A Theoretical Analysis of the Bearing Performance of Vertically Loaded Large-Diameter Pipe Pile Groups

This paper aims to present a theoretical method to study the bearing performance of vertically loaded large-diameter pipe pile groups.The interactions between group piles result in different bearing performance of both a single pile and pile groups.Considering the pile group effect and the skin friction from both outer and inner soils,an analytical solution is developed to calculate the settlement and axial force in large-diameter pipe pile groups.The analytical solution was verified by centrifuge and field testing results.An extensive parametric analysis was performed to study the bearing performance of the pipe pile groups.The results reveal that the axial forces in group piles are not the same.The larger the distance from central pile,the larger the axial force.The axial force in the central pile is the smallest,while that in corner piles is the largest.The axial force on the top of the corner piles decreases while that in the central pile increases with increasing of pile spacing and decreasing of pile length.The axial force in side piles varies little with the variations of pile spacing,pile length,and shear modulus of the soil and is approximately equal to the average load shared by one pile.For a pile group,the larger the pile length is,the larger the influence radius is.As a result,the pile group effect is more apparent for a larger pile length.The settlement of pile groups decreases with increasing of the pile number in the group and the shear modulus of the underlying soil.

Bearing capacity and mechanical behavior of CFG pile composite foundation

CFG pile (i.e., pile constructed by granular materials of cement, fly-ash and gravel) composite foundation is applied in subsoil treatment widely and successfully. In order to have a further study of this kind of subsoil treatment technology, the influencing factors and calculation methods of the vertical bearing capacity of single CFG pile and the CFG pile composite foundation were discussed respectively. And based on the obtained solutions, effects by the cushion and measurements to reduce negative friction area were analyzed. Moreover, the developing law of settlement and bearing capacity eigenvalue controlled by the material strength with the increase of load were given for the CFG composite foundation. The in-situ static load test was tested for CFG pile. The results of test show that the maximum test load or half of the ultimate load is used from all the points of test, the average bearing capacity eigenvalue of single pile is 390 kN, and slightly greater than the design value of bearing capacity. The bearing capacity eigenvalues of composite foundation for 3 piles are greater than 300 kPa, and the mechanical properties of CFG pile composite foundation are almost identical in the case of the same load and cushion thickness. The pile-soil stress ratio and the load-sharing ratio can be adjusted through setting up cushion thickness.

Pit Bearing Capacity Effect on Status of Soil Plug During Pile Driving in Ocean Engineering

Foundation piles of the offshore oil platforms in the Bohai Bay are usually longer than 100 m with a diameter larger than 2 m. Driving such long and large-sized piles into the ground is a difficult task. It needs a comprehensive consider ation of the pile dimensions, soil properties and the hammer energy. Thoughtful drivability analysis has to be performed in the design stage. It has been shown that judging whether the soil column inside the pile is fully plugged, which makes the pile behave as close-ended, strongly influences the accuracy of drivability analysis. Engineering practice repeatedly indicates that the current methods widely used for soil plug judgment often give incorrect results, leading the designers to make a wrong decision. It has been found that this problem is caused by the ignorance of the bearing capacity provided by the soil surrounding the pile. Based on the Terzaghi＇s bearing capacity calculation method for deep foundation, a new approach for judging soil plug status is put forward, in which the surcharge effect has been considered and the dynamic effect coefficient is included. This approach has been applied to some practical engineering projects successfully, which may give more reasonable results than the currently used method does.

Vertical bearing capacity of pile based on load transfer model

The load transfer analytical method is applied to study the bearing mechanism of piles with vertical load in this paper. According to the different hardening rules of soil or rock around the pile shaft, such as work-softening, ideal elasto-plastic and work-hardening, a universal tri-linear load transfer model is suggested for the development of side and tip resistance by various types of soil (rock) with the consideration of sediment at the bottom of the pile. Based on the model, a formula is derived for the relationship between the settlement and load on the pile top to determine the vertical bearing capacity, taking into account such factors as the characteristics of the stratum, the side resistance along the shaft, and tip resistance under the pile tip. A close agreement of the calculated results with the measured data from a field test pile lends confidence to the future application of the present approach in engineering practice.

Research on pile performance and state-of-the-art practice in cold regions

A pile foundation is commonly adopted in geotechnical engineering to support structures, and its application has been extended to cold-regions engineering. In past decades, a host of scholars investigated pile behaviors and proposed design guidelines for seasonally frozen ground or permafrost. This paper reviews the research with respect to pile performance and engineering practice in cold regions, organized as follows:(1) creep tests and bearing capacity,(2) frost-jacking hazards,(3) laterally loaded piles,(4) dynamic responses,(5) refreezing due to concrete-hydration heat, and(6) improved countermeasures and design methods. We first summarize previous research and recent progress; then, predict the development trend of pile foundations in cold regions and recommend further research.

