Seismic response and correlation analysis of a pile-supported wharf to near-fault pulse-like ground motions

Earthquake investigations have shown that near-fault pulse-like(NF-P)ground motions have unique characteristics compared to near-fault non-pulse-like(NF-NP)and far-field(FF)ground motions.It is necessary to study the seismic response of pile-supported wharf(PSW)structures under NF-P ground motions.In this study,a three-dimensional finite element numerical model is created to simulate a PSW.By imparting three types of ground motion,the engineering demand parameters(EDPs)of PSW under NF-P ground motions were analyzed and compared,in which EDPs are the maximum displacement and bending moment of the piles.Twenty intensity measures(IMs)were selected to characterize the properties of ground motions.The correlation between IMs and EDPs was explored.The results show that the piles present larger displacement and bending moment under NF-P ground motions compared to NF-NP and FF ground motions.None of the IMs have a high correlation with EDPs under NF-P ground motions,and these IMs are more applicable to FF ground motions.The correlation coefficients between EDPs and IMs under three types of ground motion were obtained,which will provide a valuable reference for the seismic design of PSWs.

Behaviors of pile-supported embankments in highway engineering

Based on the variational approach for pile groups embedded in soil modeled using a load-transfer curve method, a practical method was conducted to estimate the settlement of symmetric pile group supported embankments. The working mechanism of composite foundations improved by rigid or semi-rigid columns is analyzed by this method. Under equivalent strain conditions, the pile-soil stress ratio approaches the pile-soil modulus ratio up to a limited value of pile stiffness （Rm〈10）; in the subsequent stages of high pile stiffness （Rm〉10）, a further increase in the pile-soil modulus ratio cannot lead to a significant increase of stress transferred to the columns in composite foundations. The major influencing factor of the stress concentration from soil to pile in a high pile-soil modulus ratio is the padding stiffness. For the composite foundation improved by cement mixing columns, the effective column length is about 15 to 20 m and it is a more economical and effective design when the column length is less than 15 m.

Numerical Analysis of Interaction Between Pile-Supported Pier and Bank Slope

Two and three-dimensional finite element analysis programs for pile-soil interaction are compiled. Duncan-Chang's Model is used. The construction sequence of the pier is modeled. The pile-soil interface element is used. The influence of the combination type of piles on the deformation of bank slope and pile behaviour is analyzed. Different designs of a pile-supported pier are compared thoroughly. Calculation results show that the stresses and displacements of the pile are directly related to the distance from the bank slope and the direction of inclination. An inclined prop pile set in the rear platform would remarkably reduce the stresses of piles and the displacement of the pier.

Analysis of ground vibrations induced by high-speed train moving on pile-supported subgrade using three-dimensional FEM

The pile-supported subgrade has been widely used in high-speed railway construction in China.To investigate the ground vibrations of such composite foundation subjected to moving loads induced by high-speed trains(HSTs),three-dimensional(3D)finite element method(FEM)models involving the pile,pile cap and cushion are established.Validation of the proposed model is conducted through comparison of model predictions with the field measurements.On this basis,ground vibrations generated by HSTs under different train speeds as well as the ground vibration attenuation with the distance away from the track centerline are investigated.In addition,the effects of piles and pile elastic modulus on ground vibrations are well studied.Results show that the pile-reinforcement of the subgrade could significantly contribute to the reduction of ground vibrations.In particular,the increase of elastic modulus of pile could lead to consistent reduction of ground vibrations.However,when the pile elastic modulus is beyond 10 GPa,this benefit of pile-reinforcement on vibration isolation can hardly be increased further.

Comparative analysis of seismic response characteristics of pile-supported structure

In order to analyze the seismic response characteristics of pile-supported structure,a computational model considering pile-soil-structure interaction effect was established by finite element method.Then,numerical implementation was made in time domain.At the same time,a simplified approximation for seismic response analysis of pile-soil-structure system was briefly presented.Furthermore,comparative study was performed for an engineering example.Through comparative analysis,it is shown that the results obtained by the simplified method well agree with those achieved by the finite element method.These results show that spectrum characteristics and intensity of input earthquakes are two important factors that can notablely influence the seismic response characteristics of superstructure.When the input ground motion acceleration amplitude gradually increases from 1 to 4 m/s2,the acceleration of pier top will increase,but it will not be simply proportional to the increase of input acceleration amplitude.

