An analysis of the interaction mechanism between the social history of medicine research and health communication from the perspective of mass communication

The mass communication model and interactive ritual chain theory,which serve as communication paradigms in the new media era,facilitate and enhance the synergy between the fields of social history of medicine and health communication.This study employs a comprehensive framework based on the five elements of the mass communication model:information source,communication subject,communication object,message content,and post-communication feedback.Additionally,it incorporates the interactive ritual chain theory to examine the evolving dynamics and developmental trajectory of research in the social history of medicine during the new media era.Conclusively,this paper acknowledges the existing interaction gaps in the interaction between health communication and the social history of medicine research while outlining the challenges for fostering collaboration and proposing strategic optimizations for effective integration.

Strength weakening and its micromechanism in water–rock interaction,a short review in laboratory tests

Water–rock interaction(WRI)is a topic of interest in geology and geotechnical engineering.Many geological hazards and engineering safety problems are severe under the WRI.This study focuses on the water weakening of rock strength and its infuencing factors(water content,immersion time,and wetting–drying cycles).The strength of the rock mass decreases to varying degrees with water content,immersion time,and wetting–drying cycles depending on the rock mass type and mineral composition.The corresponding acoustic emission count and intensity and infrared radiation intensity also weaken accordingly.WRI enhances the plasticity of rock mass and reduces its brittleness.Various microscopic methods for studying the pore characterization and weakening mechanism of the WRI were compared and analyzed.Various methods should be adopted to study the pore evolution of WRI comprehensively.Microscopic methods are used to study the weakening mechanism of WRI.In future work,the mechanical parameters of rocks weakened under long-term water immersion(over years)should be considered,and more attention should be paid to how the laboratory scale is applied to the engineering scale.

Utilizing hybrid faradaic mechanism via catalytic and surface interactions for high-performance flexible energy storage system

Improving the capacitance and energy density is a significant challenge while developing practical and flexible energy storage system(ESS).Redox mediators(RMs),as redox-active electrolyte additives,can provide additional energy storing capability via electrochemical faradaic contribution on electrodes for high-performance flexible ESSs.Particularly,determining effective material combinations between electrodes and RMs is essential for maximizing surface faradaic redox reactions for energy-storage performance.In this study,an electrode-RM system comprising heterostructured hybrid(carbon fiber(CF)/MnO_(2)) faradaic electrodes and iodine RMs(I-RMs) in a redox-active electrolyte is investigated.The CF/MnO_(2)with the 1-RMs(CF/MnO_(2)-I) induces dominant catalytic faradaic interaction with the I-RMs,significantly enhancing the surface faradaic kinetics and increasing the overall energy-storage performance.The CF/MnO_(2)-I ESSs show a 12.6-fold(or higher) increased volumetric energy density of 793.81 mWh L^(-1)at a current of 10 μA relative to ESSs using CF/MnO_(2)without I-RMs(CF/MnO_(2)).Moreover,the CF/MnO_(2)-I retains 93.1% of its initial capacitance after 10,000 cycles,validating the excellent cyclability.Finally,the flexibility of the ESSs is tested at different bending angles(180° to 0°),demonstrating its feasibility for flexible and high-wear environments.Therefore,CF/MnO_(2)electrodes present a practical material combination for high-performance flexible energy-storage devices owing to the catalytic faradaic interaction with I-RMs.

