Dynamics of Saline-alkali Land and Its Ecological Regionalization in Western Songnen Plain, China

As the important reserve land resources for food production,saline-alkali land should play a significant role to ensure the national food security in the context of global food crisis. The western Songnen Plain is one of main distribution regions of saline-alkali land in China,with great potential in agricultural development. In this study,the extent,transformation,spatial distribution and temporal change of saline-alkali land in the western Songnen Plain during 1954–2005 were investigated by using remote sensing and GIS spatial analysis methods. Saline-alkali land change was detected from a temporal series of topographic maps in 1954,satellite images of Landsat MSS in 1976,Landsat TM/ETM in 1988,2000 and 2005 through artificial visual interpretation. The results indicated a significant expansion in saline-alkali land area and aggravation in salinization. The area of saline-alkali land had increased from 401.48×103 ha in 1954 to 1 097.45×103 ha in 2005. While the ratio of light,moderate and serious salinized land areas changed from 6.72︰2.92︰1.00 to 1.25︰1.06︰1.00 in the study period. Grassland,cropland,swampland and water body were the major land use and land cover types from which saline-alkali land transformed. And the secondary salinization occured mainly in Da′an City,Tongyu County,Changling County,Daqing City,Dorbod Mongolian Autonomous County and Zhaoyuan County. Finally,seven large ecoregions and 14 corresponding sub-ecoregions were delineated out based on spatio-temopral dynamic characteristics of saline-alkali land and geo-relational environmental attributes. According to the results,measures of amelioration and ways of development of saline-alkali land in the western Songnen Plain were put forward.

THE SIMULATED STORAGE CAPACITY OF FLOOD AND WATERLOGGING IN THE TYPICAL AGRICULTURAL REGION IN JIANGHAN PLAIN

The Jianghan plain is one of the important bases of China’s agricultural productivity,located in central and southern Hubei province in the mi ddle reach of Yangtze River.The Jian ghan Plain is the one region of flood a nd waterlog-ging occurring frequently.The area is low-lying and is characterized by deep alluvial deposits,many smalle r rivers and numerous larger and shallow lakes fo rmed by meandering of the Changjiang(Yangtze)River.The alluvial plain is a honey-comb of waterways bordered by natura l levees,and the depressional areas encompassed by these waterways are dish-shaped in cross-section.The s ystems of rivers and lakes are main we tland types in this area.Owing to wetlands in Jianghan plain-lake district fulfill the function related to the flood r egulation,the estimating of the sto rage capacity is use-ful to controlling and reducing the d isasters of flooding and waterlogging.In this paper,by selecting typic al experimental area,based on its DEM,the relation a mong the water level,area and volume of inundation in the typical region i s de-fined by using regression analysis.Based on the agricultural cultivating line in this region and the experim ent result of bear-ing the inundation for crop,we defin e the storage capacity of the typical region in Jianghan Plain -Lake distr ict.

Development Plan for Under- forest Economy of Henan Province Based on Central Plains Economic Region

Firstly,this paper analyzed current situations,major practice and existing problems of under-forest economy in Henan Province.Then,it made an in-depth discussion of guiding thought,principle and objectives,construction task and safeguarding measures of the underforest economic development plan. Besides,it analyzed benefits of the under-forest economic development plan. By 2017,the area of underforest economic land will reach 1. 60 million hm2,create output value of 155. 2 billion yuan( accounting for more than 20% of forest output value),provide 3. 27 million jobs,and will greatly increase ecological carrying capacity of construction and development of the Central Plains Economic Region( CPER).

Dynamic influence of Holocene characteristics on vadose water in typical region of central North China Plain

In the typical region of central North China Plain, vadose sediments are Holocene sediment strata. With samples from field drillings, the study analyzes the sedimentary characteristics of vadose zone. The study takes the content of silty sand as the basis for sedimentary environment analysis, and the content of clay and sand as the sensitive indicator for sedimentary characteristics. Combining palynology analysis, the study divides vadose zone from top to bottom into diluvia oxbow lacustrine sediments, lacustrine sediments, lacustrine and swamp sediments, weak palaeohydrodynamic lacustrine sediments and alluvial sediments. Based on the sedimentary characteristics of Holocene strata, it analyzes the changes across depth of vadose zone water potential and matrix potential, obtaining the influence of vadose zone sedimentary characteristics on the migration of water in typical region of central North China Plain.

