A Frost Heaving Prediction Approach for Ground Uplift Simulation Due to Freeze-Sealing Pipe Roof Method

Freeze-sealing pipe roof method is applied in the Gongbei tunnel,which causes the ground surface uplift induced by frost heave.A frost heaving prediction approach based on the coefficient of cold expansion is proposed to simulate the ground deformation of the Gongbei tunnel.The coefficient of cold expansion in the model and the frost heaving rate from the frost heave test under the hydration condition can achieve a good correspondence making the calculation result closer to the actual engineering.The ground surface uplift along the lateral and longitudinal direction are respectively analyzed and compared with the field measured data to validate the model.The results show that a good agreement between the frost heaving prediction model and the field measured data verifies the rationality and applicability of the proposed model.The maximum uplift of the Gongbei tunnel appears at the center of the model,gradually decreasing along with the lateral and longitudinal directions.The curve in the lateral direction presents a normal distribution due to the influence of the constraint of two sides,while the one along the lateral direction shapes like a parabola with the opening downward due to the temperature field distribution.The model provides a reference for frost heaving engineering calculation.

Analytical approach and field monitoring for mechanical behaviors of pipe roof reinforcement

Considering the delay effect of initial lining and revising the Winkler elastic foundation model,an analytical approach based on Pasternak elastic foundation beam theory for pipe roof reinforcement was put forward. With the example of a certain tunnel excavation,the comparison of the values of longitudinal strain of reinforcing pipe between field monitoring and analytical approach was made. The results indicate that Pasternak model,which considers a more realistic hypothesis in the elastic soil than Winkler model,gives more accurate calculation and agrees better with the result of field monitoring. The difference of calculation results between these two models is about 7%,and Pasternak model is proved to be a better way to study the reinforcement mechanism and improve design practice. The calculation results also reveal that the reinforcing pipes act as levers,which increases longitudinal load transfer to an unexcavated area,and consequently decreases deformation and increases face stability.

Analysis of mechanical behaviors of big pipe roof for shallow buried large-span tunnel

A series of researches on mechanical behaviors of big pipe roof for shallow large-span loess tunnel were carried out based on the Wenxiang tunnel in Zhengzhou—Xi'an Special Passenger Railway. The longitudinal deformations of the pipe roofs were monitored and the mechanical behaviors of the pipe roofs were analyzed at the test section. A new double-parameter elastic foundation beam model for pipe roof in shallow tunnels was put forward in Wenxiang tunnel. The measured values and the calculation results agreed well with each other,revealing the force-deformation law of big pipe roof in loess tunnel:At about 15 m in front of the excavating face,the pipe roof starts to bear the load;at about 15 m behind the excavating face,the force of the pipe roof tends to be stabilized;the longitudinal deformation of the whole pipe roofs is groove-shaped distribution,and the largest force of pipe roofs is at the excavating face. Simultaneously,the results also indicate that mechanical behaviors of pipe roof closely relate to the location of the excavation face,the footage of the tunnelling cycle and the mechanics parameters of pipe roof and rock. The conclusions can be reference for the design parameter optimization and the construction scheme selection of pipe roofs,and have been verified by the result of numerical analysis software FLAC3Dand deformation monitoring.

A 3D sliced-soil-beam model for settlement prediction of tunnelling using the pipe roofing method in soft ground

The pipe roofing method is widely used in tunnel construction because it can realize a flexible section shape and a large section area of the tunnel,especially under good ground conditions.However,the pipe roofing method has rarely been applied in soft ground,where the prediction and control of the ground settlement play important roles.This study proposes a sliced-soil-beam(SSB)model to predict the settlement of ground due to tunnelling using the pipe roofing method in soft ground.The model comprises a sliced-soil module based on the virtual work principle and a beam module based on structural mechanics.As part of this work,the Peck formula was modified for a square-section tunnel and adopted to construct a deformation mechanism of soft ground.The pipe roofing system was simplified to a threedimensional Winkler beam to consider the interaction between the soil and pipe roofing.The model was verified in a case study conducted in Shanghai,China,in which it provided the efficient and accurate prediction of settlement.Finally,the parameters affecting the ground settlement were analyzed.It was clarified that the stiffness of the excavated soil and the steel support are the key factors in reducing ground settlement.

