-ffects of Plant Hormones on Accumulation of 133Cs in Sunflower （Helianthus annuus L.）

[Objective] This study was conducted to discuss a high efficient phytore- mediation technology for 133Cs pollution.[Method] The effects of 3 exogenous phyto- hormones on the uptake and accumulation of 133Cs in the seedlings of Helianthus annuus L., which is a kind of hyperaccumulator plant, was further studied in the pot experiments. [Result] The results indicated that the absorption, accumulation and translocation capacities of 133Cs of the sunflower plants could be improved signifi- cantly after the application of phytohormones. 133Cs contents were higher in leaves and flowers as compared with stems and roots. The accumulation capacities of phytohormones were in order of SA〉GA〉IAA. [Conclusion] The absorption capacity, translocation factor and bioaccumulation factor of 133Cs were maximum after the

Simultaneous determination of five plant hormones in cotton leaves using QuEChERS combined with HPLC‒MS/MS

Background Plant hormones profoundly influence cotton growth,development,and responses to various stresses.Therefore,there is a pressing need for an efficient assay to quantify these hormones in cotton.In this groundbreaking study,we have established QuEChERS-HPLC‒MS/MS method,for the simultaneous detection of multiple plant hormones in cotton leaves,allowing the analysis and quantification of five key plant hormones.Results Sample extraction and purification employed 0.1%acetic acid in methanol and C18 for optimal recovery of plant hormones.The method applied to cotton demonstrated excellent linearity across a concentration range of 0.05–1 mg・L−1,with linear regression coefficients exceeding 0.99.The limits of quantification(LOQs)were 20μg・kg−1 for GA3 and 5μg・kg−1 for the other four plant hormones.Recovery rates for the five plant hormones matrix spiked at levels of 5,10,100,and 1000μg・kg−1 were in the range of 79.07%to 98.97%,with intraday relative standard deviations(RSDs)ranging from 2.11%to 8.47%.The method was successfully employed to analyze and quantify the five analytes in cotton leaves treated with plant growth regulators.Conclusion The study demonstrates that the method is well-suited for the determination of five plant hormones in cotton.It exhibits excellent selectivity and sensitivity in detecting field samples,thus serving as a robust tool for indepth research into cotton physiology.

Identification of the Regulator of G-Protein Signaling Protein Responsive to Plant Hormones and Abiotic Stresses in Brassica napus

Regulator of G protein signaling proteins （RGS） accelerate the rate of GTP hydrolysis by Gαproteins, thus acting as negative regulators of G-protein signaling. Studies on Arabidopsis and soybean have proven that RGS proteins are physiologically important in plants and contribute to the signaling pathways regulated by different stimuli. Brassica napus is an important agriculturally relevant plant, the wildly planted oilseed rape in the world, which possesses an identiifed Gα, Gβand Gγsubunits. In the present study, we identiifed and characterized a Brassica napus RGS gene, BnRGS1, which contained an open reading frame of 1 380 bp encoding a putative 52.6 kDa polypeptide of 459 amino acids, within seven putative transmembrane domains in the N-terminal and RGS box in the C-terminal. BnRGS1 is located on the membrane in onion epidermal cells and tobacco leaves, and interacts with BnGA1 in the mating-based split-ubiquitin system. The expression levels of BnRGS1 were quite different in different tissues and developmental stages, and induced by abscisic acid （ABA） and indole-3-acetic acid （IAA）. The effects of gibberellin （GA3） and brassinolide （BR） on the expression of BnRGS1 were irregular under the concentrations tested. Moreover, the transcript level of BnRGS1 was also induced by polyethylene glycol （PEG）, whereas remained little changed by 200 mmol L-1 NaCl. These results suggested that the BnRGS1 may be involved in B. napus response to plant hormone signaling and abiotic stresses.