Framework-solvent interactional mechanism and effect of NMP/DMF on solvothermal synthesis of [Zn_4O(BDC)_3]_8

In order to explore the effect mechanism of solvent on the synthesis of the metal organic framework materials, the microscopic interaction between solvent and framework and the effects of N,N-dimethyl-formamide(DMF) or N-methyl- 2-pyrrolidone(NMP) on solvothermal synthesis of [Zn4O(BDC)3]8 were investigated through a combined DFT and experimental study. XRD and SEM showed that the absorbability of NMP in the pore of [Zn4O(BDC)3]8 was weaker than that of DMF. The thermal decomposition temperature of [Zn4O(BDC)3]8 synthesized in DMF was higher than that in NMP according to TG and FT-IR. In addition, the nitrogen sorption isotherms indicated that NMP improved gas sorption property of [Zn4O(BDC)3]8. The COSMO optimized calculations indicated that the total energy of Zn4O(BDC)3 in NMP was higher than that in DMF, and compared with non-solvent system, the charge of zinc atoms decreased and the charge value was the smallest in NMP. Furthermore, the interaction of DMF, NMP or DEF in [Zn4O(BDC)3]8 crystal model was calculated by DFT method. The results suggested that NMP should be easier to be removed from pore of materials than DMF from the point of view of energy state. It can be concluded that NMP was a favorable solvent to synthesize [Zn4O(BDC)3]8 and the microscopic mechanism was that the binding force between Zn4O(BDC)3 and NMP molecule was weaker than DMF.

Computational and bioinformatics tools for understanding disease mechanisms

Computational methods have significantly transformed biomedical research,offering a comprehensive exploration of disease mechanisms and molecular protein functions.This article reviews a spectrum of computational tools and network analysis databases that play a crucial role in identifying potential interactions and signaling networks contributing to the onset of disease states.The utilization of protein/gene interaction and genetic variation databases,coupled with pathway analysis can facilitate the identification of potential drug targets.By bridging the gap between molecular-level information and disease understanding,this review contributes insights into the impactful utilization of computational methods,paving the way for targeted interventions and therapeutic advancements in biomedical research.

T cell interactions with microglia in immune-inflammatory processes of ischemic stroke

The primary mechanism of secondary injury after cerebral ischemia may be the brain inflammation that emerges after an ischemic stroke,which promotes neuronal death and inhibits nerve tissue regeneration.As the first immune cells to be activated after an ischemic stroke,microglia play an important immunomodulatory role in the progression of the condition.After an ischemic stroke,peripheral blood immune cells(mainly T cells)are recruited to the central nervous system by chemokines secreted by immune cells in the brain,where they interact with central nervous system cells(mainly microglia)to trigger a secondary neuroimmune response.This review summarizes the interactions between T cells and microglia in the immune-inflammatory processes of ischemic stroke.We found that,during ischemic stroke,T cells and microglia demonstrate a more pronounced synergistic effect.Th1,Th17,and M1 microglia can co-secrete proinflammatory factors,such as interferon-γ,tumor necrosis factor-α,and interleukin-1β,to promote neuroinflammation and exacerbate brain injury.Th2,Treg,and M2 microglia jointly secrete anti-inflammatory factors,such as interleukin-4,interleukin-10,and transforming growth factor-β,to inhibit the progression of neuroinflammation,as well as growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor to promote nerve regeneration and repair brain injury.Immune interactions between microglia and T cells influence the direction of the subsequent neuroinflammation,which in turn determines the prognosis of ischemic stroke patients.Clinical trials have been conducted on the ways to modulate the interactions between T cells and microglia toward anti-inflammatory communication using the immunosuppressant fingolimod or overdosing with Treg cells to promote neural tissue repair and reduce the damage caused by ischemic stroke.However,such studies have been relatively infrequent,and clinical experience is still insufficient.In summary,in ischemic stroke,T cell subsets and activated microglia act synergistically to regulate inflammatory progression,mainly by secreting inflammatory factors.In the future,a key research direction for ischemic stroke treatment could be rooted in the enhancement of anti-inflammatory factor secretion by promoting the generation of Th2 and Treg cells,along with the activation of M2-type microglia.These approaches may alleviate neuroinflammation and facilitate the repair of neural tissues.

