Current situation and development trend of design methods for subgrade structure of high speed railways

Purpose–This method will become a new development trend in subgrade structure design for high speed railways.Design/methodology/approach–This paper summarizes the structural types and design methods of subgrade bed for high speed railways in China,Japan,France,Germany,the United States and other countries based on the study and analysis of existing literature and combined with the research results and practices of high speed railway subgrade engineering at home and abroad.Findings–It is found that in foreign countries,the layered reinforced structure is generally adopted for the subgrade bed of high speed railways,and the unified double-layer or multi-layer structure is adopted for the surface layer of subgrade bed,while the simple structure is adopted in China;in foreign countries,different inspection parameters are adopted to evaluate the compaction state of fillers according to their respective understanding and practice,while in China,compaction coefficient,subsoil coefficient and dynamic deformation modulus are adopted for such evaluation;in foreign countries,the subgrade top deformation control method,the subgrade bottom deformation control method,the subsurface fill strength control method are mainly adopted in subgrade bed structure design of high speed railways,while in China,dynamic deformation control of subgrade surface and dynamic strain control of subgrade bed bottom layer is adopted in the design.However,the cumulative deformation of subgrade caused by train cyclic vibration load is not considered in the existing design methods.Originality/value–This paper introduces a new subgrade structure design method based on whole-process dynamics analysis that meets subgrade functional requirements and is established on the basis of the existing research at home and abroad on prediction methods for cumulative deformation of subgrade soil.

Dynamic behavior of new cutting subgrade structure of expensive soil under train loads coupling with service environment

Expansive soil is sensitive to dry and wet environment change. And the volume deformation and inflation pressure of expansive soil may induce to cause the deformation failure of roadbed or many other adverse effects. Aimed at a high-speed railway engineering practice in the newly built Yun-Gui high-speed railway expansive soil section in China, indoor vibration test on a full-scaled new cutting subgrade model is carried out. Based on the established track-subgrade-foundation of expansive soil system dynamic model test platform, dynamic behavior of new cutting subgrade structure under train loads coupling with extreme service environment(dry, raining, and groundwater level rising) is analyzed comparatively. The results show that the subgrade dynamic response is significantly influenced by service conditions and the dynamic response of subgrade gradually becomes stable with the increasing vibration times under various service environment conditions. The vertical dynamic soil stress is related with the depth in an approximate exponential function, and the curves of vertical dynamic soil stress present a "Z" shape distribution along transverse distance. The peak value of dynamic soil stress appears below the rail, and it increases more obviously near the roadbed surface. However, the peak value of dynamic soil stress is little affected outside 5.0 m of center line. The vibration velocity and acceleration are in a quadratic curve with an increase in depth, and the raining and groundwater level rising increase both the vibration velocity and the acceleration. The vertical deformations at different depths are differently affected by service environment in roadbed. The deformation of roadbed increases sharply when the water gets in the foundation of expansive soil, and more than 60% of the total deformation of roadbed occurs in expansive soil foundation. The laid waterproofing and drainage structure layer, which weakens the dynamic stress and improves the track regularity, presents a positive effect on the control deformation of roadbed surface. An improved empirical formula is then proposed to predict the dynamic stress of ballasted tracks subgrade of expansive soil.

Design method of pile-slab structure roadbed of ballastless track on soil subgrade

Pile-slab structure roadbed is a new form of ballastless track for high speed railway. Due to lack of corresponding design code, based on the analysis of its structure characteristics and application requirements, it is proposed to carry out load effect combination according to ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state, and the most unfavorable combination of each state is chosen to carry through design calculation for pile-slab structure. Space model of pile-slab structure can be simplified as a plane flame model, by using the orthogonal test method, and the design parameter of pile-slab structure is optimized. Moreover, based on the engineering background of Suining-Chongqing high-speed railway, the dynamic deformation characteristics of pile-slab structure roadbed are further researched by carrying on the indoor dynamic model test. The test results show that the settlement after construction of subgrade satisfies the requirement of settlement control to build ballastless track on soil subgrade for high-speed railway. Slab structure plays the role of arch shell as load is transmitted from slab to pile, and the vertical dynamic stress of subgrade soil is approximately of ＂K＂ form distribution with the depth. The distribution of pile stress is closely related to soil characteristics, which has an upset triangle shape where the large dynamic stress is at the top. Pile compared with soil shares most dynamic stress. Pile structure expands the depth of the dynamic response of subgrade has limited effect on dynamic response. These results can provide subgrade. and improves the stress of subgrade soil, and the speed of train scientific basis for pile-slab structure roadbed used on soil

