ON DECENTRALIZED OBSERVATION AND DECENTRALIZED CONTROL OF LARGE SCALE SYSTEMS

In this paper, the problem of decentralized observation and decentralized control of linear, time-invariant large scale systems is studied. Based on conventional observer theory, the necessary and sufficient conditions for existence of completely decentralized observer are obtained. Moreover, the necessary and sufficient condition is given for stabilization of large scale systems by local output with state of the subsystem estimated through the completely decentralized observer.

Observational Features of Large-Scale Structures as Revealed by the Catastrophe Model of Solar Eruptions

Large-scale magnetic structures are the main carrier of major eruptions in the solar atmosphere. These structures are rooted in the photosphere and are driven by the unceasing motion of the photospheric material through a series of equilibrium configurations. The motion brings energy into the coronal magnetic field until the system ceases to be in equilibrium. The catastrophe theory for solar eruptions indicates that loss of mechanical equilibrium constitutes the main trigger mechanism of major eruptions, usually shown up as solar flares, eruptive prominences, and coronal mass ejections （CMEs）. Magnetic reconnection which takes place at the very beginning of the eruption as a result of plasma instabilities/turbulence inside the current sheet, converts magnetic energy into heating and kinetic energy that are responsible for solar flares, and for accelerating both plasma ejecta （flows and CMEs） and energetic particles. Various manifestations are thus related to one another, and the physics behind these relationships is catastrophe and magnetic reconnection. This work reports on recent progress in both theoretical research and observations on eruptive phenomena showing the above manifestations. We start by displaying the properties of large-scale structures in the corona and the related magnetic fields prior to an eruption, and show various morphological features of the disrupting magnetic fields. Then, in the framework of the catastrophe theory, we look into the physics behind those features investigated in a succession of previous works, and discuss the approaches they used.

Changes in Heart Rate Variability and Effects on POMS by Whether or Not Soil Observation Was Performed

Introduction: The effects of performing soil observation on autonomic nerve function (ANS) and the profile of mood states (POMS) particularly for upsurge of sentiment were studied table. Methods: The subjects were divided into two groups: Group A with soil observation, and Group B without it. Soil observation was performed by smelling soil, touching the soil and other ways. Evaluation was made using heart rate change variability, POMS and visual analog scale (VAS). Results: Group A showed an increase in high frequency (HF) and the LF (low frequency)/HF ratio and a decrease in heart rate, leading to activating the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system. VAS values for “not comforted at all” indicated that the scale was lower in Group A than in Group B. In POMS, a factor of “vigor” became lower in Group B than in Group A. Discussion: It was suggested that soil observation was effective in bringing people to a state of physiological and mental relaxation and reducing stress because it raised the degree of being comforted, increased HF, decreased the heart rate and activated the parasympathetic nervous system. Conclusions: By performing soil observation, the heart rate decreased, HF increased and an upsurge sentiment became normalized.

ROBUST OBSERVER DESIGN FOR A CLASS OF UNCERTAIN NONLINEAR LARGE SCALE SYSTEMS *

In this paper, a mathematic description of a class of uncertain nonlinear large scale systems based on some practical application is given. A designing method to construct observers for such kind of nonlinear composite systems is developed. The unknown parameters and disturbances are assumed to be neither linear nor matched. A numerical example is used to illustrate the efficiency of our results.

Influence of correlation scale errors on aquifer hydraulic conductivity inversion precision

In order to investigate the influence of correlation scale error on the inversion precision of the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer,the successive linear estimator(SLE)was used to invert the hydraulic conductivity field of a heterogeneous aquifer based on synthetic experiments.By increasing the numbers of observation wells and pumping tests,we analyzed the difference between the estimated and true values of hydraulic conductivity with different correlation scale errors.The relationships between the observation well number and the error in inversion results,and between the pumping test number and the error in inversion results were investigated.The results show that,if the amount of observed head data is insufficient,there will be errors in inversion results with changing correlation scale.Due to the existence of correlation scale error,the improvement of inversion precision gradually slows down with the increase of the amount of observed head data,which indicates that too much observed head data causes data redundancy.Therefore,for the synthetic experiments described in this paper,the observation well number should be less than 41,the pumping test number should be less than 17,and a more suitable method should be selected according to the precision requirements of specific situations in practical engineering.

