Heat transfer enhanced inorganic phase change material compositing carbon nanotubes for battery thermal management and thermal runaway propagation mitigation

Developing technologies that can be applied simultaneously in battery thermal management(BTM)and thermal runaway(TR)mitigation is significant to improving the safety of lithium-ion battery systems.Inorganic phase change material(PCM)with nonflammability has the potential to achieve this dual function.This study proposed an encapsulated inorganic phase change material(EPCM)with a heat transfer enhancement for battery systems,where Na_(2)HPO_(4)·12H_(2)O was used as the core PCM encapsulated by silica and the additive of carbon nanotube(CNT)was applied to enhance the thermal conductivity.The microstructure and thermal properties of the EPCM/CNT were analyzed by a series of characterization tests.Two different incorporating methods of CNT were compared and the proper CNT adding amount was also studied.After preparation,the battery thermal management performance and TR propagation mitigation effects of EPCM/CNT were further investigated on the battery modules.The experimental results of thermal management tests showed that EPCM/CNT not only slowed down the temperature rising of the module but also improved the temperature uniformity during normal operation.The peak battery temperature decreased from 76℃to 61.2℃at 2 C discharge rate and the temperature difference was controlled below 3℃.Moreover,the results of TR propagation tests demonstrated that nonflammable EPCM/CNT with good heat absorption could work as a TR barrier,which exhibited effective mitigation on TR and TR propagation.The trigger time of three cells was successfully delayed by 129,474 and 551 s,respectively and the propagation intervals were greatly extended as well.

Recent Progress in Improving Rate Performance of Cellulose-Derived Carbon Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Cellulose-derived carbon is regarded as one of the most promising candidates for high-performance anode materials in sodium-ion batteries;however,its poor rate performance at higher current density remains a challenge to achieve high power density sodium-ion batteries.The present review comprehensively elucidates the structural characteristics of cellulose-based materials and cellulose-derived carbon materials,explores the limitations in enhancing rate performance arising from ion diffusion and electronic transfer at the level of cellulose-derived carbon materials,and proposes corresponding strategies to improve rate performance targeted at various precursors of cellulose-based materials.This review also presents an update on recent progress in cellulose-based materials and cellulose-derived carbon materials,with particular focuses on their molecular,crystalline,and aggregation structures.Furthermore,the relationship between storage sodium and rate performance the carbon materials is elucidated through theoretical calculations and characterization analyses.Finally,future perspectives regarding challenges and opportunities in the research field of cellulose-derived carbon anodes are briefly highlighted.

Unlocking the potential of ultra-thin two-dimensional antimony materials:Selective growth and carbon coating for efficient potassium-ion storage

Antimony-based anodes have attracted wide attention in potassium-ion batteries due to their high theoretical specific capacities(∼660 mA h g^(-1))and suitable voltage platforms.However,severe capacity fading caused by huge volume change and limited ion transportation hinders their practical applications.Recently,strategies for controlling the morphologies of Sb-based materials to improve the electrochemical performances have been proposed.Among these,the two-dimensional Sb(2D-Sb)materials present excellent properties due to shorted ion immigration paths and enhanced ion diffusion.Nevertheless,the synthetic methods are usually tedious,and even the mechanism of these strategies remains elusive,especially how to obtain large-scale 2D-Sb materials.Herein,a novel strategy to synthesize 2D-Sb material using a straightforward solvothermal method without the requirement of a complex nanostructure design is provided.This method leverages the selective adsorption of aldehyde groups in furfural to induce crystal growth,while concurrently reducing and coating a nitrogen-doped carbon layer.Compared to the reported methods,it is simpler,more efficient,and conducive to the production of composite nanosheets with uniform thickness(3–4 nm).The 2D-Sb@NC nanosheet anode delivers an extremely high capacity of 504.5 mA h g^(-1) at current densities of 100 mA g^(-1) and remains stable for more than 200 cycles.Through characterizations and molecular dynamic simulations,how potassium storage kinetics between 2D Sb-based materials and bulk Sb-based materials are explored,and detailed explanations are provided.These findings offer novel insights into the development of durable 2D alloy-based anodes for next-generation potassium-ion batteries.