A full-section asphalt concrete waterproof sealing structure for the high-speed railway subgrade

Purpose–This study aims to investigate the service performances of a new full-section asphalt concrete waterproof sealing structure(FSACWSS)for the high-speed railway subgrade through on-site tracking,monitoring and post-construction investigation.Design/methodology/approach–Based on the working state of the waterproof sealing structure,the main functional characteristics were analyzed,and a kind of roller-compacted high elastic modulus asphalt concrete(HEMAC)was designed and evaluated by several groups of laboratory tests.It is applied to an engineering test section,and the long-term performance monitoring and subgrade dynamic performance testing system were installed to track and monitor working performances of the test section and the adjacent contrast section with fiber-reinforced concrete.Findings–Results show that both the dynamic performance of the track structure and the subgrade in the test section meet the requirements of the specification limits.The water content in the subgrade of the test section is maintained at 8–18%,which is less affected by the weather.However,the water content in the subgrade bed of the contrast section is 10–35%,which fluctuates significantly with the weather.The heat absorption effect of asphalt concrete in the test section makes the temperature of the subgrade at the shoulder larger than that in the contrastive section.The monitoring value of the subgrade vertical deformation in the test section is slightly larger than that in the contrastive section,but all of them meet the limit requirements.The asphalt concrete in the test section is in good contact with the base,and there are no diseases such as looseness or spalling.Only a number of cracks are found at the joints of the base plates.However,there are more longitudinal and lateral cracks in the contrastive section,which seriously affects the waterproof and sealing effects.Besides,the asphalt concrete is easier to repair,featuring good maintainability.Originality/value–This research can provide a basis for popularization and application of the asphalt concrete waterproof sealing structure in high-speed railways.

Structural analysis and design of frost resistance function for subgrade of high-speed railway ballasted track in cold regions

According to the technical characteristics of short fixed wheelbase of a high-speed carriage, a subgrade-track integrated space mechanical response analysis model is proposed for trains under the action ofbiaxial load after the comparison of the stress distribution characteristics of the ballast track subgrade bed structures for high-speed railway under the action of uniaxial load and biaxial load. The loading threshold value （high-cycle long-term dynamic strength） under the circum- stance where the cumulative deformation of subgrade structure gradually develops and finally reaches the convergent state, and its relationship with the foundation coefficient K30 were deduced, based on the characteristics of cumulative defor- mation evolution obtained from the unit structure filling model test under the action of cyclic loading. In view of structure stability and frost resistance requirements of the railway subgrade in cold regions, technical conditions to maintain good service performance of subgrade structure of high-speed railway ballasted track are discussed and analyzed. Study results show that the additive effect manifests itself obviously for railway train bogies under the action of biaxial load than uni- axial load, which has a significant dynamic effect on the subgrade bed bottom and a slight effect on the surface layer. Thus, the adoption of a biaxial load model in the design of a high-speed railway subgrade accurately reflects the vehicle load. Pursuant to the structure design principle, the design method of the subgrade structure of high-speed railway ballasted track is proposed to meet the technical requirements such as structural strength, bearing stiffness and high-cyclic and long-term stability. Technical indicators are obtained for the variation of thickness of the surface layer of reinforced sub- grade bed in the double-layer subgrade mode along with the change of K30 at the subgrade bed bottom. The double-layer structure mode of ＂closure on the upper layer and drainage on the lower layer＂ was proposed in order to meet the water- proofing and drainage requirements of the upper layer of the subgrade bed in cold regions. A dense-framework graded gravel filler with weak water permeability at a coefficient of 10 4 cm/s is used on the upper layer and the void-framework graded gravel filler at the water permeability coefficient of 10 2 cm/s is adopted on the lower layer.

