物相含量变少,微观结构变得松散多孔,孔径结构整体粗化,孔隙率增大。

Fe2O3含量对青花色料呈色的影响

实验以二氧化三铁、氧化钴、氧化锰、釉果为主要原料,采用单因素实验法,探究了青花色料中Fe2O3/CoO对青花瓷色度值、微观结构、晶相组成的影响。实验结果表明,随着青花色料配方中Fe2O3/CoO比值增大,青花瓷着色区域表面析出大量的1~3μm磁铁矿晶体并且发育越来越好,使得青花瓷呈现黑色调增强蓝色调减弱的现象。

基于石膏板墙基层的砂浆收缩开裂性能研究

通过对干混抹灰砂浆收缩性能的试验,研究基于轻质石膏板墙基层不同标号预拌抹灰砂浆在不同龄期的收缩值影响因素,结合现场试验区域得到的观感数据对比分析,结果表明:①水胶比对砂浆塑性状态有显著的影响,因此不同水胶比条件下的砂浆的塑性收缩及其开裂、空鼓等状况可能存在显著的差别,砂浆标号越高,砂浆早期塑性收缩越快,砂浆越容易引起开裂、空鼓的问题;②轻质石膏板墙基层材料性能与砂浆材料为不同材质,表面张力不同,并且M10砂浆的强度大于轻质空心石膏板墙强度,砂浆收缩过程中易扯裂轻质空心石膏板墙基体。本试验得到水胶比是影响砂浆收缩及其早期塑性开裂主要因素,在轻质石膏板墙基层找平时应采用石膏砂浆进行找平抹灰,可以取得较好效果。

CFB飞灰压浆料的制备及高强微膨胀机理研究

利用循环流化床燃煤固硫灰(CFB飞灰)的活性与膨胀性制备压浆料,研究了CFB飞灰掺量和水胶比对压浆料工作性能、强度和膨胀率的影响;CFB飞灰与矿粉以不同比例复配,对比研究了CFB飞灰压浆料的高强微膨胀特性,并采用XRD与SEM分析验证。结果表明,随CFB飞灰替代水泥掺量的增加,压浆料的需水性增强,抗压强度降低,20%(质量分数)CFB飞灰的试样28 d抗压强度与基样接近,可达85.8 MPa,而抗折强度先升高后降低,膨胀率一直升高。随用水量的增加,压浆料的膨胀率降低但均为正值。随CFB飞灰取代矿粉率的提高,压浆料的工作性能降低,28 d抗压强度先升高后降低,其中20%(质量分数)CFB飞灰、10%(质量分数)矿粉复合的试样28 d抗压强度最高,为99.8 MPa,膨胀率一直升高。通过CFB飞灰与矿粉复合配制了各项性能均满足铁标要求的压浆料。CFB飞灰不仅自身水化产生膨胀,还能激活矿粉活性,产生复合增强作用。

糠醛交联黑茶茶色素树脂的制备及其吸水性能研究

高吸水树脂在农业、医疗等方面有着广泛的应用。本文以丙烯酸和茶色素为原料,过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂,糠醛为交联剂,水溶液聚合法合成高吸水树脂,并通过单因素实验和正交实验确定树脂的最佳制备条件,以此来研究温度、p H值、吸水时间等外界因素对树脂吸水性能的影响。实验结果表明:当丙烯酸质量为2 g,中和度为90%,茶色素用量为0.0030 g,引发剂用量0.0050 g,糠醛用量0.0008 m L时,制备的糠醛交联黑茶茶色素树脂吸水倍率最高,可达到1187.9 g·g^(-1),且其在中性环境中吸水16 h能达到最高吸水倍率。

基于混凝土切割面统计方法的纤维取向分布研究

纤维分布和取向是影响纤维增强混凝土力学性能的重要因素。本文采用混凝土切割面统计方法研究不同水胶比和振捣时间对钢纤维混凝土中纤维分布及取向的影响。结果表明:随着水胶比和振捣时间的增加,边壁效应对纤维分布影响减弱;高水胶比条件下纤维在垂直于振捣方向上出现了偏析现象(垂直方向上的不均匀分布),随振捣时间增加,偏析更显著;对于高性能混凝土,增加振捣时间有利于纤维的均匀分布,而普通混凝土应缩短振捣时间。此外,统计结果表明,钢纤维取向角分布呈现高斯分布规律,峰值处于40°~50°。当水胶比为0.45,振捣时间为20 s,纤维取向角在45°附近,纤维数量占比最大,纤维取向系数达到0.73。

碱激发矿渣-赤泥新型低碳透水混凝土性能研究

以粒化高炉矿渣与拜耳法赤泥两种工业固废作为胶凝材料,硅酸钠溶液作为碱激发剂,石灰岩碎石作为粗骨料,制备透水混凝土,研究了设计孔隙率、水胶比与骨料粒径对透水混凝土强度与透水性能的影响。结果表明:随设计孔隙率增大,试样的强度逐渐减小,但透水性能逐渐增强。最优水胶比受设计孔隙率和骨料粒径的影响,当透水混凝土设计孔隙率为15%、骨料粒径为4.75~9.50 mm时,最优水胶比为0.36,其强度较高且具有良好的透水性能。碱矿渣-赤泥透水混凝土的力学与透水性能均优于水泥透水混凝土,符合低碳绿色的发展理念。