Study of beat phenomenon on a pile-supported pipeline system subjected to wave loading

Classical beat phenomenon has been observed in most combined systems. The focus of this paper is to provide a better understanding of this phenomenon in an offshore pile-supported pipeline system. The beat phenomeon is caused by the coupling movement of the pipeline and its vertical pile support under certain conditions. It can induce excessive vibration and cause fatigue failure at pipe elbow. However, in some circumstances it does not exist. Numerical results in both frequency and time domains are presented to elucidate this phenomenon in a combined pipeline system. The conclusions of this paper could give constructive guidance to future design of simply supported pipeline systems.

南京某高桩码头靠泊能力仿真分析与在线监测预警

高桩码头服役环境复杂,码头结构在数十年的运行期内会发生不同程度的损伤,影响码头的安全运营。在码头运行过程中,船舶荷载是高桩码头结构的主要荷载,对码头结构的安全性、耐久性影响较大。本文对南京港某码头靠泊能力进行了有限元仿真分析,提出船舶靠泊过程中的三级安全预警阈值;结合长期在线监测,为码头结构安全服役提供技术支撑。研究结果表明:在船舶撞击1#排架的情况下,船舶撞击力达到238 kN时,码头结构响应达到三级预警指标,码头位移为3.8 mm,桩基顶部应变为69×10-6;船舶撞击力达到323 kN时,码头结构响应达到二级预警指标,码头位移为5.1 mm,桩基顶部应变为100×10-6;船舶撞击力达到471 kN,码头结构响应达到一级预警指标码头位移为7.5 mm,桩基顶部应变为156×10-6。在线监测预警结果表明,码头结构具备5 000吨级船舶靠泊能力,在规范靠泊的前提下,能够满足8 000吨级船舶靠泊的结构安全要求。

防波堤和码头一体的双圆筒沉箱结构设计

针对兼具作业和防浪功能于一体的直立式双圆筒沉箱结构设计,提出船舶作业期间平均越浪量≤0.1 L∕(s·m)和风暴期间(100 a一遇)越浪量≤50 L∕(s·m)的高程控制标准。研究双圆筒采用混凝土薄板和厚板2种连接方式,并对其受力特性、计算模型、内力情况进行介绍。总结直立堤护底设计的推荐计算方法,发现CEM图表法与3D物模试验一致,OCDI法计算结果偏大,国标查图法计算块体稳定质量偏小。研究海侧挡浪墙设置在圆沉箱中部并设置反弧角的结构方案,提出的EurOtop法适用性广且结果贴近试验值;提出预制工字块封堵沉箱间填料并采用厚板连接堤头4个沉箱成整体的堤头保护方法;通过开展2D、3D模型试验验证了结构方案的可行性。研究成果可为类似设计提供参考。

高桩码头系缆墩和钢联桥一体化结构创新设计

针对由装卸平台、系缆墩、钢联桥组成的一字形布置高桩墩式码头,常规的设计思路考虑三者独立受力,弱化各结构之间的传力效应。从三者协同受力的角度出发,提出一种适应于特定布置形式的系缆墩和钢联桥一体化结构设计方案,结合工程案例介绍该结构的形式和受力分析方法,并从受力和造价方面与传统的高桩墩台方案进行比较。结果表明:在满足使用功能的前提下,一体化方案有利于发挥结构的整体受力优势,减少系缆墩和钢联桥的工程量,降低工程造价。

高桩码头结构安全监测预警模型及工程应用

高桩码头结构在服役期内会出现不同程度的损伤,导致码头结构安全性降低。为保证码头长期安全运行,可通过实时监测确定码头运行状态并及时预警。提出一种高桩码头结构安全监测预警模型,采用不同结构状态的设计控制值作为不同级别的预警阈值,每级预警阈值对应不同的风险程度,针对不同级别的预警提出相应处置措施。将该预警模型应用于南京港某高桩码头的安全监测,对可变荷载作用下码头结构位移和桩基应变进行实时监测,并计算设置码头结构位移和桩基应变三级安全预警阈值。结果表明,码头安全预警阈值的设置及安全告警的应对措施科学有效,实现了码头结构全工况整体技术状态评估和安全预警。