风荷载和列车共同作用下风积沙包芯路基边坡稳定性研究

我国是世界上沙漠分布最多的国家之一,沙漠中蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源。西部大开发和“一带一路”倡议将进一步推进沙漠地区铁路建设。利用丰富的沙漠风积沙作为铁路路基填料具有重要的经济意义和推广应用前景,风积沙包芯路基是一种充分利用风积沙作为铁路路堤填料的新型结构。为研究列车荷载和风荷载共同作用下风积沙包芯路基边坡稳定性计算方法,基于折线滑动法原理,对路堤结构进行分层分区,采用极限平衡方法,推导出列车荷载和沙漠风荷载共同作用下铁路风积沙包芯路基的稳定性系数计算公式并编制计算程序。结合和若铁路风积沙包芯路基的工程实例,验证了该计算方法的可行性。基于该计算程序,研究了风荷载大小、风向角、路堤填筑高度、填料内摩擦角等影响因素对风积沙包芯路基边坡稳定性系数的影响,分析了风向角、填料内摩擦角等影响因素对风积沙包芯路基边坡砂卵石封层最小厚度的影响。计算结果表明,风积沙包芯路基边坡稳定性系数与风荷载大小近似呈线性负相关,与风向角大小呈非线性正相关。风积沙包芯路基边坡稳定性系数富余量与路堤填筑高度呈负相关。风积沙包芯路基边坡砂卵石封层最小厚度与风向角大小呈非线性负相关,与风积沙填料的内摩擦角大小近似呈线性负相关。建议风积沙包芯路基边坡设计中应考虑风荷载的影响。研究成果可供沙漠地区风积沙包芯路基设计借鉴和采用。

刚度差异桩组合桩网结构路基承载特性

刚度差异桩组合桩网结构路基因具有工后沉降小、经济效益好的优点而被广泛应用于铁道工程。与传统桩承结构路基相比,该结构桩土协同工作规律更为复杂,为研究其承载特性和土体沉降变化规律,通过室内模型试验和数值计算分析刚度差异桩组合桩网结构路基在静力荷载下的桩身应力、桩土应力比、格栅应力、桩侧摩阻力和土体沉降变化特点。结果表明:刚、柔性桩的承载力主要由侧摩阻力提供;刚性桩的桩土应力比随上部荷载增加呈先增长后稳定趋势,荷载在路基中沿中心桩体向边缘桩体传递,并沿路堤行车方向朝路堤横断面方向扩散;土工格栅和碎石加筋垫层共同工作,协调荷载进行再分配,均衡路基应力分布;路基中心排桩沿横断面方向的土体沉降近似呈盆状分布,刚性桩控制路基土体变形和沉降的性状明显优于柔性桩;选择性布置刚度较大长桩可减小路基沉降量。

冻融循环作用下路基结构水热汽迁移规律研究

在冻融循环环境下,路基结构内水分迁移是导致道路冻胀、融沉变形的主要原因。为了探究冻融循环条件下路基结构的水热汽迁移规律,模拟了实际工程的路基结构,基于半透膜材料开展了冻融循环条件下的水、汽分离的水分迁移试验,通过监测试样的水热变化、荧光素上升图像、补水量和集水量变化曲线,得到了水分迁移规律,进而分析了土的孔隙结构、升降温速率和温度梯度等因素对水汽迁移和液态水流出特征的影响。试验结果表明,在土水势作用下,马氏瓶的水分首先以水-汽混合的形式在土柱中向上迁移,达到一定高度后,转变为以水汽的形式向上迁移。非饱和土柱的水汽会透过半透膜向碎石层和控温板底迁移,在整个冻融循环过程中,水汽向碎石层和控温板底的迁移量呈现线性增加的趋势,表明水汽迁移在水分聚集过程中的作用不可忽视。碎石层和控温板底液态水的流出主要集中在每个冻融周期的两个阶段,第一阶段为降温阶段,以冷凝水为主;第二阶段为融化阶段,以融化水为主,融化水占一个冻融周期液态水流出量的70%以上。粉质黏土孔隙较小导致水汽迁移主要受体积含气率的影响,随着粉质黏土土柱含水率的增加,水汽迁移量呈减小趋势。而砂土的孔隙较大,水汽迁移主要受水汽扩散增强因子的影响,随砂土土柱含水率的增加,水汽迁移量呈增大趋势。降温速率减小使冻结锋面有一个缓慢下移的过程,减小土体冻结对水汽迁移通道的封闭影响。升降温速率的减小导致碎石层和控温板底的水分聚集量增大。较大的温度梯度导致水汽扩散系数和水汽密度梯度的增加,从而引起碎石层和控温板底的水汽迁移量增大。