Numerical Simulation of Fluid Structure Interaction between Flow and Steel Pipe Pile Platform in Deep Water

In this paper, the two-way coupling of flow and steel pipe pile platform is simulated by ANSYS Workbench. Taking the construction platform in the deep water area of the Yangtze River Estuary as an example, the stress and deformation characteristics of the steel pipe pile platform under current force are analyzed in detail. As a result, it is suggested the platform piles should be arranged regularly and the connected node de-sign of the platform structure should be strengthened to ensure the safety.

Model tests on uplift capacity of double-belled pile influenced by distance between bells

To optimize the distance between the bells in pile design,this paper reports a series of small scale tests on the uplift capacity of double belled piles embedded in dry dense sand considering different bell space ratios.Finite element modelling is also performed to evaluate the range of soil failure around the piles during pile uplift displacement.Test results show that when bell space ratio is 6 or 8,the uplift capacity reaches the peak value.The upper bell bears more load than the lower one for the piles with bell space ratio less than 6,while the lower bell bears more load than the upper one for the piles with bell space ratio larger than 8.

Advanced Platform Techniques for Chinese Offshore Marginal Oil Fields

Chinese offshore oil exploration and development have been carried out for more than 40 years. Until the end of 2000, the number of oil and gas fields under exploration grew up to 24. Though the reserves under exploration reached 608 Mt, it is only a part less than 50% of all the proved geological reserves. A majority of those untouched offshore oil and gas fields are marginal oil field, and there would be a momentous loss for Chinese energy industry if they were still left there unemployed. In recent years, based on the practical experience and rational research, lots of innovative techniques have been introduced into Chinese offshore oil fields to reduce the exploration cost. The author reviewed the development process of exploration in Chinese offshore marginal oil field. Several valuable techniques for advanced platform in offshore marginal oil field are also reviewed.

不同溶洞处治措施对桩基承载特性的影响研究

为探究不同溶洞处治措施对岩溶发育区桩基承载特性的影响,通过有限元软件建立溶洞-桩-岩土体耦合作用模型,对比分析溶洞高度变化情况下,2种不同的溶洞处治措施(回填法和钢护筒跟进法)对桩基承载特性的影响。结果表明:随着溶洞高度增加,2种处治措施下桩基竖向承载力都呈降低趋势;溶洞高度小于10 m时,不同处治措施对桩基竖向承载力影响可忽略,溶洞高度大于10 m则需考虑处治措施对桩基竖向承载力的影响;在回填法处治的溶洞范围内,桩身轴力降幅较大,桩侧摩阻力增加显著,在钢护筒跟进法处治的溶洞中桩身轴力与桩侧摩阻力则基本不变;与钢护筒跟进法相比,回填法更有利于发挥桩侧摩阻力;溶洞高度增加时,2种处治措施下桩侧摩阻力比重均逐渐减小,桩端阻力比重逐渐增大,达到桩基极限承载力时,回填法处治后的溶洞较钢护筒跟进法桩端阻力占整体比例更小。

后顶扩臂压浆桩竖向承载机理及其桩盘力学性能研究

为了有效提高桩基础承载力,创新性提出后顶扩臂压浆技术与后顶扩臂压浆桩基础形式。其桩臂顶扩压浆后形成的桩盘力学以及承载特性直接影响基础承载力。为此,在砂土中开展后顶扩臂压浆桩模型试验以及桩盘力学性能试验,通过分析荷载位移变化规律、荷载分担比、桩盘破坏模式等,探究后顶扩臂压浆桩竖向承载特性以及桩盘的力学性能,揭示桩盘承载机理以及后顶扩臂压浆桩承载力提升机制。试验结果表明:通过后顶扩臂压浆技术,不仅提高桩土接触面积同时提升桩周土体强度,压浆效果呈圆柱型,桩臂包裹效果较好。以压浆量250mL为例,单盘后顶扩臂压浆桩承载力是普通桩的5.0倍左右,是其他桩型的2.0~3.0倍,承载力提升效果显著。单桩盘分担荷载占总荷载的80%~90%,且盘径比越大、桩盘个数越多,桩盘分担荷载越高。桩盘承载力与压浆量成线性关系,压浆量越高桩盘承载力越大。根据试验结果,建立了桩盘力学模型以及后顶扩臂压浆桩竖向承载力简化计算模型,提出桩盘承载力计算方法以及后顶扩臂压浆桩承载力计算方法。并与试验结果进行对比验证,以期可为后顶扩臂压浆桩承载力计算提供参考。