Defensive Role of Plant Hormones in Advancing Abiotic Stress-Resistant Rice Plants

Consistent climatic perturbations have increased global environmental concerns, especially the impacts of abiotic stresses on crop productivity. Rice is a staple food crop for the majority of the world’s population. Abiotic stresses, including salt, drought, heat, cold and heavy metals, are potential inhibitors of rice growth and yield. Abiotic stresses elicit various acclimation responses that facilitate in stress mitigation. Plant hormones play an important role in mediating the growth and development of rice plants under optimal and stressful environments by activating a multitude of signalling cascades to elicit the rice plant’s adaptive responses. The current review describes the role of plant hormone-mediated abiotic stress tolerance in rice, potential crosstalk between plant hormones involved in rice abiotic stress tolerance and significant advancements in biotechnological initiatives including genetic engineering approach to provide a step forward in making rice resistance to abiotic stress.

Research and Applicationon Plant Hormone--Abscisic Acid, ABA

Abscisic Acid (ABA), along with ethylene, gibberellins, cytokinins and auxins, is regarded as five kinds of important plant hormone. ABA was first isolated from cotton bud by Addcott Ohhuma’s group in 1963. Until 1965, its plane structure was determined. It was formally named as Abscisic acid in "the International Conference of Plant Regulator" in 1967. Scientists all over the world have made a long-term unremitting effort

Relationship Between Heterosis and Endogenous Plant Hormones in Liriodendron

To investigate the possible involvement of endogenous plant hormones in heterosis of Liriodendron interspecific hybrid, growth traits and contents of endogenous GA 1/3 (gibberellin A 1, A 3), IAA (indole_3_acetic acid) and iPA (isopentenyl adenine) of tulip tree ( L. chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg.), yellow poplar ( L. tulipifera L.) and their interspecific hybrid ( L. chinense × L. tulipifera ) were examined. Results showed that: (1) the heterosis in height growth trait of the interspecific hybrid was mainly caused by the reletively greater elongation of internodes. Although the uppermost three internodes had the potential of elongation, the first one, which had the greatest elongation amount, contributed to the heterosis of the height growth trait; (2) the contents of endogenous GA 1/3 , IAA and iPA were greatly different among tulip tree, yellow poplar and their interspecific hybrid. All of the three interspecific hybrid families studied significantly contained higher amount of endogenous GA 1/3 and iPA in the uppermost first internode than their parental species. And thus, a correlation between the contents of endogenous GA 1/3 and iPA, and hybrid vigor for height growth trait in Liriodendron was observed; (3) the rankings of endogenous GA 1/3 and iPA contents in the uppermost first internode of three hybrid families studied were not similar to the ranking for height of 3_year_old trees. Therefore, the contents of endogenous GA 1/3 and iPA in the uppermost first internode could not be used in predicting hybrid vigor among hybrid families.

Sub-Lethal Effects of Fenvalerate on the Development, Fecundity, and Juvenile Hormone Esterase Activity of Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

The toxicities of fenvalerate （20% EC） to the 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella （L.）, reared on three host plants viz., radish, oilseed rape, and cabbage were tested. The LC50 values of fenvalerate to the 3rd instar larvae of DBM varied with host plants, however, there wasn＇t any significant difference among them （P〉 0.05）. Similarly, DBM fed on three host plants had same pupal weight, pupal period, pupation rate, adult emergence rate, female ratio, and fecundity. The activity of juvenile hormone esterase （JHE, EC 3.1.1.1） in the 3rd instar larvae of DMB did not significantly vary with host plants, either. These suggested that DBM had similar fitness on the three host plant species. When fed on the host plants pretreated with fenvalerate at the concentrations equivalent to LC20, LC50 and LC50, the pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence rate, female ratio, fecundity, and JHE activity of the tested insects were declined as compared with insects in control treatments fed on the same host plant species. Furthermore, the pupal period of the tested insects was extended after fenvalerate treatment. The decrease in JHE activity after fenvalerate treatment in the tested insects could partly explain the changes in the mentioned growth parameters. Whether the role of fenvalerate in the inhibition of JHE activity could serve as a new way to control DBM needs further investigation.