高速铁路箱式路基加腋对结构静力特性的影响

为研究高速铁路箱式路基加腋方式对结构静力特性的影响,找到更加合理的箱式路基加腋方式。将箱式路基拆为独立构件,通过静力分析计算出各独立构件的配筋方式。使用ABAQUS软件进行数值模拟,针对箱式路基结构顶板和竖板连接节点处的应力集中现象,采用控制变量法,分别研究三角形腋不同的加腋高度和加腋角度对节点处应力集中的影响,提出最优加腋方式,优化箱式路基结构的静力特性。分析结果表明:固定腋高度为400 mm,当腋角度在15°~60°之间时,随着腋角度增大,应力突变量降低比S_(r)值不断减小;当腋角度在60°~75°之间时,随着腋角度增大,S_(r)值不断增大;最优腋角度在45°~60°之间。当腋角度固定为60°时,随着加腋长度增大,S_(r)值整体呈减小趋势,最优腋长度在300~400 mm之间。箱式路基配筋方式和最优加腋方式的确定,具有一定创新性,为我国高速铁路箱式路基结构优化研究提供了宝贵的技术经验。

基于SEM的沙漠公路路基工程施工风险研究

在沙漠地区进行公路建设对完善交通网络节点、发展偏远地区经济具有重要意义。为有效探究沙漠公路路基工程施工风险,该文从人员风险、技术风险、材料风险、机械风险和环境风险5个方面出发,通过文献研究法筛选出影响沙漠公路路基工程施工风险的23项指标;基于问卷调查收集到的有效数据,构建沙漠公路路基工程施工风险的结构方程模型(Structural Equation Modeling,简称SEM);分析施工风险关键影响因素。结果表明:沙漠公路路基工程施工风险受恶劣气候、人员三违行为、风积沙质量、机械维修与保养、技术交底完整性的影响较大。提出具有针对性的控制措施,可为沙漠公路可持续发展提供参考。

铁路路基变形对无砟轨道结构影响研究综述

随着我国铁路事业飞速发展,铁路路基在长期服役过程中的变形问题及其对轨道结构力学行为的影响日益受到关注。对近年来的相关研究进展进行总结,分析铁路路基变形的主要原因,包括自然因素和人为因素;系统梳理路基变形对轨道力学行为的影响,如路基变形对轨道结构变形、车轨耦合振动及轨道结构的损伤劣化的影响研究现状;分析指出当前研究面临的挑战,并对未来在智能监测与预警系统、精准高效的数值仿真技术等方面的研究趋势进行展望。

铁路泡沫轻质土路基挡护结构的优化设计研究

泡沫轻质土在施工场地受限的路基帮宽工程中发挥了独特优势,为进一步优化铁路泡沫轻质土路基挡护结构,在商合杭(商丘—合肥—杭州)铁路肥东站开展工程现场试验,获得了挡护结构的受力特征与变化情况。结果表明:泡沫轻质土浇筑完成后具有良好的自立性及强度,挡护结构所受侧向压力显著降低,挡护结构承受的侧向土压力仅2~5 kPa,土压力系数逐渐减小趋近于0.1,因此泡沫轻质土路基挡护结构主要作用是防止泡沫轻质土的劣化、保护轻质土性能,兼作施工模板,可以根据泡沫轻质土填筑固化前的侧压力和风荷载进行结构优化设计。