High-efficiently doping nitrogen in kapok fiber-derived hard carbon used as anode materials for boosting rate performance of sodium-ion batteries

The engineering of plant-based precursor for nitrogen doping has become one of the most promising strategies to enhance rate capability of hard carbon materials for sodium-ion batteries;however,the poor rate performance is mainly caused by lack of pyridine nitrogen,which often tends to escape because of high temperature in preparation process of hard carbon.In this paper,a high-rate kapok fiber-derived hard carbon is fabricated by cross-linking carboxyl group in 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid with the exposed hydroxyl group on alkalized kapok with assistance of zinc chloride.Specially,a high nitrogen doping content of 4.24%is achieved,most of which are pyridine nitrogen;this is crucial for improving the defect sites and electronic conductivity of hard carbon.The optimized carbon with feature of high nitrogen content,abundant functional groups,degree of disorder,and large layer spacing exhibits high capacity of 401.7 mAh g^(−1)at a current density of 0.05 A g^(−1),and more importantly,good rate performance,for example,even at the current density of 2 A g^(−1),a specific capacity of 159.5 mAh g^(−1)can be obtained.These findings make plant-based hard carbon a promising candidate for commercial application of sodium-ion batteries,achieving high-rate performance with the enhanced pre-cross-linking interaction between plant precursors and dopants to optimize aromatization process by auxiliary pyrolysis.

Proof of Aerobically Autoxidized Self-Charge Concept Based on Single Catechol-Enriched Carbon Cathode Material

The self-charging concept has drawn considerable attention due to its excellent ability to achieve environmental energy harvesting,conversion and storage without an external power supply.However,most self-charging designs assembled by multiple energy harvesting,conversion and storage materials increase the energy transfer loss;the environmental energy supply is generally limited by climate and meteorological conditions,hindering the potential application of these selfpowered devices to be available at all times.Based on aerobic autoxidation of catechol,which is similar to the electrochemical oxidation of the catechol groups on the carbon materials under an electrical charge,we proposed an air-breathing chemical self-charge concept based on the aerobic autoxidation of catechol groups on oxygen-enriched carbon materials to ortho-quinone groups.Energy harvesting,conversion and storage functions could be integrated on a single carbon material to avoid the energy transfer loss among the different materials.Moreover,the assembled Cu/oxygen-enriched carbon battery confirmed the feasibility of the air-oxidation self-charging/electrical discharging mechanism for potential applications.This air-breathing chemical self-charge concept could facilitate the exploration of high-efficiency sustainable air self-charging devices.

Exploring the potential of olivine-containing copper-nickel slag for carbon dioxide mineralization in cementitious materials

Water-quenched copper-nickel metallurgical slag enriched with olivine minerals exhibits promising potential for the production of CO_(2)-mineralized cementitious materials.In this work,copper-nickel slag-based cementitious material(CNCM)was synthesized by using different chemical activation methods to enhance its hydration reactivity and CO_(2) mineralization capacity.Different water curing ages and carbonation conditions were explored related to their carbonation and mechanical properties development.Meanwhile,thermogravimetry differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction methods were applied to evaluate the CO_(2) adsorption amount and carbonation products of CNCM.Microstructure development of carbonated CNCM blocks was examined by backscattered electron imaging(BSE)with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry.Results showed that among the studied samples,the CNCM sample that was subjected to water curing for 3 d exhibited the highest CO_(2) sequestration amount of 8.51wt%at 80℃and 72 h while presenting the compressive strength of 39.07 MPa.This result indicated that 1 t of this CNCM can sequester 85.1 kg of CO_(2) and exhibit high compressive strength.Although the addition of citric acid did not improve strength development,it was beneficial to increase the CO_(2) diffusion and adsorption amount under the same carbonation conditions from BSE results.This work provides guidance for synthesizing CO_(2)-mineralized cementitious materials using large amounts of metallurgical slags containing olivine minerals.

