Effect of Nb on the dynamic recrystallization behavior of high-grade pipeline steels

The dynamic recrystallization （DRX） behavior of high-grade X80/X100 pipeline steels with different Nb contents was investi- gated through single pass compression experiment using a Gleeble 1500 thermomechanical simulator. By the regression of stress-sWain data obtained in the experiment, the deformation activation energy of DRX was identified, and the critical strain was calculated with the Po- liak-Jonas （P-J） method. Based on the analysis, the occurrence condition and kinetics of DRX were determined. The results show that as the Nb content increases from 0.08wt% to 0.095wt%, the activation energy of recrystallization raises from 365 to 395 kJ/mol. The critical swain of DRX can be determined more accurately by the P-J method, and the ratios of critical swain to peak sWain of XS0 and X100 pipeline steels are 0.51 and 0.49, respectively, which are similar to the results achieved by other researchers and calculated with empirical formulae.

Effect of Mn and MnS on corrosion properties of domestic pipeline steels and welds

Base metals of domestic pipeline steels were used to study the effect of Mn on corrosion properties of SSCC(Sulfide Stress Corrosion Cracking), and welds were carried out to study the effect of MnS on corrosion properties of HIC (Hydrogen Induced Cracking) both in solutions with wet hydrogen sulfide(H_2S). They were respectively conducted by referring to the standards of SSCC and HIC. Testing results revealed that with the increase of content Mn, the resistance of SSCC will be decreased, from the point of metallurgic view, and it is Mn element not C element to lead to the testing results of SSCC. Meanwhile, even under the condition without inclusions MnS, HIC in welds still occurred. That is to say, MnS is not necessary for HIC, the presence of local banded structures in which Mn and P are inclined to aggregate cause to the phenomena of HIC.

Study of microstructures and properties for girth weldingof domestic X70 pipeline steels

With the development of domestic pipeline steels, it is necessary to develop suitable welding technology which can improve the properties of the welded pipeline. In this paper, the microstructures and mechanical properties of domestic XTO pipeline steels and welded joints are discussed. The welding consumables of BOHLER E6010 and HOBART 81N1 are matched for girth welding. The following characteristics in heat-affected zone（ HAZ） are indicated that microstructures of intercritical HAZ（ ICHAZ） is finer and more uniform, the grain sizes of fine-grain HAZ （ FGHAZ） and subcritical HAZ （ SCHAZ） are smaller than that of coarse-grain HAZ（ CGHAZ）. The hardness, tensile strength and toughness of welded joints come up to the standard. The micrographs of impact specimens in welded joints are cleavage, quasi-cleavage and dimple which shows there is typical ductile rupture.

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipeline Steels

This paper provides a review of the differences between high pH and near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipeline steels, influencing factors, and mechanisms. The characteristics and historical information on both forms of SCC are discussed. The prospect for research in the future is also presented.

Effect of Effective Grain Size and Grain Boundary of Large Misorientation on Upper Shelf Energy in Pipeline Steels

X65, X70, and X80 belong to high grade pipeline steels. Toughness is one of the most important properties of pipeline steels when the pipeline transports the gas or oil, and the means to control toughness is very important for exploring even higher grade pipeline steels. We established the relationship between toughness and crystallographic parameters of high grade pipeline steels by studying the crystallographic parameters of X65, X70, and X80 using EBSD and analyzing Charpy CVN of X65, X70 and X80. The results show that the effective grain size, the frequency distribution of grain boundary misorientation and the ratio of high angle grain boundary to small angle grain boundary are important parameters. The finer the effective grain size, and the higher the frequency distribution of grain boundaries （〉 50~）, the more excellent toughness of high grade pipeline steels will be.

Microstructure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of X80 Pipeline Steels

The relation between microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of X80 pipeline steels was investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, etc. It is shown that the structure consists of polygonal ferrite （PF）, quasi-polygonal ferrite （QPF）, acicular ferrite （AF）, and granular bainitic ferrite （GF）. With increasing volume fraction of M-A islands （below 3%）, the yield strength increases. With increasing content of higher angle grain boundaries（HAGBs）, the yield strength, elongation, and DWTT properties at -15 ℃ increase, and the volume fraction of M-A islands reaches its highest point in the steel containing the most volume fraction of GF.