Observer-based Adaptive Optimal Control for Unknown Singularly Perturbed Nonlinear Systems With Input Constraints

This paper introduces an observer-based adaptive optimal control method for unknown singularly perturbed nonlinear systems with input constraints. First, a multi-Time scales dynamic neural network MTSDNN observer with a novel updating law derived from a properly designed Lyapunov function is proposed to estimate the system states. Then, an adaptive learning rule driven by the critic NN weight error is presented for the critic NN, which is used to approximate the optimal cost function. Finally, the optimal control action is calculated by online solving the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman HJB equation associated with the MTSDNN observer and critic NN. The stability of the overall closed-loop system consisting of the MTSDNN observer, the critic NN and the optimal control action is proved. The proposed observer-based optimal control approach has an essential advantage that the system dynamics are not needed for implementation, and only the measured input U+002F output data is needed. Moreover, the proposed optimal control design takes the input constraints into consideration and thus can overcome the restriction of actuator saturation. Simulation results are presented to confirm the validity of the investigated approach. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

H_∞tracking design for a class of decentralized nonlinear systems via fuzzy adaptive observer

A novel H∞ tracking-based decentralized indirect adaptive output feedback fuzzy controller for a class of uncertain large-scale nonlinear systems is developed. By virtue of the proper filtering of the observation error dynamics, the observer-based decentralized indirect adaptive fuzzy control scheme is presented for a class of large-scale nonlinear systems using the combination of H∞ tracking technique, a fuzzy adaptive observer and fuzzy inference systems. The output feedback and adaptation mechanisms are both robust and implementable indeed owing to their freedom from the unavailable observation error vector. All the signals of the closed-loop largescale system are guaranteed to stay uniformly bounded and the output errors take on H∞ tracking performance. Simulation results substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Application of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale to Grasp Autistic Characteristics of the Trainees with Intellectual Disabilities in Agricultural Vocational Training

The purpose of this study was to propose indicators for grasping autistic characteristics of people with intellectual disabilities who were going to engage in agricultural vocational training. We analyzed the data of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) of 44 students at the high school course of a special needs education school who participated in agricultural vocational training. The data were divided into two groups according to the scores of “General Impressions”, one of 15 question items of the CARS: one was the group whose score was 1 (usual), and the other was the group whose scores were 1.5 to 4 (unusual). The results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed significant differences between two groups in eight items including “Relating to People” (p Relating to People” with six other items. As a result, “Relating to People” was considered to be the most effective item to know the participant’s autistic characteristics at a very early stage of training. Eventually, adding two items, “Body Use” and “Imitation” which are necessary to master agricultural tasks, to “Relating to People”, we proposed three indicators.

Synoptic-scale disturbances over the northern South China Sea and their responses to El Nio

Using surface and aerological meteorological observations obtained at the Xisha Automatic Weather Station and three moored buoys along the continental slope, characteristics of the synoptic-scale disturbances over the northern South China Sea （NSCS） are extensively studied. The power spectra of surface and aerological observations suggest a synoptic feature with a pronounced energy peak at a period of 5–8 d and a weak peak at 3–4 d. The standard deviation of the synoptic temperature component derived at Xisha Station from 1976 to 2011 indicates that the strongest variability normally exists in August all through the whole troposphere. At the interannual scale, it is found that El Nin o plays an important role in regulating the synoptic disturbances of atmosphere. The vertical synoptic disturbances have a double active peak following El Nin o condition. The first peak usually occurs during the mature phase of El Nin o, and the second one occurs in the summer of decay year. Comparing with the summer of developing years, the summer of the decaying year of El Nin o has more active and stronger synoptic disturbances, especially for the 5–8 d period variations.

