Feasibility and simulation model of a pilot scale membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment and reuse from Chinese traditional medicine

The lack and pollution of water resource make wastewater reuse necessary. The pilot scale long-term tests for submerged membrane bioreactor were conducted to treat the effluents of anaerobic or aerobic treatment process for the high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. This article was focused on the feasibility of the wastewater treatment and reuse at shorter hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 5.0, 3.2 and 2.13 h. MLSS growth, membrane flux, vacuum values and chemical cleaning periods were also investigated. The experimental results of treating two-phase anaerobic treatment effluent demonstrated that the CODfilt was less than 100 mg/L when the influent COD was between 500-10000 mg/L at HRT of 5.0 h, which could satisfy the normal discharged standard in China. The experimental results to treat cross flow aerobic reactor effluent demonstrated that the average value of CODfilt was 17.28 mg/L when the average value of influent COD was 192.84 mg/L at HRT of 2.13 h during 106 d, which could completely meet the normal standard for water reuse. The maximum MLSS and MLVSS reached 24000 and 14500 mg/L at HRT of 3.2 h respectively. Membrane flux had maximal resume degrees of 94.7% at vacuum value of 0.02 MPa after cleaning. Chemical cleaning periods of membrane module were 150 d. A simulation model of operational parameters was also established based on the theory of back propagation neural network and linear regression of traditional mathematical model. The simulation model showed that the optimum operational parameters were suggested as follows： HRT was 5.0 h, SRT was 100 d, the range of COD loading rate was between 10.664-20.451 kg/（m3.d）, the range of MLSS was between 7543-13694 mg/L.

SINOPEC's Success in Fixed-bed Methanol-to-Propylene Pilot Scale Tests

The first in China pilot tests of fixed-bed methanol-topropylene unit were successfully implemented at the Yangzi Petrochemical Company(YPC).It is told that this technology has opened up a new process for production of propylene through coal gasification,and China has possessed both the fluidized-bed methanolto-propylene process(F-MTP)and the

Pilot Scale Mill Characterization and Evaluation of Rice Bran Oil Concentration of Jazzman Rice

The demand for aromatic rice has increased in the United States during the last two decades. Jazzman, the first US-bred jasmine-type rice variety, was released by the Louisiana State University (LSU) AgCenter Rice Research Station in 2008 to compete for a market share of jasmine-type rice. Jazzman, a long grain aromatic rice variety, was developed from a cross between Ahrent and an unreleased aromatic Chinese rice line 96a-8. In pre-release field tests and laboratory scale evaluation, Jazzman rice yield and milling quality compared favorably with two high-yielding and good-milling non-aromatic long grain varieties, Cypress and Cheniere. Pilot scale evaluation of Jazzman for milling quality supported laboratory scale evaluation while providing additional data for milling optimization. Pilot scale milling uses larger rice samples than laboratory scale testing and employs a continuous process instead of the batch process used at laboratory scale. As a result, pilot scale milling offers more comprehensive information regarding the milling yield and quality of rice varieties as they are considered for industrial scale release. Another consideration for new rice varieties involves their potential for value-added processing, in which waste streams during processing can be used to create valuable products. The oil from rice bran is one such product. The objective of this study was to use pilot scale milling to determine the potential of Jazzman for industrial scale release, including its potential for value-added processing. Results showed that bran was easily removed during milling;the head rice recovery ranged from 66% to 74% as a function of milling flow rate. Water polishing had little effect on head rice recovery, but improved the final degree of milling (DOM) to a commercially acceptable level of 87 - 90. Additionally, rice bran oil concentration decreased as pilot scale flow rate increased, indicating that oil was concentrated in the outer bran layer of Jazzman. Pilot scale milling shows that Jazzman is a high-yielding and good-milling aromatic long grain rice variety.

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch system

To achieve high efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and to investigate the rule of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification phosphorus removal （SNDPR）, a whole course of SNDPR damage and recovery was studied in a pilot-scale, anaerobicanoxic oxidation ditch （OD）, where the volumes of anaerobic zone, anoxic zone, and ditches zone of the OD system were 7, 21, and 280 L, respectively. The reactor was fed with municipal wastewater with a flow rate of 336 L/d. The concept of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification （SND） rate （rSND） was put forward to quantify SND. The results indicate that： （1） high nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were achieved during the stable SND phase, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphate （TP） removal rates were 80% and 85%, respectively; （2） when the system was aerated excessively, the stability of SND was damaged, and rSND dropped from 80% to 20% or less; （3） the natural logarithm of the ratio of NOx to NH4^＋ in the effluent had a linear correlation to oxidation-reduction potential （ORP）; （4） when NO3^- was less than 6 mg/L, high phosphorus removal efficiency could be achieved; （5） denitrifying phosphorus removal （DNPR） could take place in the anaerobic-anoxic OD system. The major innovation was that the SND rate was devised and quantified.