Plant Hormone Resistance and Agronomic Characteristics of the MT10 Mutant in Rice

The MT10 mutant plants had resistances to auxin.Under light and dark culture,the roots of MT10 seedlings had shown less lateral roots and short lateral roots.In soil,MT10 seedlings had shown not only no changed agronomic characteristics but also no significant difference with WT.

The Effect of Plastic-Covered Ridge and Furrow Planting on the Grain Filling and Hormonal Changes of Winter Wheat

Although plastic-covered ridge and furrow planting（RF） has been reported to produce substantial increases in the grain weight of winter wheat,the underlying mechanism is not yet understood.The present study used two cultivars,Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,and RF and traditional flatten planting（TF,control） with the objective of investigating the effect of RF on wheat grain filling and the possible relationship of hormonal changes in the wheat grains under RF to grain filling.The results indicated that RF significantly increased the grain weight,although the effects on grain filling were different： RF significantly increased the grain-filling rate and grain weight of inferior grains,whereas RF had no significant effect on grainfilling rate and grain weight of superior grains.The final grain weight of inferior grains under RF was 39.1 and 50.7 mg for Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,respectively,3.6 and 3.4 mg higher than the values under TF.However,the final grain weight of superior grains under RF was only 0.6 and 0.8 mg higher than under TF for Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,respectively.RF significantly decreased the ethylene and gibberellic acid content in the inferior grains and increased the indole-3-acetic acid,abscisic acid and zeatin ＋ zeatin riboside content in the inferior grains;however,no significant difference between RF and TF was observed for the hormonal content in the superior grains.Based on these results,we concluded that RF significantly modulated hormonal changes in the inferior grains and,thus,affected the grain filling and grain weight of the inferior grains;in contrast,RF had no significant effect on grain filling,grain weight and hormonal changes in the superior wheat grains.

Broad Hormonal Responses Induced by Aluminum in Roots of Dwarf Transgenics of Solanum lycopersicum L. cv “Micro-Tom”

The spatial pattern distribution of plant hormones in response to aluminum (Al) toxicity in roots remains to be shown. This study was performed to assess the root hormonal accumulation and gene expression in response to Al toxicity in five transgenic miniature dwarf tomatoes cv. Micro-Tom (MT). MT and MT transgenics to acid indole acetic, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid and ethylene were cultivated in nutrient solutions containing different Al concentrations. Root growth elongation was measured and cellular damage was visualized by staining Evans’s blue. The GUS reporter gene staining technique was used to visualize hormonal changes in MT apex root tissues. Data indicated that the MT is sensitive to Al that induced significant growth inhibition and cellular damage. Al concentration of 27 μM was significantly toxic, inducing root apex darkening and inhibition of root development. The qualitative evaluation of GUS reporter gene expression showed intense crosstalk among all hormones studied, underscoring the complexity of signaling induced by Al in apex roots. Results point out to a major understanding of the hormonal signaling in response to Al toxicity, which may induce a change of root growth and architecture with growth inhibition and cell constraints modulated by all different hormones evaluated.

Transcriptome analysis reveals effects of red and blue lightemitting diodes(LEDs)on the growth,chlorophyll fluorescence and endogenous plant hormones of potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)plantlets cultured in vitro

Red and blue light illumination has been reported to significantly affect plantlet growth.Potato is an important food and feed crop in the world and potato plantlet cultured in vitro plays an important role in potato production.However,few studies have documented the effects of red and blue light on the growth of potato plantlets revealed at the transcriptome level.The objective of this study was to determine the growth and physiological responses of potato plantlets cultured in vitro under monochromatic red(RR),monochromatic blue(BB)as well as combined red and blue(RB)LEDs using the RNA-Seq technique.In total,3150 and 814 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were detected in potato plantlets under RR and BB,respectively,compared to RB(used as control).Compared to the control,the DEGs enriched in"photosynthesis"and"photosynthesis-antenna proteins"metabolic pathways were up-regulated and down-regulated by BB and RR,respectively,which might be responsible for the increases and decreases of maximum quantum yield(F_(v)/F_(m)),photochemical quantum yield(φ_(PSII)),photochemical quenching(q_(P))and electron transfer rate(ETR)in BB and RR,respectively.Potato plantlets exhibited dwarfed stems and extended leaves under BB,whereas elongated stems and small leaves were induced under RR.These dramatically altered plantlet phenotypes were associated with variable levels of endogenous plant hormones gibberellin(GAs),indoleacetic acid(IAA)and cytokinins(CKs),as assessed in stems and leaves of potato plantlets.In addition,monochromatic red and blue LEDs trigged the opposite expression profiles of DEGs identified in the"plant hormone signal transduction"metabolic pathway,which were closely related to the endogenous plant hormone levels in potato plantlets.Our results provide insights into the responses of potato plantlets cultured in vitro to red and blue LEDs at the transcriptomic level and may contribute to improvements in the micro-propagation of potato plantlets cultured in vitro from the light spectrum aspect.