Rhombic Cell Analysis - A New Way of Probing the Large- Scale Structure of the Universe. I.General Considerations

A new way of probing the large-scale structure of the universe is proposed. Space is partitioned into cells the shape of rhombic dodecahedron. The cells are labelled 'filled' or 'empty' according as they contain galaxies or not. The cell size is so chosen as to have nearly equal numbers of filled and empty cells for the given galaxy sample. Two observables on each cell are definable: the number of its like neighbors, n1, and a two-suffixed topological type τ, the suffixes being the numbers of its like and unlike neighbor-groups. The frequency distributions of n1 and T in the observed set of filled (empty) cells are then considered as indicators of the morphology of the set. The method is applied to the CfA catalogue of galaxies as an illustration. Despite its limited size, the data offers evidence 1) that the empty cells are more strongly clustered than the filled cells, and 2) that the filled cells, but not the empty cells, have a tendency to occur in sheets. Further directions of development both in theory and application are indicated.

针刺核心肌群联合康复训练治疗慢性非特异性腰痛的临床观察

【目的】观察针刺核心肌群联合康复训练治疗慢性非特异性腰痛的临床疗效。【方法】将96例慢性非特异性腰痛患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各48例,对照组给予康复训练,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上,给予针刺核心肌群训练。2组患者均连续治疗2周。治疗2周后,评价2组临床疗效,观察2组患者治疗前后腹横肌与多裂肌均方根(RMS)值的变化情况,以及Oswestry功能障碍指数评分、Roland-Morris功能障碍调查表评分、魁北克腰痛障碍量表评分的情况。比较2组患者治疗前后血清β-内啡肽、血清P物质、血清前列腺素E2水平的变化情况。治疗后随访5个月,评价2组患者的复发情况。【结果】(1)观察组总有效率为93.75%(45/48),对照组为81.25%(39/48)。观察组疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)治疗后,2组患者的Oswestry功能障碍指数评分、Roland-Morris功能障碍调查表评分、魁北克腰痛障碍量表评分明显改善(P<0.05),且观察组在改善Oswestry功能障碍指数评分、Roland-Morris功能障碍调查表评分、魁北克腰痛障碍量表评分方面明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)治疗后,2组患者的腹横肌、多裂肌RMS值明显改善(P<0.05),且观察组在改善腹横肌、多裂肌RMS值方面明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(4)治疗后,2组患者β-内啡肽、P物质、前列腺素E2水平均明显改善(P<0.05),且观察组在改善β-内啡肽、P物质、前列腺素E2水平方面均明显优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(5)治疗后观察组复发率为6.25%(3/48),对照组为20.83%(10/48),观察组复发率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。【结论】针刺核心肌群联合康复训练治疗慢性非特异性腰痛,能明显改善患者的临床症状,改善患者β-内啡肽、P物质、前列腺素E2水平,临床疗效显著。

A型肉毒毒素联合真皮内超减张缝合治疗病理性瘢痕的效果

目的:探讨A型肉毒毒素联合真皮内超减张缝合治疗病理性瘢痕的效果。方法:回顾性分析赣州市人民医院2021年3月—2023年3月收治的62例病理性瘢痕患者的临床资料,根据不同治疗方法分为两组,各31例;其中对照组采用真皮内超减张缝合,试验组采用A型肉毒毒素联合真皮内超减张缝合。比较两组温哥华瘢痕评价量表(VSS)评分、观测者瘢痕评价量表(OSAS)评分、瘢痕宽度、瘢痕厚度、切口不良反应发生情况及复发情况。结果:术前,两组OSAS评分、VSS评分、瘢痕宽度、瘢痕厚度比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后6个月,两组OSAS评分、VSS评分、瘢痕宽度、瘢痕厚度均低于术前,且试验组均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组术后切口不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);试验组复发率为3.23%,低于对照组的19.35%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:A型肉毒毒素联合真皮内超减张缝合可有效促进病理性瘢痕患者切口愈合,提高切口美观度,减轻瘢痕形成程度,降低复发率。

针刀松解联合Mulligan手法治疗中期膝骨关节炎临床观察

目的:观察针刀松解联合Mulligan手法治疗中度膝骨关节炎的临床效果。方法:选取2019年9月至2020年9月上海中医药大学附属龙华医院和上海中医药大学附属龙华医院金山分院门诊收治的KOA患者120例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法随机分为针刀组、手法组和联合组,每组40例。针刀组采用单纯针刀治疗,手法组采用Mulligan手法治疗,联合组采用针刀联合Mulligan手法治疗。分别观察2组患者治疗前、治疗后及随访24周骨关节炎指数、疼痛视觉模拟评分变化情况、5次坐立试验情况和2组患者临床疗效情况。结果:与针刀组、手法组比较,联合组在治疗后和随访24周,在疼痛视觉模拟评分、骨关节炎指数评分和5次坐立试验情况改善方面差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01),联合组临床疗效总有效率为97.50%,明显优于针刀组(92.10%)和手法组(75.00%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:针刀联合Mulligan手法治疗中度膝骨关节炎,在改善患者关节疼痛、僵硬和活动不利等症状在近期与远期疗效方面均效果显著,值得临床推广应用。