A pilot scale trickling filter with pebble gravel as media and its performance to remove chemical oxygen demand from synthetic brewery wastewater

Evaluating the performance of a biotrickling filter for the treatment of wastewaters produced by a company manufacturing beer was the aim of this study.A pilot scale trickling filter filled with gravel was used as the experimental biofilter.Pilot scale plant experiments were made to evaluate the performance of the trickling filter aerobic and anaerobic biofilm systems for removal of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and nutrients from synthetic brewery wastewater.Performance evaluation data of the trickling filter were generated under different experimental conditions.The trickling filter had an average efficiency of(86.81±6.95)% as the hydraulic loading rate increased from 4.0 to 6.4 m3/(m2·d).Various COD concentrations were used to adjust organic loading rates from 1.5 to 4.5 kg COD/(m3·d).An average COD removal efficiency of(85.10±6.40)% was achieved in all wastewater concentrations at a hydraulic loading of 6.4 m3/(m2·d).The results lead to a design organic load of 1.5 kg COD/(m3·d) to reach an effluent COD in the range of 50–120 mg/L.As can be concluded from the results of this study,organic substances in brewery wastewater can be handled in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner using the gravel-filled trickling filter.

Anaerobic digestion of heat treated sludge liquor by pilot scale mesophilic EGSB reactor

Biogas recovery from heat treated sludge liquor was tested by a 4 m^(3)mesophilic expanded granular sludge bed(EGSB)reactor within 206 days.Before pilot experiment,the heat pretreatment effects on hydrolysis and biogas production potential on three sludges from different wastewater plants were evaluated using bench test.One of these sludges was used in the subsequent pilot heat treatment and EGSB reactor.The biogas conversion potential of this sludge filtrate was 79%.Seeded with granular sludge,the EGSB reactor could be quickly activated and adapted to the new filtrate substrate.The EGSB influent COD was 20.0-35.0 g/L,and the effluent COD was lower than 10.0 g/L.The COD removal rate was 60%-70%at an organic loading rate(OLR)of 10.0 kg COD/(m^(3)·d).The fresh supernatant with low pH resulted in the high biogas production in EGSB.The effluent with high nitrogen and phosphor should be considered for further treatment.

Combination of a crude oil-degrading bacterial consortium under the guidance of strain tolerance and a pilot-scale degradation test

Under the guidance of strain tolerance, a new combination method for crude oil-degrading bacterial consortium was studied. Firstly, more than 50 efficient crude oil-degrading and biosurfactant producing bacteria were isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil and water in Tianjin Binhai New Area Oilfield, China. Twenty-four of them were selected for further study. These strains were identified as belonging Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Brevibacillus brevis, Achromobacter sp., Acinetobacter venetianus, Lysinibacillus macroides, Klebsiella oxytoca, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Rhodococcus sp. and Bacillus thuringiensis. A shake-flask degradation test revealed that 12 of these strains could degrade over 50% of 1% crude oil concentration in 7 d. Of these, 8 strains were able to produce biosurfactants. Furthermore, environmental tolerance experiments indicated that the majority of the strains had the ability to adapt to extreme environments including high temperatures, alkaline environments and high salinity environments. A mixed bacterial agent comprising the strains WB2, W2, W3 and HA was developed based on the environmental tolerance tests and subjected to the pilot-scale degradation test indicating that this bacterial agent could degrade 85.2% of 0.8% crude oil concentration in 60 d. Our results suggest that the application of this mixed agent could remediate crude oil polluted soils in saline and alkaline environments.

Petrochemical wastewater treatment with a pilot-scale bioaugmented biological treatment system

In solving the deterioration of biological treatment system treating petrochemical wastewater under low temperatures, bioaugmentation technology was adopted by delivering engineering bacteria into a pilot-scale two-stage anoxic-oxic (A/O) process based on previous lab-scale study. Experimental results showed that when the concentrations of COD and NH4+-N of the influent were 370~910 mg/L and 10~70 mg/L, the corresponding average concentrations of those of effluent were about 80 mg/L and 8 mg/L respectively, which was better than the Level I criteria of the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996). According to GC-MS analysis of the effluents from both the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the pilot system, there were 68 kinds of persistent organic pollutants in the WWTP effluent, while there were only 32 in that of the pilot system. In addition, the amount of the organics in the effluent of the pilot system reduced by almost 50% compared to that of the WWTP. As a whole, after bioaugmentation, the organic removal efficiency of the wastewater treatment system obviously in- creased.