Why Sustainable Porous Carbon Should be Further Explored as Radar-Absorbing Material? A Comparative Study with Different Nanostructured Carbons

Radar Absorbing Materials(RAM)are a class of composites that can attenuate incident electromagnetic waves to avoid radar detection.Most carbon allotropes that have the potential to be used as RAM are either carbon nano-tubes(CNTs),graphene,carbon black(CB)and ultimately,sustainable porous carbon(SPC).Here,black wattle bark waste(following tannin extraction)was used as a sustainable source to produce SPC made from biomass waste.It was characterized and used as afiller for a silicone rubber matrix to produce aflexible RAM.The elec-tromagnetic performance of this composite was compared with composites made with commercial CB and CNT through reflection loss(RL),where-10 dB is equivalent to 90%of attenuation.These composites were evaluated in single-layer,double-layer,and as radar absorbing structures(RAS)with the aim of improving their effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)performances and a reduction in costs.The CNT composite presented a RL of-26.85 dB at 10.89 GHz and an EAB of 2.6 GHz with a 1.9 mm thickness,while the double-layer structures using CNT and SPC provided a RL of-19.74 dB at 10.75 GHz and an EAB of 2.51 GHz.Furthermore,the double-layer structures are~42%cheaper than the composite using only CNT since less material is used.Finally,the largest EAB was achieved with a RAS using SPC,reaching~2.8 GHz and a RL of-49.09 dB at 10.4 GHz.Summarizing,SPC made of black wattle bark waste can be a competitive,alternative material for use as RAM and RAS since it is cheaper,sustainable,and suitable for daily life uses such as absorbers for anechoic chambers,sensors,and elec-tromagnetic interference shields for electronics,wallets,vehicles,and others.

Research Progress of Carbon-Silicone Composite Materials

Silicone is a kind of polymer material with high cross-linked structure,which is com-posed by Si-O-Si main chain.Due to the special molecular chain structure,silicone mate-rials are characterized by oxidation resistance,aging resistance,high and low temperature resistance and chemical corrosion resistance.Moreover,silicone materials have process-able properties,simple forming process,good mechanical property,non-toxic and pollution-free.Therefore,silicone has been widely concerned by researchers at home and abroad.In this paper,the main research progress and application directions of carbon-silicone composite at home and abroad in recent years are reviewed.

Porous framework materials for energy&environment relevant applications:A systematic review

Carbon peaking and carbon neutralization trigger a technical revolution in energy&environment related fields.Development of new technologies for green energy production and storage,industrial energy saving and efficiency reinforcement,carbon capture,and pollutant gas treatment is in highly imperious demand.The emerging porous framework materials such as metal–organic frameworks(MOFs),covalent organic frameworks(COFs)and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks(HOFs),owing to the permanent porosity,tremendous specific surface area,designable structure and customizable functionality,have shown great potential in major energy-consuming industrial processes,including sustainable energy gas catalytic conversion,energy-efficient industrial gas separation and storage.Herein,this manuscript presents a systematic review of porous framework materials for global and comprehensive energy&environment related applications,from a macroscopic and application perspective.

Status and Opportunities of Zinc Ion Hybrid Capacitors: Focus on Carbon Materials, Current Collectors, and Separators

Zinc ion hybrid capacitors(ZIHCs), which integrate the features of the high power of supercapacitors and the high energy of zinc ion batteries, are promising competitors in future electrochemical energy storage applications. Carbon-based materials are deemed the competitive candidates for cathodes of ZIHC due to their cost-effectiveness, high electronic conductivity, chemical inertness, controllable surface states, and tunable pore architectures. In recent years, great research efforts have been devoted to further improving the energy density and cycling stability of ZIHCs. Reasonable modification and optimization of carbon-based materials offer a remedy for these challenges. In this review, the structural design, and electrochemical properties of carbon-based cathode materials with different dimensions, as well as the selection of compatible, robust current collectors and separators for ZIHCs are discussed. The challenges and prospects of ZIHCs are showcased to guide the innovative development of carbon-based cathode materials and the development of novel ZIHCs.