GOES-16 ABI观测和ERA5全天空模拟亮温揭示的热带对流水平特征尺度对比分析

本研究通过将GOES-16 ABI观测亮温和ERA5再分析资料的全天空模拟亮温进行对比分析,发现观测亮温和模拟亮温对流低值区位置大体接近,也能够定性反映出对流从发展到减弱的日变化过程,但亮温低值区域的强度存在较大差异。即使把高分辨率ABI通道13观测亮温平均到ERA5分辨率(0.25°×0.25°),在热带对流区的低亮温强度仍然高于ERA5全天空模拟亮温。因此利用主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)和离散傅里叶变换(Discrete Fourier Transform,DFT)对任意选择的两对流区域内的观测和模拟亮温进行了尺度分析和对比。在其中对流较强的区域内,当ABI观测亮温的主成分分量从1增加到9时,水平特征尺度从700 km逐渐减小到150 km。ERA5全天空模拟亮温从主成分1增加到4时,水平特征尺度从950 km减小到270 km空间尺度,但当主成分4增加到9时,特征尺度几乎不变。在对流较弱的另一区域也能够发现ERA5模拟亮温对对流水平特征尺度有明显高估。ERA5模拟亮温各主成分的相位和观测亮温存在2 h以内的误差。由于ERA5全天空模拟亮温低值区与ERA5云冰路径大值区吻合度较高,由此可以推测ERA5云冰路径误差是造成ERA5全天空模拟亮温与ABI观测亮温差别的主要原因之一。

草甸草原植物beta多样性高光谱遥感估算方法

目前,全球生物多样性的状态非常堪忧,因此,利用光谱技术估算生物多样性成为了生态学家和遥感学家共同关注的热点。目前关于植物alpha多样性的研究很多,而关于beta多样性的研究较少,仍存在一些问题值得去探索。为了探究利用遥感技术估算植物beta多样性的最佳光谱指数以及最佳影像空间分辨率,以草甸草原为研究区,基于无人机高光谱遥感影像,从光谱距离、光谱角度、生物多样性概念三个方面计算了6种beta多样性估算指数(4种为我们构建的新指数,2种为已有的指数),并采用Mantel tests和相关系数筛选最佳的光谱指数。然后将筛选出来的指数应用于不同空间分辨率的影像,以期得到最佳观测尺度。另外,为了提高指数的估算能力,对比了一阶导数变换和Savitzky-Golay滤波两种光谱变换方法,以及相关系数法、连续投影法、竞争性自适应重加权法三种特征波段选择方法。结果表明,不论是采用亚尺度观测(像元大小<样方大小)还是等尺度观测(像元大小=样方大小),最佳的光谱指数均为光谱距离指数,且光谱距离指数在不同影像空间分辨率下均表现良好。在草原地区,当影像空间分辨率约为0.25 m时,该指数可以取得最佳的估算结果。经一阶导数变换并用相关系数法提取特征波段后构建的光谱距离指数与beta多样性拥有最强的相关性,今后可利用该指数构建估算模型或者直接表征beta多样性。该研究对于科学的选取光谱指数和影像空间分辨率去估算植物beta多样性具有一定的指导意义。