上砂下黏地层中桩-筒复合基础V-H承载特性

海上风机基础不仅受自重等竖向力V作用,也因水流、波浪和风等影响而承受水平荷载H。为探讨上砂下黏地层中一种由单桩和吸力筒组成的新型海上风机桩-筒复合基础受V-H组合作用时的承载特性,自主设计完成了一系列室内桩-筒复合基础V-H组合加载模型试验,获得不同组合参数下桩-筒复合基础的荷载-位移曲线和桩身弯矩分布曲线,并绘制出V-H承载力包络线。在此基础上,采用ABAQUS建立了上砂下黏地层中桩-筒复合基础三维数值分析模型,经模型验证与参数分析,进一步讨论了砂土厚度、筒径、筒高以及加载高度等参数对桩-筒复合基础承载特性的影响曲线,并拟合出桩-筒复合基础承载力简化计算公式,分析结果表明:桩-筒复合基础能显著提高桩身水平承载力,增幅达30%~90%,且增加筒径比增加筒高更有利于提高基础水平承载力;上部砂土层较厚时,桩-筒复合基础存在一个使复合基础水平承载力达到最大的预加竖向荷载最佳值,其值随不同载荷工况在(0.4~0.7)Vult范围内变化。

波浪荷载下海上风力机桩基础滞回效应及水平承载力变化特性研究

该研究以海上风电桩基础为研究对象,采用自主设计的水平加载装置模拟波浪荷载,结合粒子图像测速(PIV)技术开展缩尺模型试验。着重探究不同幅值的波浪荷载加载过程中,桩周土体的循环变形特征及加载前后,海上风力机桩基础水平承载能力变化。试验结果表明:桩顶累积转角随加载次数呈线性增长、缓慢增长和稳定发展的三阶段变化特性;桩周土体呈现典型的刚性桩两区域破坏形式,桩右被动区土体位移矢量场和位移云图影响范围受加载幅值变化影响显著;桩顶循环加载荷载位移曲线表现出明显的滞回性,滞回圈随加载次数右移并产生累积位移。伴随着滞回圈面积减小和割线刚度增大,桩周土体由以塑性变形向弹性变形为主导变化;循环加载后的滞回圈有明显捏缩,耗能能力减弱。桩基础水平承载能力及弹性变形能力较加载前均明显提高。

卷积神经网络与随机场分析桩梁基础承载力

岩土体的参数在空间上随机分布,为能更好地反应实际工程地质条件,在桩基础承载力研究中考虑土体的不确定性,并建立具有重要工程价值的承载力预测模型,将基于随机场理论的岩土参数空间变异性引入桩梁基础的研究中,采用数值方法建立桩梁基础与群桩基础的二维随机有限元模型分析承载能力,并与模型试验结果验证。随后通过卷积神经网络建立土体参数随机场图像与基础极限承载力之间的模型进行承载力预测,并基于预测模型研究不同参数的影响。结果表明:考虑土体空间变异性的基础承载力与试验结果基本吻合,随机结果均高于确定性分析;随机场下桩梁基础与群桩基础的承载力均为正态分布;采用卷积神经网络建立的基础承载力预测模型精度较高,且可以用于参数分析,基础承载力随着土体参数的增加而增加,随变异系数的增加而下降。随机条件下,桩梁基础的承载力高于群桩基础,可以充分发挥土体强度并抵御参数不确定性带来的承载力损失。

钙质砂地基中群桩基础荷载传递特性研究

为研究钙质砂地基中群桩基础承载过程中的性能特征,开展不同桩距条件下群桩基础静载试验.得到不同桩距条件下群桩的Q-S曲线和S-lgt曲线,测得3d、4.5d、6d(d为桩径)群桩在静载条件下的极限承载力F_(u),研究各个桩段的桩身轴力、桩侧摩阻力以及桩端阻力的变化趋势.研究结果表明:群桩的Q-S曲线为缓变型,S-lgt曲线为渐变型,桩基承载变形大致分为稳定、渐进以及破坏3个阶段,相较于3d群桩,4.5d、6d群桩沉降发展更缓慢,F_(u)更高;同等桩距下,钙质砂地基表现出比陆源砂地基更强的群桩效应,钙质砂地基中群桩最佳桩距应在4.5d~6d之间.该研究为群桩在钙质砂地基中的应用提供数据支撑和理论参考.