Chemical characterization and antioxidative properties of Polish variety of Morus alba L. leaf aqueous extracts from the laboratory and pilot-scale processes

White mulberry tree (Morus alba L) is cultivated throughout Asia and Europe, including Poland. The leaves and root bark preparations from Morus alba have been used in traditional phytomedicine. The objective of the present study was to compare chemical composition and antioxidative activity of aqueous extracts prepared from Polish variety of Morus alba leaves at the laboratory (L) and pilot plant scale (PP) conditions. Proximate composition, phenolic acids profile (HPLC/MS), flavonol glicosides (HPLC/ MS), polyphenols (Folin-Ciocalteu assay), and the antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH assay) of the extracts were determined. The main phenolic compounds were identified as gallic, protocatechuic, phydroxybenzoic, vanillic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids. Chlorogenic acid was the main phenolic constituent of both extracts. The flavonols fraction contained rutin, quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside, and kaempferol 3-β-D- glucopyranoside. Total concentration of phenolic compounds were 7.9 g and 14.4 g gallic acid equivalent/100 g extract, and antioxidant activity was 137.1 and 214.1 μMol Trolox equivalent/g dry weight for the PP and L extracts, respectively. We concluded that current pilot plant process is less efficient than laboratory process at the aqueous extraction of bioactive components from Morus alba dried leaves. Potential improvements may include increasing efficacy of the extraction, decreasing losses of bioactive components during the process, or both.

Effect of C/N Ratio on DHA Production by Schizochytrium sp.JN-3 and Its Pilot-scale Fermentation

[ Objective] This study aimed to explore the effect of C/N ratio on DHA production by Schizochytrium sp. , and the results were verified by pilot-scale fermentation. [ Method] Effect of C/N ratio on DHA production by Schizochytrium sp. JN-3 was explored. The industrial fermentation potential of Schizochytrium sp. JN-3 was investigated by pilot-scale fermentation in a 200 L fermentation tank. [ Result] Results of fermentation in a 7 L fermentation tank showed that the maximum biomass and total lipid content were 34.3 and 20.1 g/L, respectively, when C/N ratio was 10 ; the maximum DHA yield was 46.9% when C/N ratio was 20. When pilot-scale fermentation was conducted in a 200 L fermentation tank, the biomass was 30. 2 g/L, total lipid content was 18.4 g/L, accounting for 63.2% of the dry weight of cells; DHA content was 7.4 g/L, accounting for 40. 2% of the total lipid content. [ Condasion ] Schizochytrlum sp. JN-3 has good industrial fermentation notential.

Cells grouping scheme against pilot contamination in large scale antennas system

The influence of cells groupings factor to the performance of the cells groupings time-shift pilot scheme is researched for the multiple cells large scale antennas systems（LSAS）. The former researches have confirmed that the cells groupings time-shift pilots scheme is effective to reduce inter-cell interference, especially pilot contamination, which results from the pilot reuse in adjacent cells. However, they have not specified reasonable cells groupings factor, which plays a critical role in the general performance of the LSAS. Therefore, this problem is researched in details. The time for reverse-link data transmission will be compressed, when the groupings factor surpasses a certain range. Thus it is not always beneficial to increase the cells groupings factor without limitation. Furthermore,a reasonable cells groupings factor is deduced from the perspective of optimization to enhance the system performance. Simulations verify the proposed cell grouping factor.

Pilot-scale acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation from corn stover