Separation occurring during the drop weight tear test of thick-walled X80 pipeline steels

A separation phenomenon occurring during the drop weight tear test of commercial thick-walled API （American Petroleum Institute） X80 strip steel was investigated in this work. Microstructural analysis showed that the band structure of bainite elongated along the rolling direction works as the initiation sites of separation. The propagation of separation can be promoted not only by the occurrence of the band structure of martensite/austenite constituent, prior austenite grain boundaries, and elongated bainite, but also by fine acicular ferrite and bainite. Wide separation formed in the former case, while the narrow one appeared in the latter case. acicular ferrite in thick-walled X80 pipeline steel in order Some methods were proposed to obtain fine and homogeneous to minimize the occurrence of separation.

Processing of Ultralow Carbon Pipeline Steels with Acicular Ferrite

Acicular ferrite microstructure was achieved for an ultralow carbon pipeline steel through the improved thermome chanical control process (TMCP), which was based on the transformation process of deformed austenite of steel. Compared with commercial pipeline steels, the experimental ultralow carbon pipeline steel possessed the satisfied strength and toughness behaviors under the current improved TMCP, although it contained only approximately 0.025% C, vvhich should mainly be attributed to the microstructural characteristics of acicular ferrite.

Study on local embrittlement of welding heat-affected zone in XSO pipeline steels

The relationship between the microstructure and toughness of welding heat-affected zone in XSO grade pipeline steels is studied. It is found that the intercritical reheated coarse-grained heat-affected zone （ICCGHAZ） of experimental steels has the lowest toughness values when the secondary peak temperature is at intercritical （ α ＋ γ ） region during multi-pass welding. The local embrittlement is mainly attributed to the morphology, amount and size of M-A constituent. It is also found that the microstructural inhabitanee at ICCGHAZ has a deleterious effect on the toughness. On the basis of above experimental results, it is suggested that the local embrittlement should be prevented by using pre-heating thermal cycle which could eliminate the microstructural inhabitance and using post-heating thermal cycle which could improve the morphology, amount and size of MA constituent.

Synergistic effects of Nb and Mo on hydrogen-induced cracking of pipeline steels:A combined experimental and numerical study

The synergistic effects of Nb and Mo on hydrogen-induced cracking(HIC)of pipeline steels were studied experimentally and numerically.The results showed that Mo was primarily segregated at grain-boundaries(GBs)or solid-dissolved in the matrix,while most Nb and a small amount of Mo formed dis-persed(Nb,Mo)C nano-precipitates and refined the microstructure.Compared with Nb alloying,the multi-ple additions of Nb-Mo played dual roles in affecting H diffusion:primarily,the H-traps densities such as GBs,precipitates,and solute Mo atoms increased,providing an advantage;however,Mo slightly reduced the H-trapping capacity of precipitates,playing an adverse role.Nonetheless,the beneficial effects far outweighed the adverse effects,thereby reducing H diffusivity and inhibiting crack initiation.Addition-ally,Nb and Mo hindered crack propagation synergistically as follows:(i)Mo enhanced GB cohesion by repelling H,impeding intergranular cracking and hydrogen-enhanced decohesion(HEDE);(ii)Nb reduced the proportion of3/high-angle grain boundaries,increasing cracking resistance;(iii)(Nb,Mo)C precip-itates impeded H-dislocation interactions,reducing the hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity(HELP).

Effect of Nb on Mechanical Properties of HAZ for High-Nb X80 Pipeline Steels

The mechanical properties of heat affected zone （HAZ） of two commercial high-Nb X80 grade pipeline steels with different alloy elements were investigated using thermal simulation performed on a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator. The results showed that the high-Nb steels have excellent weldability. Ernbrittlement regions appear in coarse grain heat affected zone （CGHAZ） and intercritically heat affected zone （ICHAZ） ~ Softening region appears in fine-grain heat affected zone （FGHAZ）, and the strength here was even lower than 555 MPa as required in the standard. Meanwhile, with the increase of heat input, the strength and the toughness of HAZ of steel with high Nb, C and lower alloy decrease notably. Therefore, take into account the welding procedure during manufacture of weld pipe, suitable amount of alloy elements, such as Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo and so on, is necessary for high Nb X80 heavy- thick steel plate.