寒区冻土桩基承载特性研究现状与展望

冻土地区季节性的温度变化、大气升温以及人类工程活动加剧,常引起桩基冻胀融沉、倾斜、混凝土开裂等灾害,造成桩基的承载力降低,给寒区冻土桩基带来新的更大挑战。通过回顾国内外相关文献,对冻土桩基的承载性能目前的研究现状进行了总结。从特殊的冻土性质出发,描述了冻土桩基体系主要的受力形式及其作用特征;从桩–冻土界面力学特性试验及荷载传递机制两个方面,阐述了冻土区桩–土界面力学特性变化机制;从试验研究、理论分析以及数值模拟三个方面,阐明了冻土桩基承载性能变化规律及分析、预测方法;归纳了冻土区桩–土体系温度、水分、应力应变等方面的监测技术。对寒区冻土桩基承载特性未来的研究提出了展望。

黄土区楔形桩-网复合地基承载特性

[目的]针对黄土地区中楔形桩-网复合地基的承载性能进行探究.[方法]开展以几何相似常数为第一基本量、重度相似常数为第二基本量的土工模型试验,研究了不同受荷区域基桩承载能力,并通过有限元计算方法进一步分析其承载特性.比较模型试验结果与有限元计算结果,揭示了黄土区楔形桩-网复合地基的荷载沉降、桩身轴力、侧摩阻力、桩土应力比及荷载分担比等分布与变化规律.[结果]复合地基沉降变化总体趋于均匀,荷载-沉降曲线为缓变型;不同受荷区域基桩的桩身轴力、侧摩阻力呈现明显差异性;楔形桩-土相互作用与荷载和深度呈现正相关关系,但存在一定上限;复合地基中楔形桩随荷载增大能有效分散桩身应力,并将荷载由桩体向桩周土传递、由地基中心向外围扩散.[结论]楔形桩-网复合地基表现出良好的承载能力,直接受荷区桩能更高效地发挥楔形桩承载特性,楔形桩在复合地基中很好地实现桩-网-土协同作用.

超高层建筑复合桩基承载力可靠度仿真分析

为提高超高层建筑的安全性,提出一种超高层建筑复合桩基承载力可靠度仿真分析方法。建立函数关系式,分别计算柔性桩和刚性桩的极限承载力,分析桩侧摩擦力、桩端阻力以及桩长变化参数对承载力的影响;考虑超高层建筑安全系数和土层性质,利用恒载、活载指标评估复合桩基的荷载效应,建立随机变量计算模型获得不同可靠度指标的标准差,在融合各参数指标下完成对复合桩基承载力可靠度的最终计算。经仿真证明,所提计算方法得到的计算值与实际测量值非常接近,说明该方法的分析结果准确度较高,具有一定的应用价值。

全模块化铝制天桥下部结构设计与力学分析

为了解决目前现存人行天桥桥墩设计过于保守,未能充分利用铝合金材料自重轻的优点,以及城市管网密集布设导致的城市地下结构施工困难等问题,结合钢材和混凝土2种材料的特性,采用钢材降低桥墩材料用量,并采用灌浆套筒、预埋件和螺栓锚固的连接方式,提出一种具有轻量化、模块化、拼装简单的新型全模块化铝制天桥桥墩;通过与传统独柱式桥墩对比,分析结构的力学性能,对桥墩的承载力水平、基础对土体的影响范围等方面进行研究。有限元数值分析结果表明,新型结构的承载能力高于传统结构,在减少材料消耗的基础上保证了结构的可靠性;基础的数值模拟结果表明,微型群桩承台基础对土层的影响范围小于桩柱式基础,有利于减小施工时城市管网造成的施工困难。

竖向荷载下螺钉桩承载特性的影响因素

为了研究桩身螺纹结构参数对竖向荷载下螺钉桩承载特性的影响,开展室内模型试验与有限元分析,对比分析不同螺纹段长度、螺纹间距、螺纹内径、螺纹宽度与螺牙深度下的荷载沉降曲线与轴力分布曲线.结果表明:随着螺纹段长度的增加,螺钉桩极限承载力提升,变截面处轴向应力突变程度增加,建议长度取桩长的1/2~2/3;螺钉桩承载能力随螺纹间距增加呈先增后减的趋势,存在一个合适螺距可以最大程度发挥桩土间相互作用;改变螺钉桩变径比,将影响变截面处与桩端处土体端承作用,同时易引起螺纹段截面应力集中,建议取值0.7~0.8;螺纹宽度与螺牙深度的变化改变螺纹与土体的约束程度,进而影响其极限承载能力.螺纹宽度的变化对极限承载力的影响要大于螺牙深度变化的影响.

黄淮冲积平原地区高速铁路螺杆桩复合地基应用研究

依托郑徐客运专线兰考南站路基工程螺杆桩复合地基项目,通过试桩和桩身质量检测,总结黄淮冲积平原地区螺杆桩关键施工工艺和质量控制措施,同时对螺杆桩承载力特性及复合地基进行工后沉降分析。结果表明:黄淮冲积平原地区粉质黏土、粉砂、细砂、圆砾土土层中可以形成螺杆桩螺纹段桩身,成桩质量良好;螺杆桩单桩承载力和复合地基承载力满足设计要求;该地区同等条件下,螺杆桩极限承载力较普通灌注桩提高约24%;复合地基沉降主要发生在填筑期;双曲线法预测得出三个观测断面工后沉降量均小于15mm,满足无砟轨道铺设要求。