管幕和横梁作用下大断面开挖变形响应研究

基于管幕与横梁作用下大断面开挖相似模型试验,研究开挖引起的管幕变形和地表沉降变化规律.为充分研究参数变化对管幕变形和地表沉降的影响,运用有限元软件建立三维数值模型,以此模型为依据,分析管幕抗弯刚度和横梁抗弯刚度对管幕变形和地表沉降的影响,并根据模糊数学理论对最优刚度匹配进行研究.研究结果表明:管幕结构整体变形类似于“板”,且关于中间管幕对称,管幕跨中断面地表沉降呈“凹槽”型,符合Peck曲线分布;管幕变形和地表沉降均与横梁刚度和管幕刚度呈指数函数关系,且对横梁刚度变化更为敏感;管幕刚度与横梁刚度分别为0.5D和2K时,可以兼顾安全性与经济性.

异形加强冻结管外壁保温对管幕冻结效果影响试验研究

新型管幕冻结法冻结系统由充填混凝土的实顶管内布置圆形主力冻结管和限位管、未充填混凝土的空顶管内布置异形加强冻结管组成。为分析该新型管幕冻结系统中空顶管周围的冻结效果,通过拱北隧道管幕冻结现场原型试验,对空顶管中异形加强冻结管是否采取外表面保温措施展开研究,利用冻土帷幕厚度的变化对异形加强冻结管保温措施与不保温状态进行冻结效果对比分析。结果表明:异形加强冻结管保温不利于冻土帷幕的形成,随着冻结时间推移,冻土帷幕的发展会越来越慢;协同冻结模式下60 d后保温与不保温的冻土厚度之差约为冻结20 d的2倍。可以把空顶管作为“大冻结管”来考虑,利用异形加强冻结管对空顶管内部整体降温,更有利于顶管周围冻土帷幕的发展。

地下工程咬合型管幕构件抗弯承载力研究

基于咬合型管幕试件的抗弯性能试验,研究了咬合型管幕试件的力学性能及破坏形态。为进一步研究关键结构参数对咬合型管幕试件抗弯性能的影响,运用ABAQUS建立了咬合型管幕试件的有限元模型,并通过室内试验验证了模型的正确性;进而分析了钢管咬合程度、钢管壁厚及钢筋直径对咬合型管幕试件抗弯性能的影响。结果表明:咬合型管幕试件抗弯性能良好,试件最终发生延性破坏;钢管咬合程度、钢管壁厚对试件的抗弯承载力影响显著,钢筋直径对试件的抗弯承载力影响不明显。最后,给出了钢管咬合程度、钢管壁厚及钢筋直径与抗弯承载力的关系式;并通过多元线性回归得到了咬合型管幕试件抗弯承载力简化计算公式。

管幕预筑法施工引起的地表沉降:顶管群施工顺序的影响

以太原火车站下穿隧道为例,研究了封闭管幕预筑隧道在顶管阶段的地表沉降特征。首先采用数值模拟分析了3类顶管顺序,从上向下、上下同时施工和从下向上的9种工况,顶管施工顺序引起的地表沉降特征。数值模拟结果表明采用从上向下的顶管施工顺序引起的地表沉降量最小,为12 mm;采用从下向上的顶管施工顺序引起的地表沉降量最大,为25 mm。通过大尺寸模型试验对数值模拟结果进行了验证,模型试验结果与数值模拟结果一致,从上向下的顶管施工引起的地表沉降最小,从下向上顶管施工顺序引起的地表沉降最大。基于数值模拟与模型试验结果,确定了太原火车站北隧道的顶管群施工顺序,现场监测结果表明选择的施工方案满足沉降要求。研究结果表明,在顶管施工阶段相邻顶管之间会形成微土拱,隧道上方相邻管道之间的微土拱将组合成大的管土拱结构,可以减少隧道下方和两侧顶管阶段引起的地表沉降。因此,考虑隧道上方管土拱结构的顶管施工顺序可以减小下方顶管施工引起的地表沉降。

断层破碎带暗挖通道超前大管棚施工技术

地处断层破碎带的地下工程通常面临着复杂地质环境带来的安全威胁,给工程施工带来了严峻的挑战。基于济南市轨道交通4号线暗挖通道工程,沿通道纵向拱顶范围打设超前大管棚对进洞前地层进行加固,该技术在复杂地质条件下应用灵活,有效支护了隧道周围土体,降低了地表沉降风险。以实际工程为基础,详细阐述了超前大管棚施工技术的优越性,介绍了关键施工参数和方法。

大跨度屋盖振动舒适度分析及管桁架结构施工技术研究

某中学风雨操场屋盖为大跨度倒三角空间管桁架结构,同时兼具运动功能,承受重型荷载。因此,需在深化设计阶段对风雨操场屋盖进行共振技术分析,保证操场运动人员舒适性及屋盖下空间不受干扰。研究大跨度倒三角空间管桁架测量及监测技术、侧拼与吊装施工技术,以达到设计效果。研究结果表明,通过共振分析得出的结构竖向自振频率与最大加速度满足要求;采用临时支撑、起拱、汽车式起重机单榀整体吊装等方式解决吊装问题,达到了设计精度;通过精准测量及监测确保了加工、安装过程质量和安全。