HIC and SSC Behavior of High-Strength Pipeline Steels

In this study,hydrogen-induced cracking（HIC） and sulfide stress corrosion cracking（SSC） behaviors of highstrength pipeline steels in four different strength grades（X70,X80,X90 and X100） with the microstructure of acicular ferrite were estimated.The results showed that both of X70 and X80 steels exhibited better HIC resistance,and their susceptibility to HIC increased with the strength grade.HIC parameters,including cracking length ratio,cracking thickness ratio（CTR） and cracking sensitivity ratio,were all increased,and among these,the CTR increased most,with the increase in the strength grade.HIC was found to initiate and grow along the hard boundaries such as large size martensite/austenite（M/A） islands and bainitic ferrite.In addition,the density of hydrogen-induced blister on the steel surface was increased with the decrease in p H value for the same-grade pipeline steels.SSC susceptibilities of X80,X90 and X90-C were revealed to subsequently decrease,which was related to the large size M/A islands.

Hydrogen trapping and electrochemical corrosion behavior of V–N microalloyed X80 pipeline steels consisting of acicular ferrite and polygonal ferrite

Hydrogen trapping behavior of V–N microalloyed X80 pipeline steels was studied by means of hydrogen permeation and hydrogen induced cracking(HIC)tests.In addition,the electrochemical performance of the steels in 3.5 wt.%NaCl solution was investigated.Results indicated that the microstructure of experimental steels mainly consisted of acicular ferrite and polygonal ferrite(PF).When the fraction of PF was 9.1%and 30.4%,hydrogen effective diffusion coefficient was 1.624×10^(−6) and 3.121×10^(−6) cm^(2)/s,respectively.The pipeline steels were not susceptible to HIC.Numerous potential hydrogen traps distributed in homogeneous dispersion were conducive to high HIC resistance.With increasing the fraction of PF from 9.1%to 30.4%,the corrosion current density increased from 5.39×10^(−6) to 9.49×10^(−6) A cm^(−2),the corrosion potential decreased from−0.48 to−0.57 V,and the charge transfer resistance decreased from 2301 to 2068Ωcm^(2),respectively.Increased fraction of PF was disadvantageous for corrosion resistance because of galvanic corrosion.

Effect of Cu Addition in Pipeline Steels on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion

In the present study, Cu-modified pipeline steels were fabricated to mitigate MIC by the antimicrobial ability of Cu element. The microstructure, mechanical properties and the antimircobial performance of the Cu-modified steel were systematically investigated. The Cu-modified steels showed good antimicrobial performance with remarkable strength enhancement by nanoscale Cu-rich precipitates and good impact toughness without changing the original base microstructures after the optimal aging treatment of 500 °C/1 h.

Strength, strain capacity and toughness of five dual-phase pipeline steels

The effect of microstructures on strength,strain capacity and low temperature toughness of a micro-alloyed pipeline steel was elucidated.Five various dual-phase microstructures,namely,acicular ferrite and a small amount of(around 2 vol.%)polygonal ferrite(AF+PF),polygonal ferrite and bainite(PF+B),polygonal ferrite and martensite/austenite islands(PF+M/A),polygonal ferrite and martensite(PF+M)and elongated polygonal ferrite and martensite(ePF+M),have been studied.Experimental results show that AF+PF microstructure has high yield strength and excellent low temperature toughness,whereas its yield ratio is the highest.Polygonal ferrite-based dual-phase steels,PF+B,PF+M/A and PF+M microstructures show better strain capacity and low temperature toughness.The strain capacity and low temperature toughness of ePF+M microstructure are the worst due to its high strength.The relationship between microstructure,strength,strain capacity and toughness has been established.Based on the results,the optimum microstructure for a better combination of strength,strain capacity and toughness is suggested to be the one having appropriate polygonal ferrite as second phase in an acicular ferrite matrix.