Study on Regional Image of Henan Province against the Background of Central Plains Rising

Relevant theories of regional image were elaborated, and significance of regional image for the development of Henan Province was analyzed. On the basis of characteristic cultural resources in the local area, the ways of building regional image of Henan were explored from the perspectives of orientation of cultural characteristics, regional image identification system and regional image evaluation.

Temperature Variation of Jiamusi Region in Sanjiang Plain

[Objective] The study aimed at analysing the change characteristics of temperature in Jiamusi region of Sanjiang Plain.[Method] Based on temperature data of Jiamusi region in Sanjiang Plain from 1961 to 2010,including Jiamusi,Huanan,Fujin and Fuyuan station,we studied the change trends,abrupt climate change and abnormal years of temperature in Jiamusi region.[Result] Annual average temperature of Jiamusi region in Sanjiang Plain showed increasing trend,with the increase of 0.249-0.412 ℃/10 a.The order of annual average temperature in Jiamusi region was east> south> north> west.In addition,abrupt climate change of annual average temperature occurred in the early 1980s.Abrupt climate change of annual average temperature appeared in 1981 in Jiamusi,Huanan and Fujin,but in 1984 in Fuyuan.Annual average temperature in the mid-1960s and late 1960s was abnormally low in Jiamusi,Fujin and Huanan,while it was abnormally high in Huanan,Fuyuan and Jiamusi from 2007 to 2008,but Fujin in the early 1990s.Meanwhile,anomalies of seasonal average temperature in distinct regions appeared in various years.[Conclusion] The research could provide references for the prediction of temperature in Jiamusi region of Sanjiang Plain in furture.

THE TYPES OF LAKE IN SONGNEN PLAIN AND THEIR REGIONAL CHARACTER

The lake groups in the Songnen Plain are low plain lake groups, which are located in the temperate semihumid area in China. They are characterized by small area, shallow basin, thick density and various types. In the try for classifying comprehensively the lake groups, a classification system is developed based on three main factors, i.e. forming cause, water quantity and water quality. The most internal character can be concisely grasped through three principal indexes and three auxiliary indexes of three main factors. A sample of complicated changeable path is put forward for further analyzing and outlining these basic types, in the meantime, it’s linking up easily with the classification system of the single factor. According to the regional environment, the regional differences of the type composition and the principal types, the lake groups in the Songnen Plain can be divided into 6 sub-regions.

Spatial Heterogeneity Analysis of PM2.5 Concentration in Central Plains Economic Region

The research of the spatial heterogeneity of PM2.5 concentration in an area, is of great significance for understanding its regional spatial distribution structure, exploring the transmission relationship between regions, in order to formulate joint prevention and control measures within the entire area. Based on the daily monitoring data of PM2.5 concentration in the Central Plains Economic Region in 2019, this paper utilizes cluster analysis to divide the regional PM2.5 concentration into 5 classes, builds their spatial semi-variogram model, and then utilizes interpolation analysis method to study the regional overall distribution characteristics and transmission law. The results show that the PM2.5 concentration in the Central Plains Economic Region has a medium or higher spatial autocorrelation. The critical value of the overall PM2.5 concentration in the area is 150 μg/m3, as the overall PM2.5 concentration less than the value, the PM2.5 in a region mainly comes from local emissions, as the overall PM2.5 concentration higher than the value, the influence of spatial structure on the distribution of PM2.5 concentration is gradually obvious. PM2.5 has a certain degree of spatial transmission, which mainly includes two routes as Puyang-Xingtai and Puyang-Zhengzhou, and the transmission intensity of the former is greater than the latter.