Biobutanol is an advanced biofuel that can be produced from excess lignocellulose via acetone-butanol-ethanol(ABE)fermentation.Although significant technological progress has been made in this field,attempts at largescale lignocellulosic ABE production remain scarce.In this study,1m^(3)scale ABE fermentation was investigated using high inhibitor tolerance Clostridium acetobutylicum ABE-P1201 and steam-exploded corn stover hydrolysate(SECSH).Before expanding the fermentation scale,the detoxification process for SECSH was simplified by process engineering.Results revealed that appropriate pH management during the fed-batch cultivation could largely decrease the inhibition of the toxic components in undetoxified SECSH to the solventogenesis phase of the ABE-P1201 strains,avoiding“acid crash”.Therefore,after naturalizing the pH by Ca(OH)_(2),the undetoxified SECSH,without removal of the solid components,reached 17.68±1.30 g/L of ABE production with 0.34±0.01 g/g of yield in 1 L scale bioreactor.Based on this strategy,the fermentation scale gradually expanded from laboratory-scale apparatus to pilot-scale bioreactors.Finally,17.05±1.20 g/L of ABE titer and 0.32±0.01 g/g of ABE yield were realized in 1m3 bioreactor,corresponding to approximately 145 kg of ABE production from 1 t of dry corn stover.The pilot-scale ABE fermentation demonstrated excellent stability during repeated operations.This study provided a simplified ABE fermentation strategy and verified the feasibility of the pilot process,providing tremendous significance and a solid foundation for the future industrialization of second-generation ABE plants.

成型生物质流化床气化及结渣影响因素研究

为提高生物质气化产物的品质,采用成型桉树皮和成型玉米秸秆2种典型农林废弃物,并选取稻壳和木屑作为对比,在中试规模的流化床实验台上进行气化实验,得到成型桉树皮、成型玉米秸秆、稻壳和木屑的最佳空气当量系数,分析了成型生物质在气化中出现结渣现象的原因。结果表明:在实验条件下,成型桉树皮、稻壳和木屑的最佳空气当量系数为0.20,其燃气热值分别为5.5 MJ/m^(3)、5.5 MJ/m^(3)、6 MJ/m^(3),气化效率分别为60%、45%、52%;成型玉米秸秆由于其高灰分、低热值,所需空气量更大,最佳空气当量系数为0.24,燃气热值为4 MJ/m^(3),气化效率为35%;气化温度提高可促进不同生物质的气化反应,碱金属、碱土金属含量较多的成型生物质在气化过程中更易结渣。

基于非粮糖蜜的聚羟基脂肪酸酯发酵培养基优化与中试放大

为促进绿色生物基材料聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)的发展,推进非粮糖蜜发酵等工艺标准化、规模化、绿色化运行,压缩PHA发酵成本,提高生产强度,该研究以盐单胞菌(Halomonos sp.)TD01为发酵菌株,基于非粮糖蜜原料发酵生产PHA。通过单因素试验和响应面法优化确定最佳发酵培养基配方,并调整补料培养基后进行中试放大验证。结果表明,生产PHA最佳发酵培养基配方为糖蜜添加量33.2 g/L,尿素添加量2.5 g/L,硫酸铵添加量2.2 g/L。在此优化条件下,PHA产量为3.12 g/L。通过2 L扩大发酵罐培养得到PHA总产量达到67.36 g/L,较优化前产量增长142.13%;5 kL中试发酵得到PHA总产量为51.16 g/L,较优化前产量增长了83.90%。

铁基颗粒吸附剂固定床处理含砷地下水的中试研究

以农村地区的As污染地下水为处理对象,研发了同步去除水中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的铁基颗粒吸附剂(FMGA),设计并建立了以吸附固定床为核心单元的中试除As装置,对As污染地下水的处理效果进行研究。结果表明:在33 d的连续运行过程中,除As装置出水As浓度始终低于GB 5749—2022《生活饮用水卫生标准》规定限值(10μg/L),吸附固定床首次运行的穿透时间达到786 h;使用0.2 mol/L的Na OH溶液对吸附剂进行原位再生后,吸附固定床再次运行的穿透时间仍可达到750 h,其除As性能的恢复率接近91%;除As装置的出水浊度接近于0,Fe、Mn离子浓度均低于GB 5749—2022的限值(Fe浓度为0.3mg/L,Mn浓度为0.1 mg/L),FMGA可高效再生回用且无二次污染。吸附动力学表明,FMGA吸附As的过程符合准二级动力学模型,As通过化学吸附被去除;吸附等温线表明,FMGA对As的理论最大吸附容量为74.94 mg/g(pH为7.0)。通过表征研究可知,FMGA最大荷载为89.39 N,具有出色的机械强度。