码头工程建设对红树林湿地的影响及修复措施

受码头建设的影响,北海铁山港榄根作业区附近的红树林湿地出现受损退化现象。为了恢复稳定良好的湿地生态,2021年9月在对该区域红树林及其生境进行调查采样的基础上,分析了红树林湿地的受损退化原因。结果表明,码头工程建设期间,高岭土悬浮物沉积或附着于红树林根部及叶片上,不仅严重影响植物呼吸和光合作用,而且致其根部腐烂进而导致死亡;码头建设导致的红树林湿地内水流减缓,以及因围填活动引起的局部滩面抬高也是红树林受损退化的原因。提出新增或拓宽现有潮汐通道、局部微地形改造,以及红树林造林恢复等生态修复措施,为沿海地区开展码头工程建设对红树林的影响研究与生态修复实践提供借鉴。

陆丰甲湖湾电厂配套码头水工结构创新

码头面不均匀沉降、大小泊位衔接不顺等是重力式码头中的常见质量问题。广东陆丰甲湖湾电厂1、2号机组和3、4号机组配套码头为岸壁式重力式码头,相比常规码头2000 t左右的沉箱构件,该码头主体采用4600 t以上的超大沉箱,减少了构件和结构缝数量,并通过统一主要构件的受力条件、设置过渡板针对性解决码头面不均匀沉降,通过设置过渡沉箱和预制块体解决了大小泊位衔接处的基床夯实问题。同时在码头结构与上部结构一体化设计以及附属设施选型方面均进行了一系列创新,实践表明达到了预期效果。

基于无基准动态位移监测的江苏某高桩码头变位特征与安全预警

高桩码头服役环境复杂,船舶与门机等可变荷载作用下结构变位安全问题突出。然而,高桩码头通常不具备参照基准,且在离岸严苛条件下服役是常态,动态位移监测成为挑战。采用码头无基准动态位移监测技术,对江苏某高桩码头进行实时位移监测。详细分析门机作业和船舶撞击条件下码头位移响应规律,基于码头适用性、安全性提出该码头的两级预警指标。结合数值仿真计算,提出该码头不同吨级船舶靠泊建议。研究表明:门机的作业位置是影响码头位移响应大小的直接因素。码头第一结构段在船舶撞击作用下,因引桥等边界条件的影响,导致A_(2)监测点的位移响应在X、Y方向上均较大。一级预警指标由码头主要荷载作用组合的最大值推算,位移响应值为15.39 mm。二级预警指标由混凝土抗拉极限应力值为评判标准,位移响应值为19.14 mm。相应地,1万吨级船舶靠泊时法向速度不应超过0.19 m/s, 5 000吨级船舶靠泊时法向速度不应超过0.22 m/s。

重力式码头升级改造板桩墙后土压力分布

针对重力式码头升级改造新建板桩墙方案板桩墙后土压力分布问题,开展新建板桩墙距已有重力式墙身不同距离的土压力分布规律研究。采用有限元数值模拟和理论公式计算对比分析,得出作用在前板桩墙上的土压力小于理论主动土压力,即存在贮仓效应的结论。建议重力式码头改造工程设置前板桩墙时,采用公式合理选取贮仓尺寸,或根据新建板桩墙距已有码头墙身的距离采用有限元计算作用在板桩墙上的土压力,避免保守或激进设计。

多元荷载作用下软基深水高桩码头结构承载特性研究

软基深水高桩码头结构受到恶劣外海环境荷载及复杂工作荷载等多元荷载的共同作用。研究表明,船舶撞击荷载是该结构水平向控制荷载,但波浪长期循环荷载作用会引起桩周土体软化,进而导致码头结构在其它荷载作用下承载特性的劣化。鉴于此,首先基于ABAQUS有限元软件建立了深水高桩码头结构-地基土体相互作用的三维弹塑性有限元模型;然后,借助USDFLD子程序实现了同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减的模拟,进而开展了未考虑土体软化、仅考虑土体强度弱化、仅考虑土体刚度衰减以及同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减对码头结构承载特性影响的对比分析。研究结果表明,与未考虑土体软化时撞击荷载作用下码头结构安全系数相比,仅考虑土体强度弱化时其值降低14.72%,仅考虑土体刚度衰减时其值降低15.28%,同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减时其值降低19.44%,且考虑土体软化后桩周土体的塑性应变范围明显增大,极限状态时桩身应力值减小,结构稳定性显著降低。