Microstructure and toughness of thick-gauge pipeline steel joint via double-sided friction stir welding combined with preheating

Fusion welding easily causes microstructural coarsening in the heat-affected zone(HAZ) of a thick-gauge pipeline steel joint. This is most significant in the inter-critically coarse-grained HAZ(ICCGHAZ), which considerably deteriorates the toughness of the joint. In the present work, 11-mm thick pipeline steel was joined by preheating and double-sided friction stir welding(FSW). A comparative study on the microstructure and toughness in the ICCGHAZs for FSW and gas metal arc welding(GMAW) was performed. The toughness in the ICCGHAZ for FSW was improved significantly than that in the ICCGHAZ for GMAW. Generally, the nugget zone(NZ) has a coarse microstructure in the FSW steel joint formed at the highest peak temperature. However, in the current study, the microstructure in the one-pass NZ was remarkably refined owing to the static recrystallization of ferrite. An excellent toughness was achieved in the NZ of the pipeline steel joint that employed FSW.

Study on Evaluation Method of Failure Pressure for Pipeline with Axially Adjacent Defects

The interaction between axially adjacent defects is more significant than that between circumferentially aligned defects.However,the existing failure pressure assessment methods cannot accurately predict the failure pressure of axial adjacent defects.In the paper,the finite element model is adopted to analyze the influence of defect size,distribution mode and spacing between adjacent defects on failure pressure.A new failure pressure evaluation method is proposed by establishing the effective depth calculation model of corrosion colony with different distribution model.The burst test of X52 pipeline is carried out to verify the applicability of the method.It shows that the results of new method are consistent with the test results of pipeline with various defects and steel grades.

Effect of H_2S concentration on the corrosion behavior of pipeline steel under the coexistence of H_2S and CO_2

The effect of H2S concentration on H2S/CO2 corrosion of API-X60 steel was studied by scanning electron microscopy, a weight-loss method, potentiodynamic polarization tests, and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique. It is found that the cor-rosion process of the steel in an environment where H2S and CO2 coexist at different H2S concentrations is related to the morphological structure and stability of the corrosion product film. With the addition of a small amount of H2S, the size of the anode reaction region is de-creased due to constant adsorption and separation of more FeS sediment or more FeHS＋ions on the surface of the steel. Meanwhile, the dou-ble-layer capacitance is diminished with increasing anion adsorption capacity. Therefore, the corrosion process is inhibited. The general cor-rosion rate of the steel rapidly decreases after the addition of a small amount of H2S under the coexistence of H2S and CO2. With a further increase in H2S concentration, certain parts of the corrosion product film become loose and even fall off. Thus, the protection provided by the corrosion product film worsens, and the corrosion rate tends to increase.

Effect of hydrogen on the stress corrosion cracking behavior of X80 pipeline steel in Ku'erle soil simulated solution

Hydrogen was a key factor resulting in stress corrosion cracking （SCC） of X80 pipeline steel in Ku＇erle soil simulated solution. In this article, the effect of hydrogen on the SCC susceptibility of X80 steel was investigated further by slow strain rate tensile test, the surface fractures were observed using scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and the fracture mechanism of SCC was discussed. The results indicate that hydrogen increases the SCC susceptibility. The SEM micrographs of hydrogen precharged samples presents a brittle quasi-cleavage feature, and pits facilitate the transgranular crack initiation. In the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） measurement, the decreased polarization resistance and the pitting resistance of samples with hydrogen indicate that hydrogen increases the dissolution rate and deteriorates the pitting corrosion resistance. The potentiodynamic polarization curves present that hydrogen also accelerates the dissolution rate of the crack tip.

Microstructure and Property of Coarse Grain HAZ X80 Pipeline Steel

The coarse grain HAZ microstructure and property of X80 pipeline steel with different carbon content was investigated. The weld thermal simulation test was carried out on Gleeble 1500 thermal mechanical test machine. The Charpy tests were completed at --20 ℃ for evaluating the toughness of coarse grain heat affected zone （CGHAZ）. The microstructure was examined by optical microscope （OM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and the austenite constituent was quantified by X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the ultra-low carbon can improve the toughness of CGHAZ by suppressing the formation of carbide, decreasing the martensite austenite （M-A） constituent and increasing the residual austenite in the M A.