Recentadvancesincarbon‐basedmaterials for solar‐driven interfacial photothermal conversion water evaporation:Assemblies,structures,applications,and prospective

The shortage of fresh water in the world has brought upon a serious crisis to human health and economic development.Solar‐driven interfacial photothermal conversion water evaporation including evaporating seawater,lake water,or river water has been recognized as an environmentally friendly process for obtaining clean water in a low‐cost way.However,water transport is restricted by itself by solar energy absorption capacity's limits,especially for finite evaporation rates and insufficient working life.Therefore,it is important to seek photothermal conversion materials that can efficiently absorb solar energy and reasonably design solar‐driven interfacial photothermal conversion water evaporation devices.This paper reviews the research progress of carbon‐based photothermal conversion materials and the mechanism for solar‐driven interfacial photothermal conversion water evaporation,as well as the summary of the design and development of the devices.Based on the research progress and achievements of photothermal conversion materials and devices in the fields of seawater desalination and photothermal electric energy generation in recent years,the challenges and opportunities faced by carbon‐based photothermal conversion materials and devices are discussed.The prospect of the practical application of solar‐driven interfacial photothermal conversion evaporation technology is foreseen,and theoretical guidance is provided for the further development of this technology.

Enhanced microwave absorption property of silver decorated biomass ordered porous carbon composite materials with frequency selective surface incorporation

Porous carbon(PC)is a promising electromagnetic(EM)wave absorbing material thanks to its light weight,large specific surface area as well as good dissipating capacity.To further improve its microwave absorbing performance,silver coated porous carbon(Ag@PC)is synthesized by one-step hydro-thermal synthesis process making use of fir as a biomass formwork.Phase compositions,morphological structure,and microwave absorption capability of the Ag@PC has been explored.Research results show that the metallic Ag was successfully reduced and the particles are evenly distributed inward the pores of the carbon formwork,which accelerates graphitization process of the amorphous carbon.The Ag@PC composite without adding polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP)exhibits higher dielectric constant and better EM wave dissipating capability.This is because the larger particles of Ag give rise to higher electric conductivity.After combing with frequency selective surface(FSS),the EM wave absorbing performance is further improved and the frequency region below-10 d B is located in8.20-11.75 GHz,and the minimal reflection loss value is-22.5 dB.This work indicates that incorporating metallic Ag particles and FSS provides a valid way to strengthen EM wave absorbing capacity of PC material.

Enhancing fly ash utilization in backfill materials treated with CO_(2)carbonation under ambient conditions

The environmental concerns resulting from coal-fired power generation that produces large amounts of CO_(2)and fly ash are of great interest.To mitigate,this study aims to develop a novel carbonated CO_(2)-fly ash-based backfill(CFBF)material under ambient conditions.The performance of CFBF was investigated for different fly ash-cement ratios and compared with non-CO_(2)reacted samples.The fresh CFBF slurry conformed to the Herschel-Bulkley model with shear thinning characteristics.After carbonation,the yield stress of the fresh slurry increased significantly by lowering fly ash ratio due to gel formation.The setting times were accelerated,resulting in approximately 40.6%of increased early strength.The final strength decreased when incorporating a lower fly ash ratio(50%and 60%),which was related to the existing heterogeneous pores caused by rapid fluid loss.The strength increased with fly ash content above 70%because additional C-S(A)-H and silica gels were characterized to precipitate on the grain surface,so the binding between particles increased.The C-S(A)-H gel was developed through the pozzolanic reaction,where CaCO_(3)was the prerequisite calcium source obtained in the CO_(2)-fly ash reaction.Furthermore,the maximum CO_(2)uptake efficiency was 1.39 mg-CO_(2)/g-CFBF.The CFBF material is feasible to co-dispose CO_(2)and fly ash in the mine goaf as negative carbon backfill materials,and simultaneously mitigates the strata movement and water lost in post-subsurface mining.