Functional Activity of Some Growth Regulators on Yield Components and Endogenous Hormones of Cowpea Plants (<i>Vigna sinensis</i>L.)

The effect of seed presoaking with different concentrations of growth bio-regulators (indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid and kinetin) on productivity and some biochemical and physiological aspects of yielded seeds of cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.) was investigated. Generally, application of growth regulators stimulated yield and yield quality of cowpea plants as compared to control plants through inducing a massive increase in number of pods/plants, seed biomass, pod length and number of seeds. In addition, results of this study showed that these growth regulators increased protein content and total soluble sugars in cowpea yielded seeds. Finally, it is evident from the present data that application of kinetin appeared to be the most effective hormone in stimulated productivity endogenous hormones and biochemical aspects in yielded seeds of cowpea plants.

Effects of Different Plant Hormones for Microbial Degradation of PASHs and Diesel under Aerobic Conditions

The effects of plant hormones for biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles(PASHs)and diesel fuel were studied.Indole butyric acid(IBA)and gibberellin were found to promote biodegradation of DBT and diesel,respectively.Concentrations of plant hormones,pH,temperature,soil moisture and substrate concentrations were optimized in microbial metabolic processes.Two main factors including temperature and IBA concentration were determined by factor analysis in DBT biodegradation.And soil moisture and diesel concentration were important factors in diesel biodegradation.Binding sites between cell surface and DBT or diesel components were performed by molecular operating environment(MOE).This study suggested that plant hormones could be applied to effectively remove pollutants in environment.

The biosynthesis of alarm pheromone in the wheat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi is regulated by hormones via fatty acid metabolism

Aphids are major insect pests in agriculture and forestry worldwide.Following attacks by natural enemies,many aphids release an alarm pheromone to protect their population.In most aphids,the main component of the aphid alarm pheromone(AAP)is the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon(E)-β-farnesene(EβF).However,the mechanisms behind its biosynthesis and regulation remain poorly understood.In this study,we used the bird cherry–oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi,which is an important wheat aphid,to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of EβF biosynthesis.Our results showed that EβF biosynthesis occurs during the mature embryo period and the molting period of the 1st-and 2nd-instar nymphs.Triglycerides provide the prerequisite material for EβF production and release.Based on transcriptome sequencing,RNAi analysis,hormone treatments,and quantitative measurements,we found that the biosynthesis of EβF utilizes acetyl coenzyme A produced from fatty acid degradation,which can be suppressed by juvenile hormone but it is promoted by 20-hydroxyecdysone through the modulation of fatty acid metabolism.This is the first systemic study on the modulation of EβF production in aphids.The results of our study provide insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms of AAP biosynthesis,as well as valuable information for designing potential aphid control strategies.