Landscape Visual Environment Impact Analysis of Wind Power Project in Plain Region--Case in One Wind Power Farm Project of Zhanjiang

The construction of wind power project is conducive to saving energy,reducing emissions and regulating energy structure. But it inevitably causes some impacts on the environment in the construction process. Because that the height of wind power generator generally exceeds 100 m,and visual range in plain region is farther,it is necessary to scientifically and rationally evaluate and analyze landscape visual environment impact of wind power generator in plain region. One wind power farm project of Zhanjiang is located in typical plain region of Guangdong coast. Referring to traditional analytic method of landscape visual impact and comparing with actual situation for the same kind of project in the region,results show that it is ＂ extremely sensitive＂ area at 0- 2. 5 km from wind power generator, ＂ very sensitive＂ area at 2. 5- 5. 0 km, ＂ sensitive＂ area at 5- 10 km, ＂generally sensitive＂ area at 10- 20 km,and non-sensitive area outside 20 km.

DYNAMIC CHANGES OF THE WETLAND AND ITS DRIVING FORCES IN FUJIN REGION IN SANJIANG PLAIN,CHINA

Wetland is a kind of key natural resources. However, the wetlands have been shrinking rapidly in Sangjiang Plain and its functions have been degrading. These all hold back the sustainable development of human communities, and lead to great change in the land use /cover (LUCC), consequently caused global changes in climate, water cycling, etc.. Taken Fujin region as a case study, spatial and temporal dynamic processes of wetland and its driving forces were analyzed from 1954 to 2000 in this paper. It showed that the wetlands had been reduced from 52×104 ha to 11×104 ha in areas during the nearly 50 years . The percentage of wetland areas reduced from 61.27% to 12.39%. On the other hand, cultivated land increased from 22×104 ha to 60×104 ha in areas. The percentage of the areas increased from 25.31% to 70.45%. Further quantitative analysis of the wetland landscape conversion characteristics and the correlation analysis between the change of wetland areas and population increase were made. The results showed that 40×104 ha wetlands had been converted to cultivated land within half of a century; the correlation between the rate of wetland loss and that of population increased is nearly -0.922. So it was concluded that the main driving force of wetland shrinkage in Fujin region was the colonization of human being.

Anti-seismic Value of Watchtower-like Folk Residence on the Central Plain of China by the Insinuation of Typical Cases

Through the survey of ancient residences on the Central Plain of China, several ancient residences have been selected as typical cases. By combining with residential features of watchtower, characteristics of these residences have been analyzed carefully. In order to reasonably illustrate anti-seismic value of watchtower-like residences, their characteristics have been concluded in the perspective of plane form, structural arrangement, and anti-seismic construction measures. The plane form is of tower; the plane and vertical surfaces are regular and even; the wall's thickness is reasonable, and doors and windows are few and small; and bonded stone has been set in the wall, resisting compression.

Shallow groundwater dynamics in North China Plain

The groundwater level of 39 observation wells including 35 unconfined wells and 4 confined wells from 2004 to 2006 in North China Plain(NCP) was monitored using automatic groundwater monitoring data loggers KADEC-MIZU II of Japan.The automatic groundwater sensors were installed for the corporation project between China and Japan.Combined with the monitoring results from 2004 to 2006 with the major factors affecting the dynamic patterns of groundwater, such as topography and landform, depth of groundwater level, exploitation or discharge extent, rivers and lakes, the dynamic regions of NCP groundwater were gotten.According to the dynamic features of groundwater in NCP, six dynamic patterns of groundwater level were identified, including discharge pattern in the piedmont plain, lateral recharge-runoff-discharge pattern in the piedmont plain, recharge-discharge pattern in the central channel zone, precipitation infiltration-evaporation pattern in the shallow groundwater region of the central plain, lateral recharge-evaporation pattern in the recharge-affected area along the Yellow River and infiltration-discharge-evaporation pattern in the littoral plain.Based on this, the groundwater fluctuation features of various dynamic patterns were interpreted and the influencing factors of different dynamic patterns were compared.