地铁隧道超浅埋覆土下穿湖泊方案研究

盾构区间浅覆土下穿湖泊,抗浮是一个无法忽视的问题,区间抗浮措施值得进一步深入研究。本文结合深圳地铁穿越湖泊案例,利用有限元软件模拟盾构区间超浅覆土穿越湖泊采用抗浮压板、抗浮锚杆、管幕3种抗浮方式。通过比较区间在穿越湖泊过程中的竖向位移,得出采用抗浮压板、抗浮锚杆、管幕均能有效限制区间位移,其中抗浮压板是一种效果较好的抗浮方式。目前国内外区间抗浮暂未采用抗浮锚杆、管幕抗浮,本次研究也从理论上证明了这两种抗浮方式的可行性,可为区间抗浮提供不同选择。

预应力倒三角管桁架钢屋盖滑移施工技术

广交会展馆四期展馆扩建工程地处城市核心区,环境复杂,铁、隧、馆多重结构交互。工程体量大,结构复杂,施工难度大,总工期仅644d,在同类工程中工期最短,工期履约压力大。其中展厅屋盖钢结构为预应力倒三角管桁架结构,钢构体量大。针对此屋盖钢结构特点、难点,从缩短工期、高效建造方面开展研究,创新提出超长大跨度钢桁架分段等节奏滑移施工技术,即展馆两侧附属混凝土结构先行施工,提供滑移支撑体系,屋盖钢结构滑移与展厅下部2层主体混凝土结构同步施工,实现了展厅屋盖钢结构提前插入安装,各专业平面、立面穿插施工,缩短了关键线路工期;研发了基于装配式、自稳定高空平台的大跨度钢桁架拼装技术,实现超长大跨度重型钢桁架分单元快速拼装;针对主体结构作为滑移支撑体系两侧异标高的特点,设计双向滑移轨道,并研制滚针式滑靴及动力系统,确保滑移安全稳定;应用倒三角预应力钢绞线快速穿束和张拉技术,解决了超长预应力筋穿束张拉与高空滑移技术难题;液压同步控制系统与智能施工监测确保了大跨超重钢桁架屋盖滑移的应力、应变可控,按方案模拟过程平稳进行。

近距离薄煤层群首采层卸压瓦斯协同抽采技术研究

为有效解决近距离薄煤层群开采首采层上、下邻近层大量卸压瓦斯涌入的治理问题,以某煤矿为研究对象,采用理论分析和数值模拟的方法,研究近距离薄煤层群开采条件下卸压瓦斯运移规律,并根据富集特征确定卸压瓦斯抽采钻孔的空间位置。研究结果表明:首采层开采覆岩导气裂隙带最大发育高为10.3~23.2 m。设计超大直径顺层预抽钻孔高0.8 m,宽2.08 m;顶板定向长钻孔终孔最优抽采位置为垂直距离开采层顶板15.0~23.0 m,水平距离回风侧20.5~27.5 m;2条埋管抽采最佳错距为距底板高1.1,1.7 m,深入采空区11.3,20.8 m。优化后的布置参数应用于现场实践,试验工作面回采期间上隅角瓦斯体积分数保持在0.7%以下。研究结果能够实现近距离薄煤层群开采条件下卸压瓦斯高效抽采,保证矿井安全高效生产。

汽油内浮顶储罐量油导向管油气挥发分析

对内浮顶罐量油导向管开孔所产生的油气挥发问题进行了分析,通过构建三维模型并利用流体力学相似原理进行数值模拟,研究内浮顶罐在冬夏季不同温度下的油气挥发状况。进油孔会导致油品的挥发,在油品储存工作中需对其进行考虑。

A Hybrid Regional Model for Predicting Ground Deformation Induced by Large-Section Tunnel Excavation

Due to the large number of finite element mesh generated,it is difficult to use full-scale model to simulate largesection underground engineering,especially considering the coupling effect.A regional model is attempted to achieve this simulation.A variable boundary condition method for hybrid regional model is proposed to realize the numerical simulation of large-section tunnel construction.Accordingly,the balance of initial ground stress under asymmetric boundary conditions achieves by applying boundary conditions step by step with secondary development ofDynaflowscripts,which is the key issue of variable boundary conditionmethod implementation.In this paper,Gongbei tunnel based on hybrid regional model involvingmulti-field coupling is simulated.Meanwhile,the variable boundary condition method for regional model is verified against model initialization and the ground deformation due to tunnel excavation is predicted via the proposed hybrid regional model.Compared with the monitoring data of actual engineering,the results indicated that the hybrid regional model has a good prediction effect.