Tightened1D/3Dcarbonheterostructure infiltratingphase change materials for solar-thermoelectric energy harvesting:Faster and better

Extensive use of thermal energy in daily life is ideal for reducing carbon emissions to achieve carbon neutrality;however,the effective collection of thermal energy is a major hurdle.Thermoelectric(TE)conversion technology based on the Seebeck effect and thermal energy storage technology based on phase change materials(PCMs)represent smart,feasible,and research-worthy approaches to overcome this hurdle.However,the integration of multiple thermal energy sources freely existing in the environment for storage and output of thermal and electrical energy simultaneously still remains a huge challenge.Herein,three-dimensional(3D)nanostructured metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)are in situ nucleated and grown onto carbon nanotubes(CNTs)via coordination bonding.After calcination,the prepared core-shell structural CNTs@MOFs are transformed into tightened 1D/3D carbon heterostructure loading Co nanoparticles for efficient solar-thermoelectric energy harvesting.Surprisingly,the corresponding composite PCMs show a record-breaking solar-thermal conversion efficiency of 98.1%due to the tightened carbon heterostructure and the local surface plasmon resonance effect of Co nanoparticles.Moreover,our designed all-in-one composite PCMs are also capable of creating an electrical potential of 0.5 mV based on the Seebeck effect without a TE generator.This promising approach can store thermal and electrical energy simultaneously,providing a new direction in the design of advanced all-in-one multifunctional PCMs for thermal energy storage and utilization.

Mechanochemical synthesis of oxygenated alkynyl carbon materials with excellent Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption performance from CaC2 and carbonates

Adsorptive removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater is very important,and the key is the development of efficient sorbents.In this work,oxygenated alkynyl carbon materials(OACMs)were synthesized via mechanochemical reaction of CaC_(2) and a carbonate(CaCO_(3),Na2CO_(3),or NaHCO_(3))at ambient temperature.The resultant OACMs are micro mesoporous carbon nanomaterials with high specific area(>648 m2 g^(-1)),highly crosslinked texture,and rich alkynyl and oxygenated groups.The OACMs exhibit excellent Hg(Ⅱ)adsorption due to the soft acid-soft base interaction between alkynyl and Hg(Ⅱ),and OACM-3 derived from CaC_(2) and NaHCO_(3) has the saturated Hg(Ⅱ)adsorbance of 483.9 mg g^(-1)along with good selectivity and recyclability.The adsorption is mainly chemisorption following the Langmuir mode.OACM-3 also shows high adsorbance for other heavy metal ions,e.g.256.6 mg g^(-1)for Pb(II),232.4 mg g^(-1)for Zn(II),and 198.7 mg g^(-1)for Cu(II).This work expands the mechnochemical reaction of CaC_(2)with carbonates and possibly other oxyanionic salts,provides a new synthesis approach for functional alkynyl carbon materials with excellent adsorption performance for heavy metal ions,as well as a feasible approach for CO2 resource utilization.

Spectral and Morphological Analysis of Graphene-Based Two- Dimensional Carbon Materials

This paper describes the spectral and morphological analysis of graphene, N-doped graphene, and graphenemodified with functional groups. The similarities and differences in the surface and microstructure are characterizedby infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, andtransmission electron microscopy. Compared with high-purity graphene, the introduction of functional groups leads to moredefects in the two-dimensional structure. The quality of graphene, reflected by the intensity ratio of peak D and G modesin the Raman spectroscopy, is consistent with that observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electronmicroscopy. The infrared spectra of graphene-based two-dimensional carbon materials are different from that of high-puritygraphene, and the absorption peaks of the functional groups are obvious. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy resultsillustrate the diverse chemical states of carbon, and the atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen directly reflects the quality ofthe graphene-based materials. The results of electron microscopy and spectroscopic characterization of graphene samplesprovide an excellent basis for a wide range of applications in graphene production and quality control.