Modeling pipe-soil interaction under vertical downward relative offset using B-spline material point method

To analyze the pipeline response under permanent ground deformation,the evolution of resistance acting on the pipe during the vertical downward offset is an essential ingredient.However,the efficient simulation of pipe penetration into soil is challenging for the conventional finite element(FE)method due to the large deformation of the surrounding soils.In this study,the B-spline material point method(MPM)is employed to investigate the pipe-soil interaction during the downward movement of rigid pipes buried in medium and dense sand.To describe the density-and stress-dependent behaviors of sand,the J2-deformation type model with state-dependent dilatancy is adopted.The effectiveness of the model is demonstrated by element tests and biaxial compression tests.Afterwards,the pipe penetration process is simulated,and the numerical outcomes are compared with the physical model tests.The effects of pipe size and burial depth are investigated with an emphasis on the mobilization of the soil resistance and the failure mechanisms.The simulation results indicate that the bearing capacity formulas given in the guidelines can provide essentially reasonable estimates for the ultimate force acting on buried pipes,and the recommended value of yield displacement may be underestimated to a certain extent.

Interactions between Bacillus mucilaginosus and silicate minerals(weathered adamellite and feldspar):Weathering rate,products,and reaction mechanisms

Bacillus mucilaginosus is a common soil bacterium,and usually used as a model bacterium in studying microbe-mineral interactions.Several reaction mechanisms of B.mucilaginosus weathering silicate minerals were proposed.However,the molecule mechanisms and detailed processes were still unclear.In this paper,bacterium-mineral interactions were studied in terms of variations in pH value over the experimental period,variations in mineral composition,weathering rates of silicate minerals and volatile metabolites in the culture medium,etc.,to further explore the bacterium-mineral interaction mechanisms.The results showed that B.mucilaginosus could enhance silicate mineral weathering obviously.The weathering rates were quite different for various kinds of silicate minerals,and the weathering rate of weathered adamellite could reach 150 mg/m2/d.Although B.mucilaginosus produced little acidic substance,pH in the microenvironment of bacterium-mineral complex might be far lower than that of the circumjacent environment;a large amount of acetic acid was found in the metabolites,and was likely to play an important role as a ligand.These results appear to suggest that acidolysis and ligand degradation are the main mechanisms of B.mucilaginosus dissolving silicate minerals,the formation of bacterium-mineral complexes is the necessary condition for the bacteria weathering silicate minerals,and extracelluar polysaccharides played important roles in bacterium-mineral interaction processes by forming bacterium-mineral complexes and maintaining the spe-cial physicochemical properties of microenvironment.

Mechanism of interaction relation between the rare-earth element Ce and impurity elements Pb and Bi in Ag-based filler metal

The mechanism of interaction relation between the rare-earth element Ce and elements Pb and Bi in Ag-based filler metal has been studied. The results show that the compounds CePb and CeBi with high melting point can be easily produced between these three elements in the filler metal, which greatly limited the formation of the isolated phase Pb or Bi and also eliminated the bad effect of impurity elements Pb and Bi on the spreading property of Ag-based filler metal. The metallurgical and quantum-mechanical bond formation analysis show that a strong chemical affinity was existed between the rare-earth element Ce and impurity elements Pb and Bi, which was proved by the XRD analysis results.

Unstable Tropical Air-Sea Interaction Waves and Their Physical Mechanisms

In this paper, the tropical air-sea interaction is discussed by using a simple air-sea coupled model, in which the inertia-gravity waves are filtered off and only the equatorial Rossby waves are reserved in both the atmosphere and the ocean. There exist two kinds of air-sea interaction waves in the coupled model, that is, the high-frequency fast waves and the low-frequency slow waves. The phase speed of the fast waves is westward and the frequencies are close to those of the equatorial Rossby waves in the atmosphere. The slow waves propagate westward in the part of short wavelengths and eastward in that of long wavelengths. There exist instabilities for both the westward and eastward propagating slow waves. If the fast waves are filtered off, there is little effect on the slow waves which have great influence on the long range process in the tropical air-sea coupled system. According to the tropical air-sea interaction waves we obtain here, a possible explanation to the propagating process of ENSO events is given.