腹针配合左升右降微针调气法治疗抑郁症的临床观察

【目的】观察腹针配合左升右降微针调气法治疗抑郁症的临床疗效。【方法】将60例抑郁症患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各30例。观察组给予腹针联合左升右降微针调气法治疗,对照组给予盐酸舍曲林片治疗。共治疗6周。治疗6周后,评价2组临床疗效,观察2组患者治疗前后汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分的变化情况,以及抑郁自评量表(SAS)评分的情况。并评价2组的安全性及不良反应的发生情况。【结果】(1)治疗后,2组患者的HAMD评分明显改善(P<0.05),且观察组在改善HAMD评分方面明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组患者HAMD评分治疗前后差值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)治疗后,2组患者的SDS评分明显改善,且观察组在改善SDS评分方面明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组患者SDS评分治疗前后差值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)观察组总有效率为100.00%(30/30),对照组为83.33%(25/30)。观察组疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(4)观察组与对照组的不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。【结论】腹针配合左升右降微针调气法治疗抑郁症,可以明显改善患者的临床症状,疗效显著。

中医药创新人才智慧课堂教学评价量表构建研究

目的构建基于中医药创新人才视角的智慧课堂教学评价量表,科学评价中医药智慧课堂教学实践中的优缺点,提高教学质量。方法基于改革后的课堂教学观察评价协议量表的框架与内容,结合中医药创新人才特征构建符合智慧课堂教学特点的量表。2022年4月选取18位在中医药教育相关领域具有资深背景的专家,采用两轮德尔菲专家咨询法对量表进行修订。结果两轮函询问卷回收率均为100%,专家参与积极程度高;两轮函询专家权威系数均>0.70,专家咨询权威性较高;专家之间具有一致性;最终形成包含6项一级维度、15项二级维度、48个条目的智慧课堂教学评价量表。结论本研究编制了涵盖中医药创新人才及智慧课堂教学特点的条目内容,能综合且较全面地评价中医药创新人才视角下的智慧课堂教学,但量表还需进一步的实证研究。

表现性评价量规在落实初中学科德育中的应用

采取课前观察与课内研讨相结合的方式,以表现性评价量规为学习支架,以观察蜗牛为活动载体,首先透过学生自主实施的观察活动及撰写的观察日志,摸清学生的先前知识、思维基础和现有探究能力,了解学生对评价量规的把握情况;接着,对学生的观察日志分类汇总,形成教学素材,通过结构化的课堂研讨,助力学生在发展科学理解的过程中,形成对评价量规的具象理解,进而落实科学实践活动的德育功能。

高中物理规律教学课堂观察量表的构建与实施研究

基于建构主义学习、教学理论以及课堂观察LICC范式,结合高中物理规律课的特点,构建适用于高中物理规律课教学的课堂观察量表.运用层次分析法和专家评判平均法确定指标权重并在课堂中进行实践应用,采用模糊综合测评模型对课堂教学观测结果进行评价.研究结果表明,构建的观察量表具有科学性和可操作性,能够对高中物理规律课堂教学做出科学合理的评价,有效反映高中物理规律教学课堂的实际效果.

针刺治疗强直性脊柱炎睡眠障碍患者的临床观察

【目的】观察针刺治疗强直性脊柱炎睡眠障碍患者的临床疗效。【方法】将60例强直性脊柱炎睡眠障碍患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各30例。对照组给予柳氮磺吡啶肠溶片和塞来昔布胶囊口服,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上给予针刺治疗,连续治疗4周。治疗1个月后,评价2组临床疗效,观察2组患者治疗前后匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)、医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)评分的变化情况,以及巴氏强直性脊柱炎疾病活动指数(BASDAI)、巴氏强直性脊柱炎功能指数(BASFI)的情况。比较2组患者治疗前后C-反应蛋白(CRP)含量的变化情况。并评价2组的安全性及不良反应的发生情况。【结果】(1)治疗后,2组患者的PSQI、BASDAI评分明显改善(P<0.05),且观察组在改善PSQI、BASDAI评分方面明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)治疗后,2组患者的HADS(A)与HADS(D)评分明显改善(P<0.05),观察组在改善HADS(A)与HADS(D)评分方面稍优于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(3)治疗后,2组患者的BASFI评分稍有改善,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(4)治疗后,2组患者的CRP含量明显改善(P<0.05),且观察组在改善CRP含量方面明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(5)观察组总有效率为83.33%(25/30),对照组为60.00%(18/30)。观察组疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(6)观察组和对照组的不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。【结论】针刺治疗强直性脊柱炎睡眠障碍,可有效改善患者的睡眠质量、疾病活动度和炎症指标,改善患者的临床症状,且安全可行,无明显不良反应,疗效显著。