考虑微拱效应的隧道管棚受力机制分析与支护效果评价

考虑管间微拱效应、初期支护滞后效应、应力释放时空效应和基床系数变化特性,将管棚在轴向上划分为不同受力区段,建立深浅埋隧道管棚的力学理论模型,进而通过参数分析揭示管棚力学响应受影响规律。研究表明:(1)管棚在环向上表现为微拱效应,具有承载减跨效果,管棚外载为管间微拱转移的岩土压力;(2)管棚轴向上体现为长梁效应,发挥荷载传递作用,将超前围岩荷载传递至后方初支;(3)基于Pasternak弹塑性地基梁理论,推导了管棚挠度和内力的理论解,较既有理论解更贴近实测结果;(4)提出了围岩/初期支护承载比和管棚挠曲变形以量化评价管棚支护效果,为合理控制管棚变形并有效传递围岩荷载,软岩大跨隧道开挖进尺不得大于2m,拱顶附近30°范围内的管间距较其他部位应缩短5~10 cm。

考虑拱效应的隧道管棚力学模型与参数分析

为了更好地研究隧道管棚的实际受力状态,根据隧道施工工序和施工影响,将隧道管棚划分为二衬段、初支段、开挖段以及掌子面前方的扰动段和未扰动段等五段,考虑管棚注浆后形成整体管棚拱的拱效应,建立了五段式隧道管棚的Winkler弹性地基梁新模型,推导了五段式隧道管棚模型的挠度和内力计算公式,并与既有工程案例进行对比分析,同时对不同的开挖进尺、管棚直径和加固区弹性模量进行了分析。结果表明:新模型得到的管棚挠度最大值和挠度最大值对应的位置与现场监测结果更为接近,能够解决已有管棚模型因边界条件设置不合理而造成的管棚变形在扰动段的末端出现的上拱现象,更符合管棚实际的变形情况;改变开挖进尺对管棚的挠度影响更大,管棚钢管直径为108 mm和114 mm时,其管棚支护效果相差不大;当Ec(加固区弹性模量)>40.0 Eg(围岩弹性模量)时,开挖进尺和钢管直径对管棚的挠度和弯矩的影响不大,因此,提高加固区的弹性模量是减小管棚挠度和内力最有效的方法。

枢纽车站结构地震响应特征

枢纽车站结构一般由大跨空间屋盖结构和下部混凝土框架结构组成,还包括管道系统等非结构部件,研究多因素影响下的枢纽车站复杂结构地震响应特征对于保证其抗震安全性具有重要意义。该文经过大量调研选取4个典型枢纽车站结构,采用有限元方法分析其地震响应特征,结果表明:枢纽车站结构呈“上柔下刚”的特点;从结构基底至屋盖结构顶部地震响应经历2次放大,屋盖结构为竖向地震敏感型结构,下部框架结构层间位移分布规律与普通框架的不同;考虑场地土后,枢纽车站结构自振频率均降低,屋盖结构变形增大、杆件应力分布趋于均匀;对于不同的枢纽车站结构,地震响应的最不利地震动震源机制不同;下部结构框架需考虑地震动行波效应的不利影响,屋盖结构可不考虑行波效应;屋盖吊挂管道系统地震响应从车站结构基底到管道系统经历3次放大,枢纽车站中管道系统抗震性能分析必须考虑主体结构对其地震响应的放大。

超浅埋棚盖法暗挖地铁车站管幕支护技术研究与应用——以北京地铁19号线平安里站为例

为解决繁华城市密集建(构)筑物区超浅埋棚盖法暗挖地铁车站管幕超前支护施工技术难题,依托北京地铁19号线平安里站工程,采用理论推导、数值模拟、现场试验及实践总结的方法,建立管幕超前支护力学模型及其计算方法,验证并总结管幕受力及变形机制,优化有限空间作业条件下管幕施工工装及工艺,总结管幕支护施工关键技术。实践表明:1)棚盖管幕支护技术能够满足超浅埋棚盖法暗挖地铁超前支护受力及变形要求,适宜与PBA工法结合实现“盖挖暗作”修建地下车站;2)弹性薄板理论及计算方法能够契合实际工况,为超浅埋棚盖法暗挖地铁车站设计施工提供理论依据;3)管幕支护技术机械化程度高、施工效率高,能够满足繁华城市超浅埋有限空间作业。