超高韧性水泥基复合材料力学性能及早期收缩研究

研究了水胶比和聚乙烯(PE)纤维掺量对超高韧性水泥基复合材料(UHTCC)抗压和抗折强度、弯曲韧性以及早期收缩性能的影响,并结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了UHTCC的微观结构。结果表明:随着水胶比的增大,UHTCC抗压和抗折强度均降低,而其弯曲韧性呈先降低后增长的变化趋势;增大PE纤维掺量可以显著提升UHTCC抗折强度和弯曲韧性,但会降低其3 d抗压强度,增大其7 d和28 d抗压强度。在早期收缩性能方面,水胶比增大会降低UHTCC早期自收缩,但其早期干燥收缩有所增大。而UHTCC早期自收缩和干燥收缩均随PE纤维掺量的增大而降低。微观结构分析发现PE纤维掺量增大容易导致纤维团聚;水胶比的增大会降低UHTCC基体的密实度和纤维-基体界面黏结力,不利于UHTCC力学性能的发展。

沥青胶结磷石膏对其性能影响及微观分析

这是一篇陶瓷及复合材料领域的论文。为探索磷石膏在道路材料应用新途径,采用磷石膏粉与沥青胶浆搅拌混合,制备磷石膏改性沥青混料。研究搅拌温度、粉胶比及多聚磷酸掺入量对磷石膏改性沥青三大指标的影响。研究结果表明:搅拌温度的增加,软化点也随之提升,延度先升高随后不再提升,考虑能效及老化温度,沥青的加工温度应在135~145℃之间;增大粉胶比可以提升改性沥青的软化点,同时会使沥青的延度下降,故以磷石膏为改性剂改性沥青时粉胶比不应大于0.9;多聚磷酸掺入改性沥青对软化点有较大的提升,但会使其延度和针入度下降,多聚磷酸较佳掺入量应为1.5%;红外光谱(FTIR)和热重分析(TG-DSC)表明,磷石膏与沥青仅为物理胶结,多聚磷酸掺入沥青时会与沥青发生化学反应。研究结果可为磷石膏在道路材料的工程应用和理论研究提供参考。

基于水膜厚度理论的混凝土料浆流变特性试验研究

通过控制不用的浆骨比和水胶比进行15组测量试验,采用ICAR流变仪对新拌料浆流变性能进行测试,并采用改进Bingham模型对流变参数进行了拟合,通过分析料浆中颗粒表面的水膜厚度探究流变特性变化机理。结果表明:随着水胶比的增加,料浆的剪切行为由剪切变稠转变为剪切变稀,存在临界水胶比0.42。料浆的屈服应力和塑性黏度随水胶比的增大而降低,降低的幅度呈衰减趋势。料浆颗粒表面水膜厚度的变化与浆骨比和水胶比成正比,得出了水膜厚度与屈服应力和塑性黏度的拟合函数,流变参数与水膜厚度存在较高的相关性。研究结果可为混凝土料浆的流变性能研究提供基础。

多因素影响下超高性能混凝土抗压强度计算

为探究不同水胶比和钢纤维体积分数对超高性能混凝土(UHPC)抗压强度的影响,选取3种水胶比(0.16、0.18、0.2)和4种钢纤维体积分数(0、1%、2%、3%)作为试验变量,对3种几何形态(立方体、棱柱体、圆柱体)的UHPC试样进行轴压试验。试验结果表明,UHPC抗压强度的增长与钢纤维体积分数增长成正比,与水胶比增长成反比,且变化趋势随变量的增长逐渐放缓。提出了不同尺寸及形态下UHPC试样抗压强度转换系数的建议值,建立了UHPC棱柱体和圆柱体的抗压强度计算式。

河砂与石英砂对蒸养超高性能混凝土(UHPC)性能的影响及机理

本研究分别选用颗粒粒径分布相近的河砂与石英砂制备了不同胶砂比的超高性能混凝土(UHPC),探究了两种细集料对不同胶砂比情况下UHPC性能的影响。结果表明:(1)采用河砂制备的UHPC的扩展度稍大于采用石英砂者;(2)采用河砂制备的胶砂比为1.0的UHPC的抗压强度和抗拉强度最高,表现出明显的应变硬化现象,采用石英砂所制备的胶砂比为0.8的UHPC的抗拉强度最低,几乎无应变硬化现象;(3)细集料种类及胶砂比对水泥水化反应和掺合料火山灰反应的影响有限,蒸养条件下,硬化浆体中几乎无Ca(OH)_2存在;(4)UHPC内孔隙的直径大多小于1μm,胶砂比相同时,采用石英砂制备的UHPC所含孔径小于1μm孔的数量多于采用河砂者;(5)与石英砂相比,河砂与硬化浆体的界面过渡区较为致密,且采用河砂制备的UHPC中浆体对纤维的包裹性也较好。