自平衡法和高应变检测在码头灌注桩中的应用

海南某高桩码头工程地质条件特殊,表面覆盖硬岩层,下部为黏土层,码头基础采用灌注桩结构,以硬黏土层为持力层。施工后分别采用自平衡法静载试验和高应变法检测桩基承载力,将检测结果与规范理论计算结果进行比较。结果表明,通过自平衡检测的荷载-位移关系曲线判断,桩端依旧处于弹性阶段,并根据在加载过程中桩身轴力沿桩身轴向的分布情况,可分别判断各桩侧摩阻力、端承载力的发挥值,从而判断桩阻力并没有全部发挥,桩基的实际极限承载力大于试验值。高应变检测法检测桩侧摩阻力结果大于理论计算结果,桩端承载力小于理论计算结果,总桩基承载力二者比较接近,因此可以作为静载试桩的辅助验证。在港口码头工程中采用自平衡静载测试法,并用高应变检测法进行验证,可以解决水域条件下大质量桩基承载力的检测问题。

基于模型预测控制的岸边集装箱起重机吊具防摇方法

自动化远控岸边集装箱起重机是应用在码头前沿的主力设备,设备效率直接影响了码头的运营能力,其中吊具系统准确快速定位是起重机提升起吊效率的关键因素。文中以岸边集装箱起重机吊载运行小车为研究对象,提出了一种基于模型预测控制(Model Predictive Control,MPC)的防摇控制方法。根据岸边集装箱起重机小车吊载运行的特点,建立系统状态方程,设定二次规划问题的性能指标,求解开环优化问题并获得最优的控制序列。与传统的控制方法相比,该方法是一种在线循环控制算法,具有较强的抗干扰能力。同时将约束条件直接嵌入最优化控制序列求解当中,使最优化控制序列与实际输入条件相匹配。通过仿真计算结果表明,该方法能迅速控制吊具的摇摆幅度,有效提升起升作业效率,同时也能满足不同工况下控制的稳定性要求。

基于Copula理论的高桩码头岸坡可靠性分析

高桩码头岸坡稳定性对整体码头结构安全至关重要。为进一步探究高桩码头岸坡土体强度参数相关性及空间变异性对高桩码头岸坡可靠性的影响规律,基于Copula理论考虑岸坡土体参数的联合概率分布特性,采用PLAXIS计算平台建立高桩码头-岸坡体系数值计算模型,进一步通过Python API接口,编译完成了可自动数据交互与求解的外挂子程序SAPW,并实现了高桩码头岸坡体系参数化前处理、样本工况计算和可靠性求解的一体化、全链条可靠性分析框架流程,并在此基础之上结合蒙特卡罗模拟方法,开展了相关数值计算与参数化分析,探讨了黏聚力、内摩擦角变异系数以及二者相关系数对高桩码头岸坡可靠性的影响规律。结果表明:在高桩码头设计与分析中,忽略土体参数相关性和空间变异性会高估岸坡失效概率,进而导致相关可靠度分析偏于保守,在高桩码头岸坡可靠度分析中宜采用多种Copula函数进行综合考虑。

装配式海岸工程混凝土结构研究与应用进展

码头和防波堤建筑物是典型的海岸工程混凝土结构。这类结构的下部结构构件多为预制,而上部结构构件多为现浇。针对3类典型装配式海岸工程混凝土结构(高桩码头、板桩码头、桩基透空式防波堤),系统介绍了其结构特点、典型节点与连接构造,总结分析了国内外有关这3类典型结构的力学性能、技术标准与工程应用的最新进展。最后,对今后装配式海岸工程混凝土结构的应用与研究前景进行了展望。

基于EFDC模型的靖江河道多码头开发段溢油事故综合污染风险分析

基于环境流体动力学模型EFDC模拟了长江靖江开发段6个码头溢油事故下油膜漂移路径,提出了溢油污染风险评估方法,计算了多码头溢油事故的污染风险指数分布及其对保护区的综合污染风险指数。结果表明:码头位置和周围流场影响油膜的漂移路径;急流区溢油事故产生的油膜峰值迁移速度快,影响距离长,而缓流区溢油事故产生的油膜聚集程度高,影响时间长;多码头溢油事故产生的污染风险主要分布在各油膜路径的叠加区域,在开发段中部至下游末端形成强等级污染风险带,综合污染风险指数约为1.6;风险带主要影响W1保护区,应在高风险区域提前采取应急防范措施。