Physical Mechanism of Organic Matter-Mineral Interaction in Longmaxi Shale,Sichuan Basin,China

Objective Shale gas is as an important kind of unconventional natural gas,with a great resource potential,and its exploration and development has attracted much attention around the world.Organic matter（OM）pores are a common constituent in shales and form the dominant pore network of many shale gas systems.

Infl uencing Mechanism and Interaction of Muscovite on Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Polyphosphate

The interaction mechanism and phase evolution of ammonium polyphosphate（APP）mixed with muscovite（APP/muscovite）were studied by TG,XRD and SEM,respectively,during heating.When the temperature is not higher than 300 ℃,muscovite has no effect on the thermaldecomposition of APP,and the initialdecomposition temperature of APP/muscovite at 283 ℃ is basically the same as the APP at 295 ℃,and the main thermaldecomposition products are polyphosphoric acid and NH_4H_2PO_4 at 300 ℃.The polyphosphoric acid,the decomposition products of APP,can enable K and Siout of muscovite and interact with muscovite chemically to generate Al_2O_3·2SiO_2,α-SiO_2 and phosphates（AlPO_4 and K_5P_3O_（10））compounds during 400 ℃-800 ℃,which own obvious adhesive phenomenon and porous structure with the apparent porosity of 58.4%.Further reactions between phosphates other than reactions among Al_2O_3·2SiO_2 and α-SiO_2 can generate KAlP_2O_7 at 1 000 ℃ and the density of residualproduct is improved by low melting point phosphate filling pore to form relatively dense structure and decrease the apparent porosity to 44.4%.The flame resistant and self-supported ceramic materials are expected to enhance the fire-retarding synergistic effect between APP and muscovite.

Advances in Studies on Prevalence and Interaction Mechanism of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Tuberculosis Coinfection

Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) and tuberculosis(TB) coinfection is a serious public health problem. HIV and TB promote each other, accelerating development of HIV to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS) and heightening TB mortality. Determining interaction mechanism between HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis can lead to development of effective treatments. This study summarizes prevalence status of AIDS and TB coinfection and research advances concerning their interaction mechanism.

Interaction mechanism between carboxylmethyl cellulose and iron ore concentrates in iron ore agglomeration

Carboxylmethyl cellulose(CMC) has become a commercial organic binder in agglomeration of iron ore concentrates. The relative molecular mass and degree of substitution(DS) of CMC have a large impact on its binding performance. The interaction mechanism between CMC and iron ore particles was analyzed through Zeta potential measurements, adsorption measurements and infrared spectra. The results show that the interaction is chemical adsorption-oriented and the CMC's adsorption performance is related to the properties of CMC as well as the type of iron oxides. CMC has a greater affinity to Fe2O3 than Fe3O4, and CMC with higher relative molecular mass shows a higher adsorption isotherm. Pelletization of practical iron ore concentrates added with CMC further illustrates that CMC with higher relative molecular mass or DS exhibits a better binding performance, which is consistent with the results of adsorption tests.

Investigation on Interaction Mechanism of Components in Fiction Materials Doping Rare Earths

Semi-metal friction material was applied widely in brake process of traffic and dynamical system. The friction materials with rare earth additive were manufactured by heating press molding process. The effects of different reinforcing fibers and adhesives on the properties of the materials were studied by changing the formula. The results showed that the friction materials with YSM resin adhesive and hybrid fibers (Kevlar pulp and steel fiber) had higher and more stable friction coefficient and lower wear rate. Semi-metal friction materials with rare earths formed iron-rich surface layer in the worn surface, and the mechanisms of wear had obvious differences at typical temperature ranges.