沙漠地区风积沙路基结构设计及施工

以沙漠地区公路施工为背景,针对依托工程沙漠公路特殊路基处理和重难点问题,设计创新出一种砂砾土夹层风积沙路基结构.通过试验,揭示了各影响因素与砂砾土夹层风积沙路基性能的关系,并提出了一种干湿结合的砂砾土夹层风积沙路基施工工艺和碾压方法并进行应用.应用项目交工验收通车运行以来,风积沙路基填筑段路基使用性能良好,路面行车安全、舒适,未出现质量缺陷.该风积沙路基结构和施工方法可为沙漠地区风积沙路基填筑结构选择和施工工艺操作提供参考.

高速铁路混凝土路基结构研究与应用现状

从工程应用、理论模型、动力静力性能影响因素和优缺点等方面,综述高速铁路混凝土路基结构的发展和研究现状。详细介绍常见的路基结构型式,并对各种路基结构型式进行对比分析;回顾路基结构的静力和动力特性研究进展;在车辆与轨道的相互作用及动力学研究中,阐述从提出车辆-轨道垂向统一模型,逐步发展到空间耦合模型的研究过程和相应的动力学模型;对未来路基结构的研究提出展望。

基于钢垫梁临时架空结构的铁路隧道基底托换整治技术及应用

铁路隧道基底结构在长期运营过程中发生破损、沉降或上拱等问题,严重时危及隧道运营安全,因此基底结构安全高效地重构很有必要。在充分考虑架空技术适用性、施工便捷性基础上优化既有架空结构,提出适用于铁路运输特点及隧道施工环境的钢垫梁架空结构,分析隧道基底结构全幅、分段、跳槽拆换的技术特点,形成了基于钢垫梁临时架空结构的铁路隧道基底托换整治技术方案和适用不同道床类型的托换工艺。在一既有隧道基底托换整治工程中进行应用,并验证其技术效果。结果表明,钢垫梁基底结构托换整治技术适用于天窗短、空间小的复杂隧道环境,具有结构灵活、施工便捷、适应工况多等优点,应用效果良好。

强发育岩溶区桩板路基结构力学性能试验

强发育岩溶区高速铁路无砟轨道设计施工中,岩溶地层稳定性与路基沉降控制是保障列车运营安全的关键。桩端嵌岩的桩板路基结构是一种适用于岩溶强发育区的路基设计方案,既可解决岩溶顶板附加荷载问题,又能有效消除覆盖土层的压缩沉降。为研究强发育岩溶区无砟轨道桩板路基结构的力学性能,依托高速铁路车站路基开展现场试验,综合分析列车动荷载在路基本体中的传播衰减规律以及桩板结构动静力学承载特征。结果表明:300~350 km/h运行条件下,列车动荷载总体沿45°方向向下传递,主要影响路基面以下5.0 m范围,且在路基基床2.7 m范围内作用效应相对较大;路基本体内列车动荷载实测值小于常规土柱静荷载等效方法计算结果,TB 10001-2016《铁路路基设计规范》方法偏于安全;实测桩板路基板下地基存在一定的地基反力,对承载板受力较为有利;岩溶塌陷风险较小的桩板路基结构设计中,可适当考虑板下地基反力作用,合理控制工程造价。

嵌岩深度和加固范围对深厚软土桩基托梁结构的性能影响

以某新建铁路工程为例,基于有限元软件,以钻孔灌注桩桩基嵌入基岩深度(5种嵌岩深度)和桩前旋喷桩加固区范围大小(6种不同排数旋喷桩加固范围)作为控制变量,研究桩基的力学特性和路基面沉降。结果表明:灌注桩桩基的最大水平应力出现在土石界面附近,增加桩基的嵌岩深度和增加桩前旋喷桩排数都可有效降低桩基的水平变形和路基面沉降,桩基嵌岩深度为1D(D为灌注桩直径)或桩前旋喷桩为3排时,变化速率出现由快到慢的拐点。选择桩基长度为16m、桩前旋喷桩为3排的加固方式,具有较好的经济性。