中试脉冲喷动床微波冻干山楂干燥特性与品质特性研究

该文针对传统冻干(conventional freeze-drying,CFD)存在的干燥周期长、能耗大及生产成本高等问题,探究中试脉冲喷动床微波冻干(pulse-spouted bed microwave freeze-drying,PSBMFD)山楂的干燥特性与品质特性,分析代替传统冻干进行商业化应用的可行性。以CFD山楂作为对比,研究了两者干燥时间、能耗、山楂品质及干燥均匀性等方面的差异。结果显示,和CFD相比,中试PSBMFD能耗降低72.49%,干燥周期减少62.39%,较好地保留山楂原有风味,所得山楂产品具有多孔结构和较高质构(硬度20.83 N);在水分含量、色差、收缩率方面,中试PSBMFD实现了山楂产品较高的均匀性(>90%);在营养保留方面,中试PSBMFD山楂具有较高的总酚含量[37.03 mg/g干基,以没食子酸当量(gallic acid equivalent,GAE)计]与抗氧化能力。该中试实验结果为PSBMFD商业化提供了有效的理论基础和技术支持。

中试产业化的理论逻辑、实践困境及优化策略

加快中试产业化发展,建设现代化中试产业体系,有助于加快我国科技成果的形成与转化,促进创新链与产业链深度融合发展,加快实现高水平科技成果产业化发展。我国中试具备产业化的可能性与必要性,中试产业化的有效运行依赖于规范的内部管理机制、良性的外部协作机制和有效的政府宏观调控机制。目前中试产业化面临的现实困境是创新主体与生产主体信息沟通不畅、存在知识泄露和人才流失风险、创新主体积极性不高、市场定位不清晰、监管制度不完善等问题,需在中试信息流通、技术服务保护、人才评聘和收益分配机制、专业化市场建设和监管制度改革等方面持续优化完善。

切制工艺小试与中试的比较及思考——以黄芩饮片为例

目的 采用实验室小试和饮片厂中试工艺对黄芩药材进行切制,比较两种工艺的差异,为黄芩片的生产加工标准化提供参考。方法 采用《中华人民共和国药典》(2020年版)黄芩的浸出物及含量测定方法,对黄芩药材及饮片醇溶性浸出物和黄芩苷的含量进行测定;采用课题组前期建立的黄芩高效液相色谱法(High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HPLC)指纹图谱方法对黄芩药材及饮片进行测定;对小试和中试得到的黄芩片进行饮片得率、外观性状、浸出物和黄芩苷含量、指纹图谱及成分转移率的比较。结果 采用小试和中试工艺得到的黄芩片均为薄片,片型相近,外表皮为黄棕色,具有放射状纹理,且浸出物和黄芩苷含量均符合《中华人民共和国药典》规定。小试工艺的饮片得率、浸出物和黄芩苷转移率比中试工艺略高。结论 小试工艺和中试工艺得到的黄芩片质量相对稳定,切制工艺参数设置合理。在黄芩药材的切制工艺中,环境温湿度、水洗次数和蒸制压力是关键因素。小试研究和中试验证的结合,可降低饮片工业化生产风险,为黄芩片的生产加工标准化提供参考。

新型水性丙烯酸二级分散体中试工艺及性能研究

通过粒径分布、FTIR和分子量等分析对新型水性丙烯酸二级分散体进行了表征,并从中试关键工艺、水性丙烯酸二级分散体性能及涂膜性能等3方面对新型水性丙烯酸二级分散体的中试工艺及性能进行了研究。结果表明,中试水性丙烯酸二级分散体的粒径均比小试的大;小试、中试水性丙烯酸二级分散体的FTIR图谱基本一致,均为苯丙型丙烯酸树脂水分散体;第2次中试的水性丙烯酸二级分散体的性能指标基本接近小试的测试结果;中试水性丙烯酸二级分散体制漆后,干性和耐水性均较小试下降;粒径和分子量是影响水性丙烯酸二级分散体的主要因素,中试的初始导热油温度应控制在130~135℃,以保证较小的粒径和较大的分子量。

基于心率变异性的长航时模拟飞行疲劳评估

目的分析长航时模拟飞行中执行夜间飞行任务的驾驶员的状态,初步对受试者夜间执行任务的状态和可能预警点进行评估。方法选取8名健康男性,每2人一组分别执行机长和副机长的任务,共4组,开展模拟48 h连续飞行任务,其中,机长和副机长进行轮班制度,每飞行4 h进行45 min的睡眠以及45 min的恢复,根据该模拟飞行任务中所采集的心电数据,利用心率变异性(HRV)方法对试验对象的疲劳程度进行分析。结果HRV指标区分疲劳与非疲劳状态准确率大于90%的段落主要分布在夜间,且上半夜相较于下半夜飞行员的疲劳程度更大,试验第2日相较于第1日飞行员疲劳感更为明显。结论HRV分析体现了不同状态下的自主神经系统变化,通过结合相关分类模型,可靠地区分了模拟飞行试验中飞行员的疲劳与非疲劳状况。