The influence of composition of asphaltenes of different genesis on the properties of carbon materials manufactured from them by plasma processing

The results of experimental studies of carbon materials, which are formed in the plasma of a direct current (DC) arc discharge initiated in open air from the asphaltenes of different origins, extracted from the natural asphaltite and from the oil of the Sredne-Ugutskoye Oilfield, are presented. The influence of the initial asphaltene composition on the composition and properties of the resulting carbon materials is analyzed. The initial asphaltenes and the samples of the carbon materials are characterized by the methods of X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, X-ray fluorescence analysis, IR-Fourier spectroscopy, laser diffraction, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The changes in the composition and structure of the asphaltenes are determined before and after their plasma treatment and the hypotheses are put forward concerning the chemical processes causing the changes in the molecular structure of the samples. As a result of plasma treatment of asphaltenes (100 A, 30 s), it was shown that graphitization occurs, as well as oxidation, and a decrease in sulfur content. Moreover, nanotubes and nano-onions have been detected using electron microscopy. Petroleum asphaltenes after plasma treatment give a less thermostable carbon material, but with a lower content of heteroatoms, and with a large amount of sulfur in the composition of sulfoxide structural fragments. This method is shown to be a promising technology for processing the petroleum feedstock enriched with heavy asphaltene components for the manufacture of carbon nanomaterials: nanotubes, nano-onions and polyhedral graphite.

Carbon-coated ZnO Nanocomposite Microspheres as Anode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries

The carbon-coated ZnO nanospheres materials have been synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method.The effect of carbon content on the microstructure,morphology and electrochemical performance of the materials was investigated by XRD,Raman spectroscopy,transmission electron microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical techniques.Research results show that the spherical ZnO/C material with a carbon cladding content of 10%is very homogeneous and approximately 200 nm in size.The electrochemical performances of the ZnO/C nanospheres as an anode materials are examines.The ZnO/C exhibits better stability than pure ZnO,excellent lithium storage properties as well as improved circulation performance.The Coulomb efficiency of the ZnO/C with 10%carbon coated content reaches 98%.The improvement of electrochemical performance can be attributed to the carbon layer on the ZnO surface.The large volume change of ZnO during the charge-discharge process can be effectively relieved.

Durability Testing of Composite Aerospace Materials Based on a New Polymer Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin

In this study,the durability of a new polymer carbonfiber-reinforced epoxy resin used to produce composite material in the aerospacefield is investigated through analysis of the corrosion phenomena occurring at the microscopic scale,and the related infrared spectra and thermal properties.It is found that light and heat can con-tribute to the aging process.In particular,the longitudinal tensile strength displays a non-monotonic trend,i.e.,itfirst increases and then decreases over time.By contrast,the longitudinal compressive and inter-laminar shear strengths do not show significant changes.It is also shown that the inter-laminar shear strength of carbonfiber/epoxy resin composites with inter-laminar hybrid structure is better than that of pure carbonfiber materials.The related resistance to corrosion can be improved by more than 41%.

Preparation and oxidation resistance of mullite/SiC coating for carbon materials at 1150 ℃

To protect carbon materials from oxidation, mullite/SiC coatings were prepared on graphite by chemical vapor reaction (CVR) and slurry sintering. The XRD analyses show that the phase of the outer-layer coating is composed of SiO2 and mullite, and the inner-layer coating is mainly composed of β-SiC. The anti-oxidation behavior of the coating and the Rockwell hardness (HRB) of the coating after oxidation were investigated. The oxidation test shows that the as-prepared multi-layer coating exhibits excellent antioxidation and thermal shock resistance at high temperature. After oxidation at 1150 ℃ for 109 h and thermal shock cycling between 1150 ℃ and room temperature for 12 times, the mass gain of the coated sample is 0.085%. Meanwhile, the indentation tests also demonstrate that the as-prepared coating has good bonding ability between the layers.