Effects of meteorological factors on different grades of winter wheat growth in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China

The sown area of winter wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai（HHH） Plain accounts for over 65% of the total sown area of winter wheat in China. Thus, it is important to monitor the winter wheat growth condition and reveal the main factors that influence its dynamics. This study assessed the winter wheat growth condition based on remote sensing data, and investigated the correlations between different grades of winter wheat growth and major meteorological factors corresponding. First, winter wheat growth condition from sowing until maturity stage during 2011–2012 were assessed based on moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer（MODIS） normalized difference vegetation index（NDVI） time-series dataset. Next, correlation analysis and geographical information system（GIS） spatial analysis methods were used to analyze the lag correlations between different grades of winter wheat growth in each phenophase and the meteorological factors that corresponded to the phenophases. The results showed that the winter wheat growth conditions varied over time and space in the study area. Irrespective of the grades of winter wheat growth, the correlation coefficients between the winter wheat growth condition and the cumulative precipitation were higher than zero lag（synchronous precipitation） and one lag（pre-phenophase precipitation） based on the average values of seven phenophases. This showed that the cumulative precipitation during the entire growing season had a greater effect on winter wheat growth than the synchronous precipitation and the pre-phenophase precipitation. The effects of temperature on winter wheat growth varied according to different grades of winter wheat growth based on the average values of seven phenophases. Winter wheat with a better-than-average growth condition had a stronger correlation with synchronous temperature, winter wheat with a normal growth condition had a stronger correlation with the cumulative temperature, and winter wheat with a worse-than-average growth condition had a stronger correlation with the pre-phenophase temperature. This study may facilitate a better understanding of the quantitative correlations between different grades of crop growth and meteorological factors, and the adjustment of field management measures to ensure a high crop yield.

Sandy desertification trend in western Northeast China Plain in the past 10 years

The west sandy land of the Northeast China Plain is located in the eastern huge sandy belt of mid-latitude in Eurasia and the eastern fringe of desertified land with best bio-climatic conditions in China. With rapid economic development, the deterioration of eco-environment has occurred and the desertification becomes very obvious. The first part of this paper studies the regional differences of landscape patterns and explores the regional differences of desertification. The second part aims to reveal the dynamics of desertification in the 1990s by using NOAA/AVHRR data and thematic data in GIS database. This work lays a scientific basis for the rehabilitation and development of the sandy lands.

Seasonal Variation of Potential Source Locations of Atmospheric Particulates over the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India

Ambient particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations were measured during two different seasons (summer and winter) at three different locations of Gurugram which is located in the Indo-Gangetic plain of India. The ambient concentrations of both PM2.5 and PM10 were higher during winter season (PM2.5: 261 μg·m-3;PM10: 440 μg·m-3) when compared to summer period (PM2.5: 114 μg·m-3;PM10: 202 μg·m-3). Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) analysis suggests significant seasonal variation in potential contributing locations of ambient PM2.5 over the study area. The PSCF analysis suggests that cross country transport of PM2.5 from Pakistan and Afghanistan significantly attributed to higher concentrations of PM2.5 at the study locations;whereas, PM2.5 emitted from locations in the south-western direction of the study sites attributed to the ambient PM2.5 concentrations at the study site during summer seasons. Further study is required to measure percentage contribution from different sectors and locations to the ambient particulate concentrations at the study site to develop sector specific mitigation plan.

Genesis and Quality of Groundwater in the Southeastern Region of Southern Vietnam

The origin and quality of groundwater in the Southeastern region （belongs to Southern Plain） were identified by using isotopic techniques and geochemical analysis. Groundwater samples were collected from 7 aquifers： the Holocene, upper Pleistocene, middle Pleistocene, lower Pleistocene, upper Pliocene, middle Pliocene and Miocene aquifers. The water isotopic compositions （82H and 8180） were determined to elucidate the origin and the interaction between surface water and groundwater studies. Transit time （age） of the groundwater samples was determined to explain the direction of groundwater flow. The dating techniques included 3H and ^14C isotopes measurement, followed by a correction for the initial ^14C-activity by the ^13C-composition （^13C） in TDIC （Total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon）. Geochemical parameters of the groundwater samples were measured either directly in the field or in the laboratory. The results showed that the groundwater from the Holocene and upper Pleistocene aquifers was most recharged from the local meteorological and hydrological systems, including local precipitation, fiver and reservoirs. Thus, it has short transit time and its stable isotopic composition is spread around the local meteoric waterline and lines for rivers or reservoirs water. The groundwater in the deeper aquifers： middle and lower Pleistocene, and Neogene aquifers has old age up to 22.5 ka BP. Its water seems to be recharged from the areas with an altitude from 600 to 700 m higher to the Neogene deposit layer altitude. The groundwater in the SE SP （South-Eastern Southern Plain） region has a high quality. The water type is Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3 with low content of chloride and TDS （Total Dissolved Solids）. Calcite/dolomite and gypsum dissolution, organic matter decomposition and sequence of red-ox reactions proceeding through different electron acceptors sediment were controlled the chemistry of the groundwater in the study region.