Leaf Responses of Micropropagated Apple Plants to Water Stress:Changes in Endogenous Hormones and Their Influence on Carbohydrate Metabolism

The changes in the concentrations of endogenous hormones and their influence on carbohydrate metabolism in leaves of micropropagated Fuji apple plants were studied under water deficiency stress. The results showed that water stress induced a rapid increase in the concentration of abscisic acid （ABA） and led to a decrease in concentrations of both zeatin and gibberellins （GAs）. The concentration of indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） changed in an independent manner, which was not correlated with the different levels of water stress. With regard to the carbohydrates, the contents of sorbitol and sucrose increased, whereas the content of starch decreased. The increase in the concentration of ABA was significantly correlated with both the increase in the activity of aldose-6-phosphate reductase （A6PR） and the decrease in the activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase （SDH）, indicating that ABA played a regulatory role in sorbitol metabolism. The concentration of ABA was positively correlated to the activity of sucrose-phosphate synthase （SPS） but negatively correlated to the activities of acid invertase （AI） and ADP-glucose-pyrophosphorylase （ADPGppase） in water-stressed plants, which indicated that ABA promoted sucrose synthesis and inhibited sucrose degradation and starch synthesis at the same time. Under conditions of water stress, the decrease in the level of zeatin was accompanied by a decrease in the activities of SDH and ADPGPPase. GAs concentration showed positive correlation with ADPGPPase activity. IAA showed no significant correlation with any of the enzymes tested in this study. The results of this study suggested that ABA might be one of the key factors regulating the distribution of carbohydrates under water stress. The metabolism of sorbitol and starch under conditions of water stress might be regulated by the combined action of many plant hormones.

Crude Extracts of <i>Senna alata</i>(L.) Roxb. Mimics Plant Growth Hormones in Promotion of Vegetative and Reproductive Growth in <i>Celosia argentea</i>L.

The efficacy of crude extracts of Senna alata in the improvement of vegetative and reproductive growth in Celosia aregentea was investigated. Fresh leaves of S. alata were blended with a homogenizer in 1 litre of distilled water. The resultant green paste was filtered under suction. Different concentrations (75%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 12%, 10%, and 5%) were prepared from the 100% crude extract. Seeds of C. argentea were presoaked in these different concentrations including a control (0%) and planted out after 24 hours. Results obtained showed that seedling height, leaf area, dry weight and leaf area ratio were promoted and enhanced by presoaking seeds in the extract. At the end of the experimental period (six weeks), seedling height in 75% and 100% treatments were 109 ± 16.12 cm and 117 ± 19.32 cm, leaf area 128 ± 17.91 cm2 and 125 ± 18.12 cm2, dry weight 7.48 kg and 7.0 kg respectively. Seedlings raised from seeds presoaked in water (control) however, flowered earlier (8 weeks) than the treatments (10 weeks in 75% and 100%). Presoaking seeds of C. argentea in crude extracts of S. alata before planting is recommended for optimum production of the leafy vegetable. The procedure is cheap and easily implementable by resource-poor farmers who are the main growers of C. argentea.

Arg-Phe-amide-related peptides influence gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons

The hypothalamic Arg-Phe-amide-related peptides, gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone and orthologous mammalian peptides of Arg-Phe-amide, may be important regulators of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal reproductive axis. These peptides may modulate the effects of kisspeptins because they are presently recognized as the most potent activators of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. However, their effects on gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons have not been investigated. In the current study, the GT1-7 cell line-expressing gonadotropin-releasing hormone was used as a model to explore the effects of Arg-Phe- amide-related peptides on kisspeptin activation. Intracellular calcium concentration was quantified using the calcium-sensitive dye, fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone released into the medium was detected via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results showed that 100 nmol/L kisspeptin-10 significantly increased gonadotropin-releasing hormone levels （at 120 minutes of exposure） and intracellular calcium concentrations. Co-treatment of kisspeptin with 1 μmol/L gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone or 1 μmol/L Arg-Phe-amide-related peptide-1 significantly attenuated levels of kisspeptin-induced gonadotropin-releasing hormone but did not affect kisspeptin-induced elevations of intracellular calcium concentration. Overall, the results suggest that gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone and Arg-Phe-amide-related peptide-1 may have inhibitory effects on kisspeptin-activated gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons independent of the calcium signaling pathway.