路面对路基强度及不均匀沉降的力学响应研究

路基强度和不均匀沉降对路面结构附加应力影响显著,是影响路面结构服役性能和使用寿命的重要因素,工程建设中,路面铺筑条件对路基沉降提出了要求。针对雄安新区高速公路长寿命路面结构形式,采用有限元数值模拟手段,定量和定性地分析了路基强度和路基不均沉降对路面结构附加应力的影响。研究结果表明:底基层层底受最大拉应力,路面表层受最大压应力,且均随着路基差异沉降的增加持续增大;当差异沉降范围内曲线过渡时,差异沉降率标准不具备普适性,在差异沉降率一定条件下,层底拉应力随着差异沉降范围的增加而逐渐减缓趋稳;路基路面接触模式对路面结构受力影响显著,当路基路面完全黏结接触时,路面结构底基层附加拉应力随路基模量的增加而增大,当路基路面完全光滑接触时,路面结构底基层附加拉应力不受路基模量的影响;路基路面完全黏结接触和路基路面完全光滑接触构建了路面结构受力分析的上、下限,根据现场路基模量、差异沉降范围和路面材料强度参数,提出可引起路面结构底基层层底拉裂的差异沉降率理论范围为0.29%~0.38%。该研究成果能够为提出满足高质量建设要求的路基强度标准和路基不均匀沉降标准提供理论依据。

含黄铁矿填料的高速铁路路基上拱特性与机理

黄铁矿氧化膨胀对建筑物、铁路、公路等结构的影响较大,易引发结构物上拱。通过现场勘察、矿物成分分析和变形监测,系统研究含黄铁矿填料路基上拱病害特征,探究摩擦板及端刺结构型式、路基填料高度对路基上拱变形的影响,分析黄铁矿氧化膨胀反应机理和膨胀特性,以明确路基上拱原因。结果表明:所有上拱区段路基填料均检测出含有少量黄铁矿和石膏;上拱变形主要产生在路基高度范围内,线路开通后路基以0.13~0.46 mm·m^(-1)的速率持续上拱;半填半挖区段轨道结构的上拱量沿路基横向随填方高度的降低呈递减关系;路桥过渡段范围轨道垂向变形特征与摩擦板及端刺结构型式密切相关,摩擦板及端刺结构对路基上拱变形存在抑制作用;黄铁矿氧化是一个长久且持续过程,其生成硫酸盐引发的一系列化学反应所伴随的体积膨胀是造成路基上拱的主要原因;为彻底消除该隐患,应对含黄铁矿填料采取暗挖置换措施。

永临结合U形槽在黏土地基中的承载特性

以常用于铁路隧道与传统路堤过渡段的U形槽结构为研究对象,基于有限元方法,对不同长宽比条件下永临结合U形槽的竖向、水平和抗弯承载力进行计算,分析其破坏模式,并提出无量纲承载力系数计算方法。结果表明:永临结合U形槽结构的竖向破坏模式仍类似于Prandtl破坏模式;黏土强度梯度和接触面摩擦因数的降低将减小土体的激发范围,相比于传统U形槽,竖向承载力最大增幅可达到51%。在水平极限荷载作用下,底部弧形区域与两侧的楔形剪切区域共同组成了W形的破坏模式;随着长宽比的增加,永临结合U形槽水平承载力提高幅度从1.0倍增长至2.3倍;当长宽比较小时,弯矩极限承载力只存在底部勺形破坏模式;随着长宽比的增加,楔形破坏模式得到一定的发展;在均质黏土地基中,楔形破坏模式并不明显,主要以边墙底部土体和侧壁土体组成的勺形破坏区域为主;随着长宽比增加,永临结合U形槽抗弯承载力提高幅度从1.4倍增长至3.6倍。