APPLICATION AND INTERACTION MECHANISMS OF POLYMERIC CARBOHYDRATE IN OXIDES AND SALT-TYPE MINERALS

A systematic analysis has been carried out to investigate the fields of application and interaction mechanism of polymeric carbohydrate, i.e. polysaccharides (including starch, dextrin, cellulose and cellulosic derivatives) on various oxides and salt-type minerals in the article, interaction mechanisms of electrostatic, of hydrogen bonding, and of chemical interaction between polymeric carbohydrate and these minerals are put forward.

A Possible Mechanism of the Impact of Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction on the Activity of Tropical Cyclones Affecting China

In this study, tropical cyclone data from China Meteorological Administration （CMA） and the ECMWF reanalysis data for the period 1958-2001 was used to propose a possible mechanism for the impacts of air- sea interaction on the activity of tropical cyclones （TCs） affecting China. The frequency of TCs affecting China over past 40 years has trended downward, while during the same period, the air sea interaction in the two key areas of the Pacific region has significantly weakened. Our diagnoses and simulations suggest that air sea interactions in the central North Pacific tropics and subtropics （Area 1） have an important role in adjusting typhoon activities in the Northwest Pacific in general, and especially in TC activity affecting China. On the contrary, impacts of the air-sea interaction in the eastern part of the South Pacific tropics （Area 2） were found to be rather limited. As both observational analysis and modeling studies show that, in the past four decades and beyond, the weakening trend of the latent heat released from Area 1 matched well with the decreasing Northwest Pacific TC frequency derived from CMA datasets. Results also showed that the weakening trend of latent heat flux in the area was most likely due to the decreasing TC frequency over the Northwest Pacific, including those affecting China. Although our preliminary analysis revealed a possible mechanism through which the air sea interaction may adjust the genesis conditions for TCs, which eventually affect China, other relevant questions, such as how TC tracks and impacts are affected by these trends, remain unanswered. Further in-depth investigations are required.

Fluid interaction mechanism and diagenetic reformation of basement reservoirs in Beier Sag, Hailar Basin, China

Based on analysis of core observation, thin sections, cathodoluminescence, scanning electron microscope(SEM), etc., and geochemical testing of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes composition, element content, fluid inclusions, and formation water, the fluid interaction mechanism and diagenetic reformation of fracture-pore basement reservoirs of epimetamorphic pyroclastic rock in the Beier Sag, Hailar Basin were studied. The results show that:(1) Two suites of reservoirs were developed in the basement, the weathering section and interior section, the interior section has a good reservoir zone reaching the standard of type I reservoir.(2) The secondary pores are formed by dissolution of carbonate minerals, feldspar, and tuff etc.(3) The diagenetic fluids include atmospheric freshwater, deep magmatic hydrothermal fluid, organic acids and hydrocarbon-bearing fluids.(4) The reservoir diagenetic reformation can be divided into four stages: initial consolidation, early supergene weathering-leaching, middle structural fracture-cementation-dissolution, and late organic acid-magmatic hydrothermal superimposed dissolution. Among them, the second and fourth stages are the stages for the formation of weathering crust and interior dissolution pore-cave reservoirs, respectively.

INTERACTION MECHANISM OF AMPHOTERIC COLLECTOR-I WITH METALLIC IONS AND MINERALS

The electronic structure and bonding nature of adsorbing bonding complexes which consist of Amphoteric Collector-I and Mg^(2+), Ca^(2+), MgPO_4^-, CaPO_^-4, CaCO_3, as well aa MgCO_3, are studied using quantum chemistry CNDO/2, It is predicted that magnesium salts are more liable to form adsorbing chelates with Amphoteric Collector-I than calcium salts, and all results coincide with that obtained in flotation.

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE INTERACTION MECHANISM OF β-CAROTENE WITH HALOGEN ATOM PRODUCED IN HALOBENZENE BY UV IRRADIATION

ESR measurements using spin trapping technique were carried out for β-carotene-halobenzene system under UV light irradiation.The ESR spectra observed in the presence and in the absence of β-carotene are markedly different.The possible scheme of β-carotene interacting with halogen atom was proposed.