The Improvement of Phytomediation on the Treatment Effectiveness of Heavy Metals with Energy Sunflower Plants with Calcium Peroxide and Phytohormones

Phytomediation is an environmentally friendly green rehabilitation technology that is often incorporated with an application to improve calcium peroxide and phytohormones required for the growth of agricultural plants with the expectation to improve the effectiveness of plant rehabilitation. This study mainly consists of two parts: 1) water culture experiment and 2) pot culture experiment. In the water culture experiment, we attempt to understand the influence of the addition of calcium peroxide, phytohormones (IAA and GA3) and a chelating agent on the growth of sunflower plants. From the growth, we are then able to know the effectiveness of the addition of phytohormones. However, in the pot culture experiment, when hormones and the chelating agent EDTA are introduced to different plant groups at the same time, if the nutrition in the water required by plants is not available, the addition of the hormone cannot negate the toxicity caused by EDTA. In terms of calcium peroxide, due to quick release of oxygen in water, this study fails to apply calcium peroxide to the water culture experiment. When the pot culture experiment is used to examine the influence of hormones at different concentration levels on the growth of sunflowers, GA3 10-8 M is reported to have the optimal effectiveness, followed by IAA 10-8 M;IAA 10-12 M has the lowest effectiveness. According to an accumulation analysis of heavy metals at different levels, GA3 concentrates in leaves to transport nutrition in soil to leaves. This results in an excellent TF value of 2.329 G of GA3 than 1.845 of the control group indicating that the addition of the hormone and chelating agent to GA3 increases the TF value and the chelating agent is beneficial to the sunflower plant. If we examine phytoattenuation ability, the one-month experiment was divided into three stages for ten days each. The concentration level of heavy metals in the soil at each stage dropped continuously while that of the control group decreased from 31.63 mg/kg to 23.96 mg/kg, GA3 from 32.09 mg/kg to 23.04 mg/kg and EDTA from 30.65 mg/kg to 25.93 mg/kg indicating the quickest growth period of the sunflowers from the formation of the bud to blossom. During the stage, the quick upward transportation of nutrition results in quick accumulation of heavy metals;the accumulated speed of heavy metals is found higher than that of directly planted plants. This study shows an improvement in the effectiveness of the addition of hormones on plant extraction and when rehabilitation is incorporated with sunflowers with the beginning bud formation, better treatment effectiveness can be reached.

Dose-dependent effect of parathyroid hormone 1-34 fragment and its influence mechanism on the functional activity of isolated heart

The present investigation is the continuation of our prior clinical studies on the content of parathyroid hormone (PTH), its paracrine analog, parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and electrolytes in blood of patients with heart failure. The results of these studies formed the basis for the nomination of the hypothesis on PTH and PTHrP compensatory-modulating effect on the contractile activity of heart. The objective of this study is to elucidate the mechanism of the compensatory-modulating effect of PTH on heart functional activity, which is realized by the study of effective doses of PTH by pharmacological analysis, using different inhibitors. The dose-dependent effect of PTH on the heart contraction rate and amplitude is studied on the frog isolated heart by the method of non-invasive registration of heart contractile activity. The method is based on the photoelectric principle of the reflected from the contractile object light ray transformation into an electric signaling. It is shown that the most effective dose that has positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on heart is 10–10 M hormone. To clarify the mechanism of PTH physiological dose action on the contractile activity of heart PTH 1-34 is combined with Ca-channel as well as phosphodiesterase blockers. The mentioned substances are applied based on the fact that PTH effect on target cells is mediated by secondary messengers, particularly calcium ions and cAMP. Based on the data obtained by combination of hormone with Verapamil (10–5 M) and Theophylline (10–4 M), we concluded on the involvement of calcium ions in the realization of chronotropic and cAMP in the inotropic effects on the heart.

The Growth Condition and Oil Production of Microalgae with Several Kinds of Plant Hormones

Microalgae as an important marine resources,rich in high content of polysaccharide,protein,fatty acids.The fatty acid content of microalgae is high,and its propagation speed is faster than herbaceous plants.It also has a high use value.The experiment tried on the basis of the screening of high yield oil microalgae,add different commonly used plant hormone,using growth monitoring,analysis of product components.Select several plant hormones to improve microalgae products production,provides guidance on the deep research and commercial production.