Regional Difference Analysis of Farmers' Land Use Behavior

Based on the survey data and statistical information on farmers,we conduct comparative analysis of land use behavior of farmers in the Jianghan Plain and the hilly areas of Xianning City in Hubei Province.We find that the utilization rate of agricultural land and level of agricultural labor output in the plain areas are higher than in the hilly areas;at the same time,the degree of mechanization of agricultural land utilization and farmers'land use scale are larger in the plain areas.But the crop type in the plain areas is single,and the decline rate of the growing area of food crops is higher in recent twenty years;meanwhile,the material input costs and opportunity cost of labor for the agricultural land utilization in the plain areas are greater than in the hilly areas.

清代水利治理与地域社会的发展--以川西平原为例

清初都江堰渠系恢复以后,水利治理逐渐成为维系地方社会秩序的要务。官方政府在川西平原水利修筑事务中起到了主导性的作用,都江堰的治理模式奠定了川西平原“一体化”水利治理体系的基本格局,并形成了多方协作式岁修与官督民办式管理的水利治理特征。这种水利治理模式对川西平原地域社会的发展产生了深远影响,渠系的开发与河道的治理极大地推动了区域经济的发展;地方水利治理上,堰渠事务的分工与合作也不断协调着州县之间的关系;基层民堰管理上,堰长“中介人”的身份强化着官民之间的互动;于民而言,水利治理成为整合移民社会秩序的重要契机。

中原地区战国至西汉墓葬出土陶釜研究

本文通过系统聚类分析方法,对中原地区战国至西汉墓葬出土的陶釜进行了类型学研究,认为战国中期陶釜以一种特殊葬俗的形式出现在郑州地区,战国晚期开始陶釜迅速发展,分布范围变广,数量和类型明显增多,包含有郑韩文化、晋文化和秦文化三大系统。进入汉代,陶釜数量急剧减少,类型单一。陶釜在中原地区的发展历程与秦文化有密切的关系。

松嫩平原黑土区畜禽粪肥质量评价

明确松嫩平原黑土区畜禽粪肥品质差异,可为其质量提升及合理施用提供理论依据。本研究于黑龙江省松嫩平原黑土区采集猪粪、牛粪、羊粪和鸡粪4种堆肥样品67个,通过测定不同种类畜禽粪肥技术指标、限量指标及有机组分含量,建立畜禽粪肥质量综合得分模型,从而对其质量进行评价。结果表明:(1)猪粪肥、牛粪肥、羊粪肥和鸡粪肥的平均种子发芽指数(GI)分别为44.1%、57.0%、51.9%和41.4%,均接近或大于50%的畜禽粪肥无害化要求,但小于有机肥NY/T525-2021标准70%的要求;(2)4种畜禽粪肥中,牛粪肥各项指标都更接近于NY/T525-2021标准要求,且牛粪肥中较活跃的有机组分可溶性有机质(DOM)、可提取腐殖酸(HE)、胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)含量均高于其他3种;(3)在畜禽粪肥质量评价综合得分模型中,牛粪肥获得最高得分0.834,其它粪肥得分依次为:羊粪肥0.761、猪粪肥0.732、鸡粪肥0.508。总体来看,4种畜禽粪肥的腐熟度仍需进一步提高,其综合质量排序为:牛粪肥>羊粪肥>猪粪肥>鸡粪肥。